Tarikh (al-Tabari) 971
The Great Expedition of Badr
وُصُولِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ إِلَى قُرْبِ الْمَدِينَةِ وَحَذَرِهِ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ وَغَيْرُهُ: وَأَقْبَلَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بِالْعِيرِ وَقَدْ خَافَ خَوْفًا شَدِيدًا، حَتَّى دَنَوْا مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَاسْتَبْطَأَ ضَمْضَمُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو النَّفِيرَ، حَتَّى وَرَدَ بَدْرًا وَهُوَ خَائِفٌ، فَلَمَّا كَانَتِ اللَّيْلَةُ الَّتِي يُصْبِحُونَ فِيهَا عَلَى مَاءِ بَدْرٍ جَعَلَتِ الْعِيرُ تُقْبِلُ بِوُجُوهِهَا إِلَى مَاءِ بَدْرٍ، وَكَانُوا بَاتُوا مِنْ وَرَاءِ بَدْرٍ، آخِرَ لَيْلَتِهِمْ، وَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْ يُصَبِّحُوا بَدْرًا إِنْ لَمْ يُعْتَرَضْ لَهُمْ، فَمَا انْقَادَتِ الْعِيرُ لَهُمْ حَتَّى ضَرَبُوهَا بِالْعُقُلِ وَهِيَ تُرَجِّعُ الْحَنِينَ، فَتَوَارَدَا إِلَى مَاءِ بَدْرٍ وَمَا بِهَا إِلَى الْمَاءِ مِنْ حَاجَةٍ، لَقَدْ شَرِبَتْ بِالْأَمْسِ، وَجَعَلَ أَهْلُ الْعِيرِ يَقُولُونَ: هَذَا شَيْءٌ مَا صَنَعْتِهِ مَعَنَا مُنْذُ خَرَجْنَا، وَغَشِيَتْهُمْ ظُلْمَةٌ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةَ حَتَّى مَا يُبْصِرُ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ شَيْئًا. وَتَقَدَّمَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ أَمَامَ الْعِيرِ حَذِرًا حَتَّى وَرَدَ الْمَاءَ فَرَأَى مَجْدِيَّ -بِفَتْحِ الْمِيمِ وَإِسْكَانِ الْجِيمِ فَدَالٍ مُهْمَلَةٍ فَيَاءٍ مَمْدُودَةٍ كَيَاءِ النَّسَبِ- ابْنَ عَمْرٍو الْجُهَنِيَّ فَقَالَ لَهُ: هَلْ أَحْسَسْتَ أَحَدًا ؟ قَالَ: مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا أُنْكِرُهُ غَيْرَ أَنِّي قَدْ رَأَيْتُ رَاكِبَيْنِ -يَعْنِي بَسْبَسًا وَعَدِيًّا- قَدْ أَنَاخَا إِلَى هَذَا التَّلِّ، ثُمَّ اسْتَقَيَا فِي شَنٍّ لَهُمَا، ثُمَّ انْطَلَقَا، فَأَتَى أَبُو سُفْيَانَ مُنَاخَهُمَا فَأَخَذَ مِنْ أَبِعَارِ بَعِيرَيْهِمَا، فَفَتَّتَهُ فَإِذَا فِيهِ النَّوَى، فَقَالَ: هَذِهِ وَاللَّهِ عَلَائِفُ يَثْرِبَ. فَرَجَعَ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ سَرِيعًا فَضَرَبَ وَجْهَ عِيرِهِ عَنِ الطَّرِيقِ، فَسَاحَلَ بِهَا، وَتَرَكَ بَدْرًا بِيَسَارٍ، وَانْطَلَقَ حَتَّى أَسْرَعَ فَسَارَ لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا فَرَقًا مِنَ الطَّلَبِ. وَلَمَّا رَأَى أَبُو سُفْيَانَ أَنَّهُ قَدْ أَحْرَزَ عِيرَهُ أَرْسَلَ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ قَيْسَ بْنَ امْرِئِ الْقَيْسِ: إِنَّكُمْ إِنَّمَا خَرَجْتُمْ لِتَمْنَعُوا عِيرَكُمْ وَرِجَالَكُمْ وَأَمْوَالَكُمْ وَقَدْ نَجَّاهَا اللَّهُ، فَارْجِعُوا، فَأَتَاهُمُ الْخَبَرُ وَهُمْ بِالْجُحْفَةِ، فَقَالَ أَبُو جَهْلِ بْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَاللَّهِ لَا نَرْجِعُ حَتَّى نَرِدَ بَدْرًا -وَكَانَ بَدْرٌ مَوْسِمًا