Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2447
The Year 101
( رَدُّ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ ؓ لِلْمَظَالِمِ ) وَقَدْ رَدَّ جَمِيعَ الْمَظَالِمِ، حَتَّى إِنَّهُ رَدَّ فَصَّ خَاتَمٍ كَانَ فِي يَدِهِ قَالَ: أَعْطَانِيهِ الْوَلِيدُ مِنْ غَيْرِ حَقِّهِ. وَخَرَجَ مِنْ جَمِيعِ مَا كَانَ فِيهِ مِنَ النَّعِيمِ فِي الْمَلْبَسِ وَالْمَأْكَلِ وَالْمَتَاعِ، حَتَّى إِنَّهُ تَرَكَ التَّمَتُّعَ بِزَوْجَتِهِ الْحَسْنَاءِ، فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، يُقَالُ: كَانَتْ مِنْ أَحْسَنِ النِّسَاءِ. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ رَدَّ جَهَازَهَا وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهَا إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ دَخْلُهُ فِي كُلِّ سَنَةٍ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ أَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ، فَتَرَكَ ذَلِكَ كُلَّهُ حَتَّى لَمْ يَبْقَ لَهُ دَخْلٌ سِوَى أَرْبَعِمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ فِي كُلِّ سَنَةٍ، وَكَانَ حَاصِلُهُ فِي خِلَافَتِهِ ثَلَاثَمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَكَانَ لَهُ مِنَ الْأَوْلَادِ جَمَاعَةٌ، وَكَانَ ابْنُهُ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ أَجَلَّهُمْ، فَمَاتَ فِي حَيَاتِهِ فِي زَمَنِ خِلَافَتِهِ، حَتَّى يُقَالَ: إِنَّهُ كَانَ خَيْرًا مِنْ أَبِيهِ. فَلَمَّا مَاتَ لَمْ يَظْهَرْ عَلَيْهِ حُزْنٌ، وَقَالَ: أَمْرٌ رَضِيَهُ اللَّهُ فَلَا أَكْرَهُهُ. وَكَانَ قَبْلَ الْخِلَافَةِ يُؤْتَى بِالْقَمِيصِ الرَّفِيعِ اللَّيِّنِ جِدًّا، فَيَقُولُ: مَا أَحْسَنَهُ لَوْلَا خُشُونَةٌ فِيهِ. فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ كَانَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ يَلْبَسُ الْقَمِيصَ الْغَلِيظَ الْمَرْقُوعَ وَلَا يَغْسِلُهُ حَتَّى يَتَّسِخَ جِدًّا، وَيَقُولُ: مَا أَحْسَنَهُ لَوْلَا لِينُهُ. وَكَانَ يَلْبَسُ الْفَرْوَةَ الْغَلِيظَةَ، وَكَانَ سِرَاجُهُ عَلَى ثَلَاثِ قَصَبَاتٍ فِي رَأْسِهِنَّ طِينٌ، وَلَمْ يَبْنِ شَيْئًا فِي أَيَّامِ خِلَافَتِهِ. وَكَانَ يَخْدِمُ نَفْسَهُ بِنَفْسِهِ، وَقَالَ: مَا تَرَكْتُ شَيْئًا مِنَ الدُّنْيَا إِلَّا عَوَّضَنِي اللَّهُ مَا هُوَ خَيْرٌ مِنْهُ. وَكَانَ يَأْكُلُ الْغَلِيظَ مِنَ الطَّعَامِ أَيْضًا، وَلَا يُبَالِي بِشَيْءٍ مِنَ النَّعِيمِ، وَلَا يُتْبِعُهُ نَفْسَهُ وَلَا يَوَدُّهُ، حَتَّى قَالَ أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ الدَّارَانِيُّ: كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَزْهَدَ مِنْ أُوَيْسٍ الْقَرْنِيِّ ; لِأَنَّ عُمَرَ مَلَكَ الدُّنْيَا بِحَذَافِيرِهَا وَزَهِدَ فِيهَا، وَلَا نَدْرِي حَالَ أُوَيْسٍ لَوْ مَلَكَ مَا مَلَكَهُ عُمَرُ كَيْفَ يَكُونُ ؟ لَيْسَ مَنْ جَرَّبَ كَمَنْ لَمْ يُجَرِّبْ. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ دِينَارٍ: لَمْ يَكُنْ عُمَرُ يَرْتَزِقُ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ شَيْئًا. وَذَكَرُوا أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ جَارِيَةً تُرَوِّحُهُ حَتَّى يَنَامَ فَرَوَّحَتْهُ، فَنَامَتْ هِيَ، فَأَخَذَ الْمِرْوَحَةَ مِنْ يَدِهَا وَجَعَلَ يُرَوِّحُهَا، وَيَقُولُ: أَصَابَكِ مِنَ الْحَرِّ مَا أَصَابَنِي. وَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: جَزَاكَ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ خَيْرًا. فَقَالَ: بَلْ جَزَى اللَّهُ الْإِسْلَامَ عَنِّي خَيْرًا. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ كَانَ يَلْبَسُ تَحْتَ ثِيَابِهِ مِسْحًا غَلِيظًا مِنْ شَعْرٍ، وَيَضَعُ فِي رَقَبَتِهِ غُلًّا إِذَا قَامَ يُصَلِّي مِنَ اللَّيْلِ، ثُمَّ إِذَا أَصْبَحَ وَضَعَهُ فِي مَكَانٍ وَخَتَمَ عَلَيْهِ فَلَا يَشْعُرُ بِهِ أَحَدٌ وَكَانُوا يَظُنُّونَهُ مَالًا أَوْ جَوْهَرًا مِنْ حِرْصِهِ عَلَيْهِ، فَلَمَّا مَاتَ فَتَحُوا ذَلِكَ الْمَكَانَ فَإِذَا فِيهِ غُلٌّ وَمَسْحٌ. وَقَالَ يُونُسُ بْنُ أَبِي شَبِيبٍ: (شَهِدْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَإِنَّ حُجْزَةَ إِزَارِهِ لَغَائِبَةٌ فِي عُكَنِهِ، ثُمَّ رَأَيْتُهُ بَعْدَ مَا اسْتُخْلِفَ، وَلَوْ شِئْتُ أَنْ أَعُدَّ أَضْلَاعَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ أَمَسَّهَا... لَفَعَلْتُ). وَقَالَ وَلَدُهُ عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ: (سَأَلَنِي أَبُو جَعْفَرَ الْمَنْصُورُ: كَمْ كَانَتْ غَلَّةُ أَبِيكَ حِينَ أَفْضَتِ الْخِلَافَةُ إِلَيْهِ؟ قُلْتُ: أَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ، قَالَ: فَكَمْ كَانَتْ حِينَ تُوُفِّيَ؟ قُلْتُ: أَرْبَعُمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ، وَلَوْ بَقِيَ... لَنَقَصَتْ). وَقَالَ مَسْلَمَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ: (دَخَلْتُ عَلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَعُودُهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ، فَإِذَا عَلَيْهِ قَمِيصٌ وَسِخٌ، فَقُلْتُ لِفَاطِمَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ: أَلَا تَغْسِلِينَ قَمِيصَهُ؟ قَالَتْ: وَاللَّهِ، مَا لَهُ قَمِيصٌ غَيْرُهُ). وَقَالَ أَبُو أُمَيَّةَ الْخَصِيُّ غُلَامُ عُمَرَ: (دَخَلْتُ يَوْمًا إِلَى مَوْلَاتِي فَغَدَّتْنِي عَدَسًا، فَقُلْتُ: كُلَّ يَوْمٍ عَدَسٌ؟! فَقَالَتْ: يَا بُنَيَّ؛ هَذَا طَعَامُ مَوْلَاكَ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ). قَالَ: (وَدَخَلَ عُمَرُ الْحَمَّامَ يَوْمًا فَأَطْلَى، فَوَلِيَ عَانَتَهُ بِيَدِهِ). قَالَ: (وَلَمَّا احْتُضِرَ... بَعَثَنِي بِدِينَارٍ إِلَى أَهْلِ الدَّيْرِ فَقَالَ: إِنْ بِعْتُمُونِي مَوْضِعَ قَبْرِي؛ وَإِلَّا... تَحَوَّلْتُ عَنْكُمْ، فَأَتَيْتُهُمْ فَقَالُوا: لَوْلَا أَنَّا نَكْرَهُ أَنْ يَتَحَوَّلَ عَنَّا... مَا