Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1853
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
مرض أبي بكر ؓ فَصْلٌ فِي مَرَضِهِ وَوَفَاتِهِ، وَوَصِيَّتِهِ، وَاسْتِخْلَافِهِ عُمَرَ أَخْرَجَ سَيْفٌ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: (كَانَ سَبَبُ مَوْتِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَفَاةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَمِدَ، فَمَا زَالَ جِسْمُهُ يَحْرِي حَتَّى مَاتَ). يَحْرِي: أَيْ يَنْقُصُ. وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْحَاكِمُ بِسَنَدٍ صَحِيحٍ عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ: أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَالْحَارِثَ بْنَ كَلَدَةَ كَانَا يَأْكُلَانِ خَزِيرَةً أُهْدِيَتْ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَقَالَ الْحَارِثُ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ: (ارْفَعْ يَدَكَ يَا خَلِيفَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ فِيهَا لَسُمُّ سَنَةٍ، وَأَنَا وَأَنْتَ نَمَوْتُ فِي يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ)، فَرَفَعَ يَدَهُ، فَلَمْ يَزَالَا عَلِيلَيْنِ حَتَّى مَاتَا فِي يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ عِنْدَ انْقِضَاءِ السَّنَةِ. وَأَخْرَجَ الْحَاكِمُ عَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ قَالَ: (مَاذَا نَتَوَقَّعُ مِنْ هَذِهِ الدُّنْيَا الدَّنِيَّةِ وَقَدْ سُمَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَسُمَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؟ !) وَأَخْرَجَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: (كَانَ أَوَّلُ بَدْءِ مَرَضِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ: أَنَّهُ اغْتَسَلَ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ لِسَبْعٍ خَلَوْنَ مِنْ جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ، وَكَانَ يَوْمًا بَارِدًا، فَحُمَّ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا لَا يَخْرُجُ إِلَى صَلَاةٍ، وَتُوُفِّيَ لَيْلَةَ الثُّلَاثَاءِ، لِثَمَانٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ، سَنَةَ ثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ، وَلَهُ ثَلَاثٌ وَسِتُّونَ سَنَةً). اسْتِخْلَافُهُ لِعُمَرَ ؓ وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَابْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا عَنْ أَبِي السَّفَرِ، قَالَ: (دَخَلُوا عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي مَرَضِهِ، فَقَالُوا: يَا خَلِيفَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَلَا نَدْعُو لَكَ طَبِيبًا يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْكَ؟ قَالَ: قَدْ نَظَرَ إِلَيَّ، فَقَالُوا: مَا قَالَ لَكَ؟ قَالَ: إِنِّي فَعَّالٌ لِمَا أُرِيدُ). وَأَخْرَجَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ مِنْ طُرُقٍ: (أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ لَمَّا ثَقُلَ.. دَعَا عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ عَوْفٍ، فَقَالَ: أَخْبِرْنِي عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ؟ فَقَالَ: مَا تَسْأَلُنِي عَنْ أَمْرٍ.. إِلَّا وَأَنْتَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ مِنِّي!! فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: وَإِنْ، فَقَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ: هُوَ وَاللَّهِ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ رَأْيِكَ فِيهِ. ثُمَّ دَعَا عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ، فَقَالَ: أَخْبِرْنِي عَنْ عُمَرَ؟ فَقَالَ: أَنْتَ أَخْبَرُنَا بِهِ، فَقَالَ: عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ عِلْمِي بِهِ أَنَّ سَرِيرَتَهُ خَيْرٌ مِنْ عَلَانِيَتِهِ، وَأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ فِينَا مِثْلُهُ. وَشَاوَرَ مَعَهُمَا سَعِيدَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ، وَأُسَيْدَ بْنَ الْحُضَيْرِ، وَغَيْرَهُمَا مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ، فَقَالَ أُسَيْدٌ: اللَّهُمَّ أَعْلَمُهُ الْخَيِّرَ بَعْدَكَ، يَرْضَى لِلرِّضَا وَيَسْخَطُ لِلسُّخْطِ، الَّذِي يُسِرُّ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الَّذِي يُعْلِنُ، وَلَنْ يَلِيَ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ أَحَدٌ أَقْوَى عَلَيْهِ مِنْهُ. عَهْدُ الصِّدِّيقِ وَوَصَّيْتُهُ ؓ وَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ الصَّحَابَةِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ قَائِلٌ مِنْهُمْ: مَا أَنْتَ قَائِلٌ لِرَبِّكَ إِذَا سَأَلَكَ عَنِ اسْتِخْلَافِكَ عُمَرَ عَلَيْنَا وَقَدْ تَرَى غِلْظَةً؟ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: أَبِاللَّهِ تُخَوِّفُنِي؟ ! أَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ، إِنِّي اسْتَخْلَفْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ خَيْرَ أَهْلِكَ، أَبْلِغْ عَنِّي مَا قُلْتُ مَنْ وَرَائَكَ. ثُمَّ دَعَا عُثْمَانَ، فَقَالَ: اكْتُبْ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ هَذَا مَا عَهِدَ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ فِي آخِرِ عَهْدِهِ بِالدُّنْيَا خَارِجًا مِنْهَا، وَعِنْدَ أَوَّلِ عَهْدِهِ بِالْآخِرَةِ دَاخِلًا فِيهَا، حَيْثُ يُؤْمِنُ الْكَافِرُ، وَيُوقِنُ الْفَاجِرُ، وَيَصْدُقُ الْكَاذِبُ: إِنِّي اسْتَخْلَفْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ بَعْدِي عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ، فَاسْمَعُوا لَهُ وَأَطِيعُوا، وَإِنِّي لَمْ آلُ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَدِينَهُ وَنَفْسِي وَإِيَّاكُمْ خَيْرًا، فَإِنْ عَدَلَ.. فَذَلِكَ ظَنِّي بِهِ وَعِلْمِي فِيهِ، وَإِنَّ بَدَّلَ فَلِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مَا اكْتَسَبَ، وَالْخَيْرَ أَرَدْتُ، وَلَا أَعْلَمُ الْغَيْبَ: وَسَيَعْلَمُ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا أَيَّ مُنْقَلَبٍ يَنْقَلِبُونَ وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ. ثُمَّ أَمَرَ بِالْكِتَابِ فَخَتَمَهُ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ عُثْمَانَ فَخَرَجَ بِالْكِتَابِ مَخْتُومًا، فَبَايَعَ النَّاسُ وَرَضُوا بِهِ، ثُمَّ دَعَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ عُمَرَ خَالِيًا، فَأَوْصَاهُ بِمَا أَوْصَاهُ بِهِ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، فَرَفَعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ يَدَيْهِ فَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي لَمْ أُرِدْ بِذَلِكَ إِلَّا صَلَاحَهُمْ، وَخِفْتُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْفِتْنَةَ، فَعَمِلْتُ فِيهِمْ بِمَا أَنْتَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ، وَاجْتَهَدْتُ لَهُمْ رَأْيِي، فَوَلَّيْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ خَيْرَهُمْ وَأَقْوَاهُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَأَحْرَصَهُمْ عَلَى مَا أَرْشَدَهُمْ، وَقَدْ حَضَرَنِي مِنْ أَمْرِكَ مَا حَضَرَ، فَاخْلُفْنِي فِيهِمْ، فَهُمْ عِبَادُكَ، وَنَوَاصِيهِمْ بِيَدِكَ، أَصْلِحْ لَهُمْ وُلَاتَهُمْ، وَاجْعَلْهُ مِنْ خُلَفَائِكَ الرَّاشِدِينَ، وَأَصْلِحْ لَهُ رَعِيَّتَهُ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، قَالَ: (أَفَرَسُ النَّاسِ ثَلَاثَةٌ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ حِينَ اسْتَخْلَفَ عُمَرَ، وَصَاحِبَةُ مُوسَى حِينَ قَالَتِ: اسْتَأْجِرْهُ، وَالْعَزِيزُ حِينَ تَفَرَّسَ فِي يُوسُفَ فَقَالَ لِامْرَأَتِهِ: أَكْرِمِي مَثْوَاهُ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ عَنْ سَيَّارٍ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ، قَالَ: (لَمَّا ثَقُلَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ.. أَشْرَفَ عَلَى النَّاسِ مِنْ كُوَّةٍ فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنِّي قَدْ عَهِدْتُ عَهْدًا، أَفَتَرْضَوْنَ بِهِ؟ فَقَالَ النَّاسُ: رَضِينَا يَا خَلِيفَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، فَقَامَ عَلِيٌّ فَقَالَ: لَا نَرْضَى إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ عُمَرُ، قَالَ: فَإِنَّهُ عُمَرُ). وَأَخْرَجَ أَحْمَدُ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: (إِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ لَمَّا حَضَرَتْهُ الْوَفَاةُ.. قَالَ: أَيُّ يَوْمٍ هَذَا؟ قَالُوا: يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ قَالَ: فَإِنْ مِتُّ مِنْ لَيْلَتِي.. فَلَا تَنْتَظِرُوا بِيَ الْغَدَ، فَإِنْ أَحَبَّ الْأَيَّامَ وَاللَّيَالِي إِلَى أَقْرَبِهَا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ). وَأَخْرَجَ مَالِكٌ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ: (أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ نَحَلَهَا جَادَّ عِشْرِينَ وَسْقًا مِنْ مَالِهِ بِالْغَابَةِ، فَلَمَّا حَضَرَتْهُ الْوَفَاةُ.. قَالَ: يَا بُنَيَّةُ، وَاللَّهِ مَا مِنَ النَّاسِ أَحَدٌ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ غِنًى مِنْكِ، وَلَا أَعَزُّ عَلَيَّ فَقْرًا بَعْدِي مِنْكِ، وَإِنِّي كُنْتُ نَحَلْتُكِ جَادَّ عِشْرِينَ وَسْقًا، فَلَوْ كُنْتِ جَدَدْتِيهِ وَاحْتَزْتِيهِ.. كَانَ لَكِ، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ الْيَوْمَ مَالُ وَارِثٍ، وَإِنَّمَا هُمَاأَخَوَاكِ وَأُخْتَاكِ، فَاقْتَسِمُوهُ عَلَى كِتَابِ اللَّهِ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَبَتِ، وَاللَّهِ لَوْ كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا... لَتَرَكْتُهُ، إِنَّمَا هِيَ أَسْمَاءُ، فَمَنِ الْأُخْرَى؟ قَالَ: ذُو بَطْنِ ابْنَةِ خَارِجَةَ، أُرَاهَا جَارِيَةً). وَأَخْرَجَهُ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ، وَقَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ: (قَالَ: ذَاتُ بَطْنِ ابْنَةِ خَارِجَةَ، قَدْ أُلْقِيَ فِي رُوعِي أَنَّهَا جَارِيَةٌ، فَاسْتَوْصِي بِهَا خَيْرًا، فَوُلِدَتْ أُمُّ كُلْثُومٍ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ [ خَالِدِ بْنِ أَبِي عَزَّةَ ]: أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَوْصَى بِخُمْسِ مَالِهِ، وَقَالَ: (آخُذُ مِنْ مَالِي مَا أَخَذَ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَيْءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ). وَأُخْرِجَ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ عَنْهُ قَالَ: (لَأَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالْخُمْسِ.. أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالرُّبْعِ، وَلَأَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالرُّبْعِ.. أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالثُّلُثِ، وَمَنْ أَوْصَى بِالثُّلُثِ.. لَمْ يَتْرُكْ شَيْئًا). وَأَخْرَجَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ فِي «سُنَنِهِ» عَنِ الضَّحَّاكِ: (أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَعَلِيًّا أَوْصَيَا بِالْخُمْسِ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمَا لِمَنْ لَا يَرِثُ مِنْ ذَوِي قَرَابَتِهِمَا). وَأَخْرَجَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ فِي «زَوَائِدِ الزُّهْدِ» عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: (وَاللَّهِ، مَا تَرَكَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ دِينَارًا وَلَا دِرْهَمًا ضَرَبَ اللَّهُ سِكَّتَهُ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَغَيْرُهُ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ:) لَمَّا ثَقُلَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ.. تَمَثَّلْتُ بِهَذَا الْبَيْتِ: لَعَمْرُكَ مَا يُغْنِي الثَّرَاءُ عَنِ الْفَتَى إِذَا حَشْرَجَتْ يَوْمًا وَضَاقَ بِهَا الصَّدْرُ فَكَشَفَ عَنْ وَجْهِهِ، وَقَالَ: لَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ، وَلَكِنْ قُولِي: وَجَاءَتْ سَكْرَةُ الْمَوْتِ بِالْحَقِّ ذَلِكَ مَا كُنْتَ مِنْهُ تَحِيدُ [ق: 19] انْظُرُوا ثَوْبَيَّ هَذَيْنِ فَاغْسِلُوهُمَا، وَكَفِّنُونِي فِيهِمَا، فَإِنَّ الْحَيَّ أَحْوَجُ إِلَى