مِنْ مَوَاسِمِ الْعَرَبِ، يَجْتَمِعُ لَهُمْ بِهِ سُوقٌ كُلَّ عَامٍ- فَنُقِيمَ عَلَيْهِ ثَلَاثًا فَنَنْحَرَ الْجُزُرَ، وَنُطْعَمَ الطَّعَامَ، وَنُسْقَى الْخَمْرَ، وَتَعْزِفَ عَلَيْنَا الْقِيَانُ، وَتَسْمَعَ بِنَا الْعَرَبُ وَبِمَسِيرِنَا وَجَمْعِنَا، فَلَا يَزَالُونَ يَهَابُونَنَا أَبَدًا بَعْدَهَا. وَكَرِهَ أَهْلُ الرَّأْيِ الْمَسِيرَ، وَمَشَى بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ، وَكَانَ مِمَّنْ أَبْطَأَ بِهِمْ عَنْ ذَلِكَ الْحَارِثُ بْنُ عَامِرٍ، وَأُمَيَّةُ بْنُ خَلَفٍ، وَعُتْبَةُ وَشَيْبَةُ ابْنَا رَبِيعَةَ، وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ، وَأَبُو الْبَخْتَرِيِّ، وَعَلِيُّ بْنُ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ خَلَفٍ، وَالْعَاصُ بْنُ مُنَبِّهٍ، حَتَّى بَكَّتَهُمْ أَبُو جَهْلٍ بِالْجُبْنِ، وَأَعَانَهُ عُقْبَةُ بْنُ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ، وَالنَّضْرُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ كَلَدَةَ. وَأَجْمَعُوا الْمَسِيرَ. وَقَالَ الْأَخْنَسُ بْنُ شَرِيقٍ -وَكَانَ حَلِيفَ بَنِي زُهْرَةَ-: يَا بَنِي زُهْرَةَ قَدْ نَجَّى اللَّهُ أَمْوَالَكُمْ، وَخَلَّصَ لَكُمْ صَاحِبَكُمْ مَخْرَمَةَ بْنَ نَوْفَلٍ، وَإِنَّمَا نَفَرْتُمْ لِتَمْنَعُوهُ وَمَالَهُ، فَاجْعَلُوا بِي جُبْنَهَا وَارْجِعُوا، فَإِنَّهُ لَا حَاجَةَ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَخْرُجُوا فِي غَيْرِ ضَيْعَةٍ، لَا مَا يَقُولُ هَؤُلَاءِ، فَرَجَعُوا، وَكَانُوا نَحْوَ الْمِائَةِ، وَيُقَالُ: ثَلَاثُمِائَةٍ، فَمَا شَهِدَهَا زُهْرِيٌّ إِلَّا رَجُلَيْنِ هُمَا عَمَّا مُسْلِمِ بْنِ شِهَابٍ الزُّهْرِيِّ، وَقُتِلَا كَافِرَيْنِ. قَالَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ: وَلَحِقَ قَيْسُ بْنُ امْرِئِ الْقَيْسِ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ فَأَخْبَرَهُ مَجِيءَ قُرَيْشٍ، فَقَالَ: وَاقَوْمَاهْ! هَذَا عَمَلُ عَمْرِو بْنِ هِشَامٍ، يَعْنِي أَبَا جَهْلٍ، وَاغْتَبَطَتْ بَنُو زُهْرَةَ بَعْدُ بِرَأْيِ الْأَخْنَسِ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ فِيهِمْ مُطَاعًا مُعَظَّمًا، وَأَرَادَتْ بَنُو هَاشِمٍ الرُّجُوعَ فَاشْتَدَّ عَلَيْهِمْ أَبُو جَهْلٍ وَقَالَ: لَا تُفَارِقُنَا هَذِهِ الْعِصَابَةُ حَتَّى نَرْجِعَ. قَالَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ: وَكَانَتْ بَنُو عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ مَعَ النَّفِيرِ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغُوا ثَنِيَّةَ لَفْتٍ عَدَلُوا فِي السَّحَرِ إِلَى السَّاحِلِ مُنْصَرِفِينَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، فَصَادَفَهُمْ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ فَقَالَ: يَا بَنِي عَدِيٍّ، كَيْفَ رَجَعْتُمْ، لَا فِي الْعِيرِ وَلَا فِي النَّفِيرِ ؟ قَالُوا: أَنْتَ أَرْسَلْتَ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ أَنْ تَرْجِعَ، وَيُقَالُ: بَلْ لَقِيَهُمْ بِمَرِّ الظَّهْرَانِ.
