Tarikh (al-Tabari) 851
The Prophet's emigration ﷺ
هِجْرَةُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ جَاءَ إِذْنُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لِأَصْحَابِهِ بِالْهِجْرَةِ بَعْدَ أَنْ أَكْرَمَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَهْلَ يَثْرِبَ بِالْبَيْعَةِ لَاسِيَّمَا بَيْعَةَ الْعَقَبَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ وَالَّتِي فِيهَا كَانَ الْمِيثَاقُ الَّذِي أَخَذَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِنُصْرَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَأَنْ يَمْنَعُوهُ مِمَّا يَمْنَعُونَ مِنْهُ أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَأَوْلَادَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَعْدَمَا اشْتَدَّ الْأَمْرُ عَلَى أَصْحَابِهِ: «قَدْ أُخْبِرْتُ بِدَارِ هِجْرَتِكُمْ وَهِيَ يَثْرِبُ، فَمَنْ أَرَادَ الْخُرُوجَ فَلْيَخْرُجْ إِلَيْهَا». فَجَعَلَ أَصْحَابُهُ رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ يَتَجَهَّزُونَ لِلْهِجْرَةِ، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ مَنْ هَاجَرَ بِأَهْلِهِ إِلَيْهَا أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْأَسَدِ وَذَلِكَ قَبْلَ الْبَيْعَةِ بِسَنَةٍ ثُمَّ لَحِقَتْ بِهِ زَوْجَتُهُ أُمُّ سَلَمَةَ بَعْدَ أَنْ مَنَعَهَا أَهْلُهَا قُرَابَةَ السَّنَةِ، كَمَا كَانَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ إِلَيْهَا أَيْضًا مُصْعَبُ بْنُ عُمَيْرٍ ؓ، وَعَامِرُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ وَمَعَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ لَيْلَى بِنْتُ أَبِي حَثْمَةَ، ثُمَّ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ جَحْشٍ وَأَخُوهُ أَحْمَدُ وَعُكَّاشَةُ بْنُ مِحْصَنٍ وَغَيْرُهُمْ كَثِيرٌ. كَمَا هَاجَرَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ عَلَانِيَةً وَلَمْ يَسْتَخْفِ. وَقَدْ جَاءَ فِي الْهِجْرَةِ الْعَدِيدُ مِنَ الْمَوَاقِفِ الَّتِي تَدُلُّ عَلَى شِدَّةِ الْأَمْرِ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَشِدَّةِ الْبَلَاءِ كَمَا وَقَعَ لِأُمِّ سَلَمَةَ ؓ وَلِعَيَّاشِ بْنِ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ، وَهِشَامِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ وَائِلٍ، وَصُهَيْبِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ. وَأَقَامَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمَكَّةَ يَنْتَظِرُ أَنْ يُؤْذَنَ لَهُ مِنَ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ بِالْهِجْرَةِ وَبَقِيَ مَعَهُ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعَلِيٌّ ؓ وَبَعْضُ مَنْ حُبِسَ وَفُتِنَ مِنْهُمْ. وَقَدْ أَكْرَمَ اللَّهُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فَجَعَلَهُ صَاحِبَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي هِجْرَتِهِ كَمَا أَكْرَمَ عَلِيًّا فَجَعَلَهُ خَلِيفَتَهُ فِي رَدِّ الْأَمَانَاتِ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا بِمَكَّةَ. هَذَا وَقَدِ اجْتَمَعَتْ قُرَيْشٌ لِتَصُدَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ وُجْهَتِهِ، وَتَشَاوَرُوا فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَدَخَلَ فِيهِمْ إِبْلِيسُ مُشِيرًا فِي هَيْئَةِ شَيْخٍ نَجْدِيٍّ، وَقَدِ اسْتَقَرَّ رَأْيُهُمُ الَّذِي مَدَحَهُ إِبْلِيسُ عَلَى أَنْ يُخْرِجُوا مِنْ كُلِّ قَبِيلَةٍ رَجُلًا لِقَتْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَيَتَفَرَّقَ دَمُهُ فِي الْقَبَائِلِ. إِلَّا أَنَّ اللَّهَ سُبْحَانَهُ نَجَّى نَبِيَّهُ وَجَعَلَ فِي نَجَاتِهِ آيَةً لَهُمْ لَوْ يَعْقِلُونَ، بِأَنْ خَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَنَثَرَ عَلَى رُؤُسِهِمُ التُّرَابَ وَأَغْشَاهُمُ اللَّهُ فَهُمْ لَا يُبْصِرُونَ. وَقَدْ خَلَّفَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلِيًّا فِي فِرَاشِهِ مُمَوِّهًا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ وَحَتَّى يُؤَدِّيَ عَنْهُ أَمَانَاتِ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ، وَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ يَخْدِمُهُمَا عَامِرُ بْنُ فُهَيْرَةَ مَوْلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَدَلِيلُهُمَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أُرَيْقِطٍ، وَنَاقِلُ الْخَبَرِ لَهُمَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَالْآتِي بِالطَّعَامِ لَهُمَا أَسْمَاءُ بِنْتُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَذَلِكَ وَهُمَا فِي غَارِ ثَوْرٍ، وَقَدْ حَاوَلَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ أَنْ يَتَوَصَّلُوا إِلَيْهِمَا فَآذَوْا أَسْمَاءَ بِنْتَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَصَبَرَتْ. وَقَدْ غَادَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ غَارَ ثَوْرٍ وَمَضَيَا فِي طَرِيقِهِمَا وَلَحِقَهُمَا سُرَاقَةُ بْنُ مَالِكِ بْنِ جُعْشُمٍ فَمَنَعَهُمَا اللَّهُ مِنْهُ وَطَلَبَ الْأَمَانَ مِنَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَكَتَبَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ، وَفِي طَرِيقِهِمَا حَلَّا خَيْمَةَ أُمِّ مَعْبَدٍ الْخُزَاعِيَّةِ، وَقَدْ ذَكَرَتْ مِنْ بَرَكَتِهِ ﷺ وَوَصْفِهِ مَا سَجَّلَهُ أَصْحَابُ السِّيَرِ فِي أَجْمَلِ وَأَبْهَى وَصْفٍ. وَقَدْ وَصَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ تَصْحَبُهُ السَّلَامَةُ مَعَ صَاحِبِهِ، وَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ رَآهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ يَهُودَ فَصَرَخَ فِي أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ مُنَبِّهًا بِوُصُولِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ يَسْتَقْبِلُونَهُ وَقَدْ نَزَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي أَوَّلِ الْأَمْرِ عَلَى كُلْثُومِ بْنِ الْهَدْمِ، ثُمَّ فِي دَارٍ أَبِي أَيُّوبٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. هَذَا وَقَدْ لَحِقَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِقُبَاءَ بَعْدَ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ. وَبَعْدَ نُزُولِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ جَاءَهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَلَامٍ ؓ وَهُوَ وَقْتَئِذٍ مِنْ أَحْبَارِ الْيَهُودِ وَكُبَرَائِهِمْ فَأَسْلَمَ وَكَتَمَ إِسْلَامَهُ وَطَلَبَ مِنَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنْ يُسْأَلَ الْيَهُودَ كَيْفَ هُوَ فِيهِمْ؟ وَقَدْ سَأَلَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَأَثْنَوْا عَلَيْهِ خَيْرًا فَلَمَّا عَلِمُوا بِإِسْلَامِهِ أَسَاؤُوا إِلَيْهِ وَشَتَمُوهُ. وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ حِينَمَا نَزَلَ الْمَدِينَةَ مَكَثَ فِي بَنِي عَمْرِو بْنِ عَوْفٍ أَيَّامًا وَكَانَ لِكُلْثُومِ بْنِ الْهَدْمِ مِرْبَدًا فَأَخَذَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَاتَّخَذَهُ مَسْجِدًا وَهُوَ مَسْجِدُ قُبَاءَ الَّذِي أُسِّسَ عَلَى التَّقْوَى مِنْ أَوَّلِ يَوْمٍ. وَعِنْدَ قُدُومِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ الْمَدِينَةَ كَانَ كُلُّ بَيْتٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ حَرِيصٌ عَلَى نُزُولِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فِيهِ، كُلُّهُمْ يَأْخُذُ بِزِمَامِ نَاقَتِهِ، فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ ﷺ بِأَنَّهَا مَأْمُورَةٌ وَطَلَبَ مِنْهُمْ تَرْكَهَا، وَقَدْ ظَلَّتْ تَسِيرُ حَتَّى بَرَكَتْ بِدَارِ بَنِي مَالِكِ بْنِ النَّجَّارِ، وَجَاءَ أَبُو أَيُّوبٍ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ فَاسْتَأْذَنَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فِي أَخْذِ مَتَاعِهِ وَرَحْلِهِ وَوَضْعِهِ فِي بَيْتِهِ، وَطَلَبَ مِنَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ النُّزُولَ حَيْثُ بَيْتُهُ أَقْرَبُ الْبُيُوتِ فَنَزَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِدَارِهِ. وَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي دَارِ أَبِي أَيُّوبٍ بَدَأَ بِبِنَاءِ مَسْجِدِهِ ﷺ، وَبَنَى حُجَرَ أَزْوَاجِهِ حَوْلَ الْمَسْجِدِ، وَفِي أَثْنَاءِ ذَلِكَ مَاتَ أَسْعَدُ بْنُ زُرَارَةَ أَحَدُ النُّقَبَاءِ ؓ. وَبَدَأَ تَلَاحُقُ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ مَكَّةَ، وَجَاءَ آلُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَآلُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ، وَآخَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَيْنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ، وَكَتَبَ الْمُوَادَعَةَ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الْيَهُودِ، وَبَعْدَ قُدُومِهِ شُرِعَ الْأَذَانُ، وَعَلَّمَ أَصْحَابَهُ كَيْفَ يَقُومُونَ بِهِ، كَمَا وَقَعَ لِبَعْضِ الصَّحَابَةِ الْحُمَّى فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَأَبْعَدَهَا اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى الْجُحْفَةِ، وَوُلِدَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ أَوَّلُ مَوْلُودٍ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ بْنِ الْعَوَّامِ فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَوْلُودٍ فِي أَوَّلِ دَوْلَةٍ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ مُؤْذِنًا بِعَصْرٍ جَدِيدٍ.
Translation
✧ The Prophet's emigration ﷺ The Prophet's ﷺ permission for his companions to emigrate came after Allah, exalted is He, had honored the people of Yathrib with the pledge, especially the second pledge of al-ʿAqabah, in which was the covenant that he took from them to support the Prophet ﷺ and to protect him from what they would protect themselves, their children, and their wealth. So the Prophet ﷺ said, after the matter had become hard upon his companions: "I have been informed of the abode of your emigration, and it is Yathrib, so whoever wishes to depart, let him depart to it." His companions, ؓ, began to prepare for the emigration. Among the first to emigrate with his family to it was Abū Salamah b. ʿAbd al-Asad, and that was a year before the pledge. Then his wife Umm Salamah caught up with him after her family had detained her for nearly a year. Likewise among the first emigrants to it were Muṣʿab b. ʿUmayr ؓ, and ʿĀmir b. Rabīʿah, and with him his wife Laylā bt. Abī Ḥathmah, then ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaḥsh and his brother Aḥmad, and ʿUkkāshah b. Miḥṣan and many others. Likewise ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ emigrated openly and did not conceal himself. Many situations occurred in the emigration that indicate the severity of the matter upon the Muslims and the severity of the trial, as happened to Umm Salamah ؓ, and to ʿAyyāsh b. Abī Rabīʿah, and Hishām b. al-ʿĀṣ b. Wāʾil, and Ṣuhayb b. Sinān. The Prophet ﷺ remained in Makkah waiting for permission from Allah, glorified is He, to emigrate. There remained with him from his companions Abū Bakr and ʿAlī ؓ and some of those who had been detained and persecuted among them. Allah honored Abū Bakr and made him the companion of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in his emigration, just as He honored ʿAlī and made him his deputy in returning the trusts to their people in Makkah. Meanwhile, Quraysh gathered to bar the Messenger of Allah ﷺ from his destination, and they consulted among themselves, and Iblīs entered among them as an advisor in the form of an old man of Najd. Their opinion, which Iblīs praised, settled upon bringing out from every tribe a man to kill the Prophet ﷺ, so that his blood would be dispersed among the tribes. But Allah, glorified is He, saved His Prophet and made in his deliverance a sign for them, if they would understand, by the Prophet ﷺ going out and scattering dust upon their heads while Allah covered them so they