الْجَدِيدِ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ). وَأَخْرَجَ أَحْمَدُ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ: أَنَّهَا تَمَثَّلَتْ بِهَذَا الْبَيْتِ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ يَقْضِي: وَأَبْيَضَ يُسْتَسْقَى الْغَمَامُ بِوَجْهِهِ ثِمَالُ الْيَتَامَى عِصْمَةٌ لِلْأَرَامِلِ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: (ذَاكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ:) أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَوْصَى أَنْ تُغَسِّلَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ أَسْمَاءُ بِنْتُ عُمَيْسٍ، وَيُعِينَهَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ (. وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ: ( أَنَّ عُمَرَ ؓ صَلَّى عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ بَيْنَ الْقَبْرِ وَالْمِنْبَرِ، وَكَبَّرَ عَلَيْهِ أَرْبَعًا). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ، وَالْقَاسِمِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ: ( أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَوْصَى عَائِشَةَ أَنْ يُدْفَنَ إِلَى جَنْبِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ.. حُفِرَ لَهُ وَجُعِلَ رَأْسُهُ عِنْدَ كَتِفَيِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ، وَأُلْصِقَ اللَّحْدُ بِقَبْرِ الرَّسُولِ ﷺ ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: (نَزَلَ فِي حُفْرَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ: عُمَرُ وَطَلْحَةُ، وَعُثْمَانُ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ). وَأُخْرِجَ مِنْ طُرُقٍ عِدَّةٍ: (أَنَّهُ دُفِنَ لَيْلًا). وَأُخْرِجَ عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ: (أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ لَمَّا مَاتَ.. ارْتَجَّتْ مَكَّةُ، فَقَالَ أَبُو قُحَافَةَ: مَا هَذَا؟ قَالُوا: مَاتَ ابْنُكَ، قَالَ: رُزْءٌ جَلِيلٌ، مَنْ قَامَ بِالْأَمْرِ بَعْدَهُ؟ قَالُوا: عُمَرُ، قَالَ: صَاحِبُهُ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ: (أَنَّ أَبَا قُحَافَةَ رَدَّ مِيرَاثَهُ مِنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ عَلَى وَلَدِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَلَمْ يَعِشْ أَبُو قُحَافَةَ بَعْدَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ إِلَّا سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَأَيَّامًا، وَمَاتَ فِي الْمُحَرَّمِ، سَنَةَ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ سَبْعٍ وَتِسْعِينَ سَنَةً). قَالَ الْعُلَمَاءُ: لَمْ يَلِ الْخِلَافَةَ أَحَدٌ فِي حَيَاةِ أَبِيهِ إِلَّا أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَلَمْ يَرِثْ خَلِيفَةً أَبُوهُ إِلَّا أَبَا بَكْرٍ. وَأَخْرَجَ الْحَاكِمُ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: (وَلِيَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ سَنَتَيْنِ وَسَبْعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ). وَفِي «تَارِيخِ ابْنِ عَسَاكِرَ » بِسَنَدِهِ عَنِ الْأَصْمَعِيِّ قَالَ: قَالَ خِفَافُ بْنُ نَنَدْبَةَ السُّلَمِيُّ يَبْكِي أَبَا بَكْرٍ ؓ: لَيْسَ لِحَيٍّ فَاعْلَمْنَهُ بَقَاءْ وَكُلُّ دُنْيَا أَمْرُهَا لِلْفَنَاءِ وَالْمُلْكُ فِي الْأَقْوَامِ مُسْتَوْدَعٌ عَارِيَةٌ وَالشَّرْطُ فِيهِ الْأَدَاءْ وَالْمَرْءُ يَسْعَى وَلَهُ رَاصِدٌ تَنْدُبُهُ الْعَيْنُ وَنَارُ الصَّدَاءْ يَهْرَمُ أَوْ يُقْتَلُ أَوْ قَهْرُهُ يَشُكُّوهُ سُقْمٌ لَيْسَ فِيهِ شِفَاءْ إِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ هُوَ الْغَيْثُ إِذْ لَمْ تُزْرَعِ الْجَوْزَاءُ بَقْلًا بِمَاءْ تَاللَّهِ لَا يُدْرِكُ أَيَّامَهُ ذُو مِئْزَرٍ نَاشٍ، وَلَا ذُو رِدَاءْ مَنْ يَسَعَ كَيْ يُدْرِكَ أَيَّامَهُ مُجْتَهِدُ الشَّدِّ بِأَرْضٍ فَضَاءْ
Translation