Translation
✧ The arrival of Abū Sufyān near Madinah and his caution regarding the Messenger of God ﷺ Ibn Isḥāq and others said: Abū Sufyān advanced with the caravan, fearing greatly, until they drew near Madinah. Ḍamḍam b. ʿAmr deemed the levy slow, until he reached Badr while fearful. When it was the night in which they would arrive at the water of Badr in the morning, the caravan began to turn its faces toward the water of Badr, for they had spent the latter part of their night behind Badr, intending to reach Badr in the morning if they were not intercepted. The caravan would not go along with them until they struck it with hobbles, while it kept turning back with yearning, and they both arrived at the water of Badr though it had no need of water, having drunk the previous day. The people of the caravan began to say, "This is something you have not done with us since we set out." Darkness covered them that night so that none of them could see anything. Abū Sufyān went ahead of the caravan out of caution until he reached the water, and he saw Majdī—with a fathah on the mīm, a sukūn on the jīm, then an unpointed dāl, then a long yāʾ like the yāʾ of relation—b. ʿAmr al-Juhanī. He said to him, "Have you sensed anyone?" He replied, "I have not seen anyone I would disapprove of, except that I saw two riders—meaning Basbas and ʿAdī—who had made their camels kneel at this hill, then drew water into a waterskin of theirs, then departed." Abū Sufyān went to their kneeling place and took some of the dung of their two camels, crumbled it, and found date stones in it. He said, "These, by God, are the fodder of Yathrib." He returned quickly to his companions, turned the face of his caravan away from the road, took it along the coast, left Badr to his left, and went on, hastening, traveling night and day in fear of pursuit. When Abū Sufyān saw that he had secured his caravan, he sent Qays b. Imriʾ al-Qays to Quraysh, saying: "You came out only to protect your caravan, your men, and your wealth, and God has delivered it, so return." The news came to them while they were at al-Juḥfah. Abū Jahl b. Hishām said, "By God, we will not return until we reach Badr—Badr was one of the fairs of the Arabs, where a market gathered for them every year—and we shall stay there three days, slaughter camels, feed food, give wine to drink, and have singing girls play for us, and the Arabs will hear of us, our march, and our gathering, and they will continue to hold us in awe forever after." The people of sound judgment disliked the march, and some of them conferred with one another. Among those who delayed them from that were al-Ḥārith b. ʿĀmir, Umayyah b. Khalaf, ʿUtbah and Shaybah the two sons of Rabīʿah, Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām, Abū al-Bakhtarī, ʿAlī b. Umayyah b. Khalaf, and al-ʿĀṣ b. Munabbih, until Abū Jahl reproached them for cowardice, and he was aided by ʿUqbah b. Abī Muʿayṭ and al-Naḍr b. al-Ḥārith b. Kaladah. They resolved to march. Al-Akhnas b. Sharīq—who was an ally of Banū Zuhrah—said: "O Banū Zuhrah, God has delivered your wealth and secured for you your companion Makhramah b. Nawfal. You only went out to protect him and his wealth, so attribute the cowardice of it to me and return, for you have no need to go out without loss, unlike what these people say." So they returned, and they were about a hundred, or it is said three hundred. No Zuhrī witnessed it except two men, who were the paternal uncles of Muslim b. Shihāb al-Zuhrī, and they were killed as disbelievers. Ibn Saʿd said: Qays b. Imriʾ al-Qays caught up with Abū Sufyān and informed him of the coming of Quraysh. He said, "Alas for my people! This is the doing of ʿAmr b. Hishām," meaning Abū Jahl. Banū Zuhrah later congratulated themselves on the opinion of al-Akhnas, and he remained among them obeyed and honored. Banū Hāshim wanted to return, but Abū Jahl was severe with them and said, "This band will not part from us until we return." Ibn Saʿd said: Banū ʿAdī b. Kaʿb were with the levy, and when they reached the pass of Laft, they turned at dawn toward the coast, returning to Makkah. Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb encountered them and said, "O Banū ʿAdī, how have you returned, neither with the caravan nor with the levy?" They said, "You sent to Quraysh that they should return." It is also said that he met them at Marr al-Ẓahrān.
Grades by grader
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