Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1852
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
فَصْلٌ فِي أَوَّلِيَّاتِهِ مِنْهَا: أَنَّهُ أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ جَمَعَ الْقُرْآنَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ سَمَّاهُ مُصْحَفًا، وَتَقَدَّمَ دَلِيلُ ذَلِكَ. وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ سُمِّيَ خَلِيفَةً. أَخْرَجَ أَحْمَدُ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ قَالَ: قِيلَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ، يَا خَلِيفَةَ اللَّهِ، قَالَ: (أَنَا خَلِيفَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَنَا رَاضٍ بِهِ). وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّهُ أَوَّلُ مَنْ وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ وَأَبُوهُ حَيٌّ، وَأَوَّلُ خَلِيفَةٍ فَرَضَ لَهُ رَعِيَّتُهُ الْعَطَاءَ. وَأَخْرَجَ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ قَالَ: (لَمَّا احْتُضِرَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ... قَالَ: يَا عَائِشَةُ، انْظُرِي اللِّقْحَةَ الَّتِي كُنَّا نَشْرَبُ مِنْ لَبَنِهَا، وَالْجَفْنَةَ الَّتِي كُنَّا نَصْطَبِحُ فِيهَا، وَالْقَطِيفَةَ الَّتِي كُنَّا نَلْبَسُهَا، فَإِنَّا كُنَّا نَنْتَفِعُ بِذَلِكَ حِينَ كُنَّا نَلِي أَمْرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَإِذَا مُتُّ.. فَارْدُدِيهِ إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَلَمَّا مَاتَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ.. أَرْسَلْتُ بِهِ إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: رَحِمَكَ اللَّهُ يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ، لَقَدْ أَتْعَبْتَ مَنْ جَاءَ بَعْدَكَ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ حَفْصٍ قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ لَمَّا احْتُضِرَ لِعَائِشَةَ: (يَا بُنَيَّةُ، إِنَّا وُلِّينَا أَمْرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَلَمْ نَأْخُذْ لَنَا دِينَارًا وَلَا دِرْهَمًا، وَلَكُنَّا أَكَلْنَا مِنْ جَرِيشِ طَعَامِهِمْ فِي بُطُونِنَا، وَلَبَسْنَا مِنْ خَشِنِ ثِيَابِهِمْ عَلَى ظُهُورِنَا، وَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَبْقَ عِنْدَنَا مِنْ فَيْءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ قَلِيلٌ وَلَا كَثِيرٌ، إِلَّا هَذَا الْعَبْدُ الْحَبَشِيُّ، وَهَذَا الْبَعِيرُ النَّاضِحُ، وَجَرْدَ هَذِهِ الْقَطِيفَةِ، فَإِذَا مُتُّ... فَابْعَثِي بِهِنَّ إِلَى عُمَرَ). وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّهُ أَوَّلُ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ بَيْتَ الْمَالِ. أَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ أَبِي حَثْمَةَ وَغَيْرِهِ: أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ ؓ كَانَ لَهُ بَيْتُ مَالٍ بِالسُّنْحِ لَيْسَ يَحْرُسُهُ أَحَدٌ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: أَلَا تَجْعَلُ عَلَيْهِ مَنْ يَحْرُسُهُ؟ قَالَ: عَلَيْهِ قُفْلٌ، وَكَانَ يُعْطِي مَا فِيهِ حَتَّى يَفْرَغَ، فَلَمَّا انْتَقَلَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ.. حَوَّلَهُ فَجَعَلَهُ فِي دَارِهِ، فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ مَالٌ، فَكَانَ يُقَسِّمُهُ عَلَى فُقَرَاءِ النَّاسِ، فَيُسَوِّي بَيْنَ النَّاسِ فِي الْقَسْمِ، وَكَانَ يَشْتَرِي الْإِبِلَ وَالْخَيْلَ وَالسِّلَاحَ فَيَجْعَلُهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، وَاشْتَرَى قَطَائِفَ أَتَى بِهَا مِنَ الْبَادِيَةِ فَفَرَّقَهَا فِي أَرَامِلِ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ وَدُفِنَ... دَعَا عُمَرُ الْأُمَنَاءَ، وَدَخَلَ بِهِمْ بَيْتَ مَالِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ - مِنْهُمْ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ، وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ - فَفَتَحُوا بَيْتَ الْمَالِ، فَلَمْ يَجِدُوا فِيهِ لَا دِينَارًا وَلَا دِرْهَمًا). قُلْتُ: وَبِهَذَا الْأَثَرِ يُرَدُّ قَوْلُ الْعَسْكَرِيِّ فِي «الْأَوَائِلِ»: (إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ بَيْتَ الْمَالِ عُمَرُ، وَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ بَيْتُ مَالٍ، وَلَا لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ ). وَقَدْ رَدَدْتُ عَلَيْهِ فِي كِتَابِي الَّذِي صَنَّفْتُهُ فِي الْأَوَائِلِ، ثُمَّ رَأَيْتُ الْعَسْكَرِيَّ تَنَبَّهَ لَهُ فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ مِنْ كِتَابِهِ، فَقَالَ: (إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَنْ وَلِيَ بَيْتَ الْمَالِ: أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ). وَمِنْهَا: قَالَ الْحَاكِمُ: (أَوَّلُ لَقَبٍ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ: لَقَبُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، عَتِيقٌ. فَائِدَةٌ [فِي أَرْبَعَةٍ أَدْرَكُوا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ مَعَ أَبْنَائِهِمْ ؓ ] أَخْرَجَ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ عُقْبَةَ قَالَ: (لَا نَعْلَمُ أَرْبَعَةً أَدْرَكُوا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ وَأَبْنَاءَهُمْ إِلَّا هَؤُلَاءِ الْأَرْبَعَةُ: أَبُو قُحَافَةَ، وَابْنُهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ، وَابْنُهُ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَأَبُو عَتِيقٍ ابْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَاسْمُهُ مُحَمَّدٌ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ مَنْدَهْ وَابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: ( مَا أَسْلَمَ أَبُو أَحَدٍ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ إِلَّا أَبُو أَبِي بَكْرٍ ). فَائِدَةٌ [فِي أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ ؓ كَانَ أَسَنَّ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ ] أَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْبَزَّارُ بِسَنَدٍ حَسَنٍ عَنْ أَنَسٍ قَالَ: ( كَانَ أَسَنَّ أَصْحَابِ الرَّسُولِ - ﷺ: - أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ، وَسُهَيْلُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ بَيْضَاءَ ).