✧ The illness of Abū Bakr ؓ Section On his illness and death, his testament, and his appointment of ʿUmar as successor Sayf and al-Ḥākim transmitted from Ibn ʿUmar that he said: (The cause of Abū Bakr's death was grief for the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ, and his body continued to waste away until he died). Yaḥrī: that is, it diminishes. Ibn Saʿd and al-Ḥākim transmitted with a sound chain from Ibn Shihāb: that Abū Bakr and al-Ḥārith b. Kaladah were eating kharīrah that had been given to Abū Bakr as a gift. Al-Ḥārith said to Abū Bakr: (Lift your hand, O successor of the Messenger of Allāh, for by Allāh, in it is the poison of a year, and I and you will die on the same day). So he lifted his hand, and they remained ill until they died on the same day at the end of the year. Al-Ḥākim transmitted from al-Shaʿbī that he said: (What should we expect from this lowly world when the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ was poisoned and Abū Bakr was poisoned?!) Al-Wāqidī and al-Ḥākim transmitted from ʿĀʾishah ؓ that she said: (The first onset of Abū Bakr's illness was that he performed a full ablution on Monday, seven days having passed of Jumādā al-Ākhirah, and it was a cold day. Then he was feverish for fifteen days, not going out to prayer, and he died on Tuesday night, eight days remaining of Jumādā al-Ākhirah, in the year 13 AH, at the age of sixty-three). His appointment of ʿUmar ؓ as successor Ibn Saʿd and Ibn Abī al-Dunyā transmitted from Abū al-Safar that he said: (They entered upon Abū Bakr during his illness and said: O successor of the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ, shall we call a physician for you to examine you? He said: He has already examined me. They said: What did he say to you? He said: "I do whatever I intend"). Al-Wāqidī transmitted through several channels: (When Abū Bakr became gravely ill, he summoned ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf and said: Tell me about ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. He said: You do not ask me about any matter except that you know it better than I do!! Abū Bakr said: Even so. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān said: By Allāh, he is better than your opinion of him. Then he summoned ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān and said: Tell me about ʿUmar. He said: You know him better than we do. He said: Even so. He said: O Allāh, my knowledge of him is that his inner character is better than his outward character, and there is none among us like him. He consulted with them, along with Saʿīd b. Zayd, Usayd b. al-Ḥuḍayr, and others from the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār. Usayd said: O Allāh, I know he is the best after you; he is pleased for what pleases and angered for what angers; what he conceals is better than what he reveals; and none who takes charge of this matter will be stronger for it than him. The Ṣiddīq's covenant and his testament ؓ Some companions entered upon him, and one of them said to him: What will you say to your Lord when He asks you about appointing ʿUmar over us while you see his harshness? Abū Bakr said: Do you frighten me with Allāh?! I will say: O Allāh, I appointed over them the best of Your people; convey from me what I have said to those behind you. Then he summoned ʿUthmān and said: Write: In the name of Allāh, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate This is what Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfah has covenanted in the last of his covenant with this world, departing from it, and at the first of his covenant with the Hereafter, entering into it, where the disbeliever believes, the sinner becomes certain, and the liar speaks truth: I have appointed over you, after me, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. So listen to him and obey. I have not fallen short in seeking good for Allāh, His Messenger, His religion, myself, and you. If he acts justly, that is my expectation of him and my knowledge of him; but if he changes, then every man shall have what he has earned. I intended good, and I do not know the unseen: "And those who have done wrong will know by what overturning they will be overturned." Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allāh. Then he ordered the document sealed, and he ordered ʿUthmān to go out with the sealed document. The people pledged allegiance and were pleased with it. Then Abū Bakr summoned ʿUmar privately and gave him the testament he gave him. Then he left his presence. Abū Bakr raised his hands and said: O Allāh, I intended by that nothing but their well-being, and I feared for them discord. So I did for them what You know best, and I exerted my judgment for them, and I placed over them their best and strongest for them, and the most eager of them for what guides them. What has come to me of Your command has come, so be my successor among them. They are Your servants, and their forelocks are in Your hand. Set right for them their rulers, and make him one of Your rightly guided successors, and set right his subjects). Ibn Saʿd and al-Ḥākim transmitted from Ibn Masʿūd that he said: (The most discerning of men are three: Abū Bakr when he appointed ʿUmar as successor; the companion of Moses when she said: "Hire him"; and al-ʿAzīz when he discerned about Joseph and said to his wife: "Make his stay comfortable"). Ibn ʿAsākir transmitted from Sayyār Abū Ḥamzah that he said: (When Abū Bakr became gravely ill, he looked out upon the people from a window and said: O people, I have made a covenant; will you accept it? The people said: We accept, O successor of the Messenger of Allāh. Then ʿAlī stood and said: We accept only if it is ʿUmar. He said: It is ʿUmar). Aḥmad transmitted from ʿĀʾishah ؓ that she said: (When death came to Abū Bakr, he said: What day is this? They said: Monday. He said: If I die tonight, do not wait for tomorrow with me, for the most beloved of days and nights to me is the one closest to the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ). Mālik transmitted from ʿĀʾishah ؓ: (Abū Bakr gave her as a gift twenty wasqs of palm trees from his property at al-Ghābah. When death came to him, he said: O my daughter, by Allāh, there is no one I would love to be richer more than you, and none dearer to me to be poor after me than you. I had given you twenty wasqs of palm trees; if you had harvested them and taken possession of them, they would be yours. But today it is the property of heirs, and they are only your two brothers and two sisters, so divide it according to the Book of Allāh. I said: O my father, by Allāh, even if it were such and such, I would leave it; but it is only Asmāʾ, so who is the other? He said: The one in the womb of the daughter of Khārijah; I think it is a girl). Ibn Saʿd transmitted it and said at its end: (He said: The one in the womb of the daughter of Khārijah; it has been cast in my mind that she is a girl, so treat her well. Then Umm Kulthūm was born). Ibn Saʿd transmitted from [Khālid b. Abī ʿAzzah]: that Abū Bakr bequeathed one-fifth of his property, and said: (I take from my property what Allāh takes from the fayʾ of the Muslims). It was transmitted from another source from him that he said: (To bequeath one-fifth is dearer to me than to bequeath one-fourth; and to bequeath one-fourth is dearer to me than to bequeath one-third; and whoever bequeaths one-third has left nothing). Saʿīd b. Manṣūr transmitted in his "Sunan" from al-Ḍaḥḥāk: (Abū Bakr and ʿAlī bequeathed one-fifth of their properties to those of their relatives who do not inherit). ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad transmitted in "Zawāʾid al-Zuhd" from ʿĀʾishah ؓ that she said: (By Allāh, Abū Bakr left neither a dinar nor a dirham that Allāh struck its coinage). Ibn Saʿd and others transmitted from ʿĀʾishah ؓ that she said: (When Abū Bakr became gravely ill, I recited this verse: By your life, wealth does not avail a man When the throat rattles one day and the chest is constricted by it He uncovered his face and said: It is not like that. Rather say: "And the agony of death comes with the truth; that is what you used to turn away from" [Qāf: 19]. Look at these two garments of mine and wash them, and shroud me in them, for the living are more in need of the new than the dead). Aḥmad transmitted from ʿĀʾishah ؓ that she recited this verse while Abū Bakr was dying: And a fair-faced one by whose face rain is sought, A refuge for orphans, a protection for widows Abū Bakr said: (That is the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ). Ibn Abī al-Dunyā transmitted from Ibn Abī Mulaykah: (Abū Bakr bequeathed that his wife Asmāʾ bt. ʿUmays should wash him, assisted by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr). Ibn Saʿd transmitted from Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab: (ʿUmar ؓ prayed over Abū Bakr between the grave and the minbar, and he said four takbīrs over him). He transmitted from ʿUrwah and al-Qāsim b. Muḥammad: (Abū Bakr bequeathed to ʿĀʾishah that he be buried beside the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ. When he died, a grave was dug for him, and his head was placed at the shoulders of the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ, and the laḥd was joined to the grave of the Messenger ﷺ). He transmitted from Ibn ʿUmar that he said: (Those who descended into Abū Bakr's grave were: ʿUmar, Ṭalḥah, ʿUthmān, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr). It was transmitted through several channels: (He was buried at night). It was transmitted from Ibn al-Musayyab: (When Abū Bakr died, Makkah trembled. Abū Quḥāfah said: What is this? They said: Your son has died. He said: A great calamity. Who has taken charge of the affair after him? They said: ʿUmar. He said: His companion). He transmitted from Mujāhid: (Abū Quḥāfah returned his inheritance from Abū Bakr to the children of Abū Bakr. Abū Quḥāfah lived after Abū Bakr only six months and some days, and died in Muḥarram, in the year 14 AH, at the age of ninety-seven). The scholars said: No one assumed the caliphate during his father's lifetime except Abū Bakr, and no caliph was inherited by his father except Abū Bakr. Al-Ḥākim transmitted from Ibn ʿUmar that he said: (Abū Bakr ruled for two years and seven months). In "Tārīkh Ibn ʿAsākir" with his chain from al-Aṣmaʿī that he said: Khifāf b. Nandabah al-Sulamī said, mourning Abū Bakr ؓ: There is no permanence for any living being, know it, And all the world's affair is for extinction. Dominion among peoples is a deposit, A loan with the condition of returning it. Man strives while a watcher awaits him, The eye laments him and the fire of grief. He grows old, or is killed, or its compulsion, An illness complains of him for which there is no cure. Verily Abū Bakr is the rain when al-Jawzāʾ does not grow herbs with water. By Allāh, none will attain his days, Like one with a garment, eager, nor one with a cloak. Who can strive to attain his days, Exerting himself in running across an open land.
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