could not see. The Prophet ﷺ left ʿAlī in his bed, deluding the people, and so that he might deliver on his behalf the trusts of the people of Makkah. The Prophet ﷺ went out with Abū Bakr, served by ʿĀmir b. Fuhayrah, the freedman of Abū Bakr, with their guide ʿAbd Allāh b. Urayqiṭ, and the conveyer of news to them ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr, and the bringer of food to them Asmāʾ bt. Abī Bakr, and that while they were in the cave of Thawr. The polytheists tried to reach them, so they harmed Asmāʾ bt. Abī Bakr, and she was patient. The Prophet ﷺ and Abū Bakr departed the cave of Thawr and proceeded on their way. Surāqah b. Mālik b. Juʿshum caught up with them, but Allah prevented them from him, and he sought safety from the Prophet ﷺ, so he wrote that for him. On their way they stopped at the tent of Umm Maʿbad al-Khuzāʿiyyah, and she mentioned of his ﷺ blessing and description what the biographers recorded in the most beautiful and splendid description. The Prophet ﷺ arrived at al-Madīnah accompanied by safety with his companion. The first to see him was a man from the Jews, and he cried out to the people of al-Madīnah alerting them to the Prophet's ﷺ arrival. The people of al-Madīnah went out to meet him. The Prophet ﷺ first stayed at the home of Kulthūm b. al-Hadm, then at the house of Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī after that. ʿAlī ؓ caught up with the Prophet ﷺ at Qubāʾ after three days. After the Prophet ﷺ had settled, ʿAbd Allāh b. Salām ؓ came to him, and he was at that time one of the rabbis of the Jews and their leaders, and he embraced Islam and concealed his Islam, and asked the Prophet ﷺ to ask the Jews how he was among them. The Prophet ﷺ asked them, and they praised him well, but when they learned of his Islam, they reviled him and insulted him. When the Prophet ﷺ settled in al-Madīnah, he stayed among Banū ʿAmr b. ʿAwf for some days. Kulthūm b. al-Hadm had an enclosure, so the Prophet ﷺ took it and made it a mosque, which is the mosque of Qubāʾ that was founded upon God-consciousness from the first day. When the Prophet ﷺ arrived in al-Madīnah, every household of the Anṣār was eager for the Prophet ﷺ to stay with them, all of them taking hold of the halter of his she-camel. He ﷺ informed them that she was commanded, and asked them to leave her. She kept walking until she knelt at the dwelling of Banū Mālik b. al-Najjār. Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī came and asked the Prophet ﷺ permission to take his belongings and saddle and place them in his house, and he asked the Prophet ﷺ to stay where his house was the nearest of the houses, so the Prophet ﷺ stayed in his home. When the Prophet ﷺ had settled in the house of Abū Ayyūb, he began building his mosque ﷺ, and he built the rooms of his wives around the mosque. During that, Asʿad b. Zurārah, one of the nuqabāʾ ؓ, died. After that, the emigrants began arriving successively from Makkah, and the family of the Prophet ﷺ and the family of Abū Bakr ؓ came. The Prophet ﷺ established brotherhood between the emigrants and the Anṣār, and he wrote a pact of truce between the Muslims and the Jews. After his arrival, the call to prayer was instituted, and he taught his companions how to perform it. Some of the companions contracted fever, so the Prophet ﷺ supplicated, and Allah removed it from al-Madīnah to al-Juḥfah. The first child born to the Muslims in al-Madīnah was ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, so he was the first child born in the first state of the Muslims, heralding a new era.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.