Translation
✧ Section on his distinctions Among them: he was the first to embrace Islam, the first to collect the Qurʾān, and the first to call it a muṣḥaf, and the proof for that has already been given. And the first to be called khalīfah. Aḥmad narrated from Ibn Abī Mulaykah who said: It was said to Abū Bakr, “O khalīfah of Allah,” and he said: “I am the khalīfah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and I am content with that.” Among them: he was the first to assume the caliphate while his father was still alive, and the first caliph for whom his subjects stipulated a stipend. Al-Ṭabarānī narrated from al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib who said: “When Abū Bakr was dying... he said: ‘O ʿĀʾishah, look at the milch-camel whose milk we used to drink, the bowl from which we used to drink the morning draught, and the velvet cloak that we used to wear, for we used to benefit from these while we were in charge of the Muslims’ affairs. When I die, return it to ʿUmar.’ When Abū Bakr died, she sent it to ʿUmar, and ʿUmar said: ‘May Allah have mercy on you, O Abū Bakr. You have exhausted those who come after you.’” Ibn Abī al-Dunyā narrated from Abū Bakr b. Ḥafṣ who said: Abū Bakr said when he was dying to ʿĀʾishah: “O my little daughter, we were put in charge of the Muslims’ affairs and we did not take for ourselves a single dinar or dirham, but we ate of their coarse crushed food in our bellies and wore of their rough garments on our backs. Nothing of the Muslims’ fayʾ remains with us, little or much, except this Abyssinian slave, this water-carrying camel, and this worn velvet cloak. When I die, send them to ʿUmar.” Among them: he was the first to establish a bayt al-māl (public treasury). Ibn Saʿd narrated from Sahl b. Abī Ḥathmah and others: Abū Bakr ؓ had a bayt al-māl at al-Sunḥ which no one guarded. It was said to him, “Will you not appoint someone to guard it?” He said, “It has a lock.” He used to give out what was in it until it was empty. When he moved to al-Madīnah, he transferred it and placed it in his house. Wealth was brought to him, and he used to distribute it among the poor of the people, treating everyone equally in the distribution. He used to buy camels, horses, and weapons and place them in the path of Allah, and he bought velvet cloaks that were brought from the desert and distributed them among the widows of the people of al-Madīnah. When Abū Bakr ؓ died and was buried, ʿUmar summoned the trusted men—among them ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf and ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān—and entered with them into Abū Bakr’s bayt al-māl. They opened the treasury and found in it neither a dinar nor a dirham.” I say: By this report one refutes the statement of al-ʿAskarī in “al-Awāʾil”: “The first to establish a bayt al-māl was ʿUmar, and the Prophet ﷺ had no bayt al-māl, nor did Abū Bakr ؓ.” I have already refuted him in my book on firsts. Then I saw that al-ʿAskarī noticed it in another place in his book and said: “The first to be in charge of the bayt al-māl was Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ, for Abū Bakr.” Among them: al-Ḥākim said: “The first nickname in Islam was the nickname of Abū Bakr, ʿAtīq.” Benefit [On four men who met the Prophet ﷺ along with their sons ؓ] Al-Ṭabarānī narrated from Mūsā b. ʿUqbah who said: “We know of no four men who met the Prophet ﷺ along with their sons except these four: Abū Quḥāfah, and his son Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, and his son ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Abū ʿAtīq, son of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān—his name was Muḥammad.” Ibn Mandah and Ibn ʿAsākir narrated from ʿĀʾishah ؓ who said: “No father of any of the Muhājirūn embraced Islam except the father of Abū Bakr.” Benefit [On Abū Bakr ؓ being the oldest of the companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ] Ibn Saʿd and al-Bazzār narrated with a ḥasan chain from Anas who said: “The oldest of the Messenger’s companions—ﷺ—were Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq and Suhayl b. ʿAmr b. Bayḍāʾ.”
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.