قَبِلْنَاهُ). وَكَانَ يَبْكِي حَتَّى بَكَى الدَّمَ مِنَ الدُّمُوعِ، وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ بَكَى فَوْقَ سَطْحٍ حَتَّى سَالَ دَمْعُهُ مِنَ الْمِيزَابِ. وَكَانَ يَأْكُلُ مِنَ الْعَدَسِ لِيَرِقَّ قَلْبُهُ وَتَغْزُرُ دَمْعَتُهُ، وَكَانَ إِذَا ذَكَرَ الْمَوْتَ اضْطَرَبَتْ أَوْصَالُهُ، وَقَرَأَ رَجُلٌ عِنْدَهُ وَإِذَا أُلْقُوا مِنْهَا مَكَانًا ضَيِّقًا مُقَرَّنِينَ [ الْفُرْقَانِ: 13 ] الْآيَةَ. فَبَكَى بُكَاءً شَدِيدًا ثُمَّ قَامَ فَدَخَلَ مَنْزِلَهُ وَتَفَرَّقَ النَّاسُ عَنْهُ، وَكَانَ يُكْثِرُ أَنْ يَقُولَ: اللَّهُمَّ سَلِّمْ سَلِّمْ. وَكَانَ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ أَصْلِحْ مَنْ كَانَ فِي صَلَاحِهِ صَلَاحٌ لِأُمَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ، وَأَهْلِكْ مَنْ كَانَ فِي هَلَاكِهِ صَلَاحُ أُمَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ. وَقَالَ: أَفْضَلُ الْعِبَادَةِ أَدَاءُ الْفَرَائِضِ وَاجْتِنَابُ الْمَحَارِمِ. وَقَالَ: لَوْ أَنَّ الْمَرْءَ لَا يَأْمُرُ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَلَا يَنْهَى عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ حَتَّى يَحْكُمَ أَمْرَ نَفْسِهِ لَذَهَبَ الْأَمْرُ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيُ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ، وَلَقَلَّ الْوَاعِظُونَ وَالسَّاعُونَ لِلَّهِ بِالنَّصِيحَةِ. وَقَالَ: الدُّنْيَا عَدُوَّةُ أَوْلِيَاءِ اللَّهِ وَأَعْدَاءِ اللَّهِ، أَمَّا الْأَوْلِيَاءُ فَغَمَّتْهُمْ، وَأَمَّا الْأَعْدَاءُ فَغَرَّتْهُمْ. وَقَالَ: قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَنْ عُصِمَ مِنَ الْمِرَاءِ وَالْغَضَبِ وَالطَّمَعِ. وَقَالَ لِرَجُلٍ: مَنْ سَيِّدُ قَوْمِكَ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَا. قَالَ: لَوْ كُنْتَ كَذَلِكَ لَمْ تَقُلْهُ. وَقَالَ: أَزْهَدُ النَّاسِ فِي الدُّنْيَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَقَالَ: لَقَدْ بُورِكَ لِعَبْدٍ فِي حَاجَةٍ أَكْثَرَ فِيهَا مِنَ الدُّعَاءِ، أُعْطِيَ أَوْ مُنِعَ. وَقَالَ: قَيِّدُوا الْعِلْمَ بِالْكِتَابِ. وَقَالَ لِرَجُلٍ: عَلِّمْ وَلَدَكَ الْفِقْهَ الْأَكْبَرَ: الْقَنَاعَةَ وَكَفَّ الْأَذَى. وَتَكَلَّمَ رَجُلٌ عِنْدَهُ فَأَحْسَنَ، فَقَالَ: هَذَا هُوَ السِّحْرُ الْحَلَّالُ. وعَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، قَالَ: قَدِمْتُ عَلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَقَدْ وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ، فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ إِلَيَّ عَرَفَنِي وَلَمْ أَعْرِفْهُ، فَقَالَ: ادْنُ مِنِّي، فَدَنَوْتُ مِنْهُ، فَقُلْتُ: أَنْتَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، فَقُلْتُ: أَلَمْ تَكُنْ عِنْدَنَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ أَمِيرًا، فَكَانَ مَرْكَبُكَ وَطِيًّا، وَثَوْبُكَ نَقِيًّا وَوَجْهُكَ بَهِيًّا، وَطَعَامُكَ شَهِيًّا، وَخَدَمُكَ كَثِيرٌ، فَمَا الَّذِي غَيَّرَكَ وَأَنْتَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؟ فَبَكَى وَقَالَ: يَا أَبَا حَازِمٍ، كَيْفَ لَوْ رَأَيْتَنِي بَعْدَ ثَلَاثٍ فِي قَبْرِي وَقَدْ سَالَتْ حَدَقَتَايَ عَلَى وَجْنَتَيَّ، ثُمَّ جَفَّ لِسَانِي، وَانْشَقَّتْ بَطْنِي وَجَرَتِ الدِّيدَانُ فِي بَدَنِي لَكُنْتَ لِي أَشَدَّ إِنْكَارًا، أَعِدْ عَلَيَّ الْحَدِيثَ الَّذِي حَدَّثْتِنِي بِالْمَدِينَةِ، قُلْتُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، سَمِعْتُ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ بَيْنَ أَيْدِيكُمْ عَقَبَةً كَؤُودًا مُضَرَّسَةً لَا يَجُوزُهَا إِلَّا كُلُّ ضَامِرٍ مَهْزُولٍ. قَالَ: فَبَكَى بُكَاءً طَوِيلًا ثُمَّ قَالَ لِي: يَا أَبَا حَازِمٍ، أَمَا يَنْبَغِي لِي أَنْ أُضْمِرَ نَفْسِي لِتِلْكَ الْعَقَبَةِ فَعَسَى أَنْ أَنْجُوَ مِنْهَا يَوْمَئِذٍ، وَمَا أَظُنُّ أَنِّي مَعَ هَذَا الْبَلَاءِ الَّذِي ابْتُلِيتُ بِهِ مِنْ أُمُورِ النَّاسِ بِنَاجٍ. ثُمَّ رَقَدَ ثُمَّ تَكَلَّمَ النَّاسُ، فَقُلْتُ: أَقِلُّوا الْكَلَامَ فَمَا فَعَلَ بِهِ مَا تَرَوْنَ إِلَّا سَهَرُ اللَّيْلِ، ثُمَّ تَصَبَّبَ عَرَقًا فِي يَوْمٍ اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ كَيْفَ كَانَ، ثُمَّ بَكَى حَتَّى عَلَا نَحِيبُهُ، ثُمَّ تَبَسَّمَ، فَسَبَقْتُ النَّاسَ إِلَى كَلَامِهِ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، رَأَيْتُ مِنْكَ عَجَبًا، إِنَّكَ لَمَّا رَقَدْتَ تَصَبَّبْتَ عَرَقًا حَتَّى ابْتَلَّ مَا حَوْلَكَ، ثُمَّ بَكَيْتَ حَتَّى عَلَا نَحِيبُكَ ثُمَّ تَبَسَّمْتَ، فَقَالَ لِي: وَقَدْ رَأَيْتَ ذَلِكَ؟ قُلْتُ: نَعَمْ وَمَنْ كَانَ حَوْلَكَ مِنَ النَّاسِ رَآهُ، فَقَالَ لِي: يَا أَبَا حَازِمٍ، إِنِّي لَمَّا وَضَعْتُ رَأْسِي فَرَقَدْتُ، رَأَيْتُ كَأَنَّ الْقِيَامَةَ قَدْ قَامَتْ وَاجْتَمَعَ النَّاسُ، فَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُمْ عِشْرُونَ وَمِائَةُ صَفٍّ فَمَلَئُوا الْأُفُقَ، أُمَّةُ مُحَمَّدٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ثَمَانُونَ صَفًّا مُهْطِعِينَ إِلَى الدَّاعِي يَنْتَظِرُونَ مَتَى يُدْعَوْنَ إِلَى الْحِسَابِ، إِذْ نُودِيَ: أَيْنَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُثْمَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ؟ فَأَجَابَ فَأَخَذَتْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ فَأَوْقَفُوهُ أَمَامَ رَبِّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَحُوسِبَ ثُمَّ نَجَا [وَأُخِذَ بِهِ ذَاتَ الْيَمِينِ، ثُمَّ نُودِيَ بِعُمَرَ فَقَرَّبَتْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ، فَوَقَّفُوهُ أَمَامَ رَبِّهِ، فَحُوسِبَ ثُمَّ نَجَا] وَأُمِرَ بِهِ وَبِصَاحِبِهِ إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ. ثُمَّ نُودِيَ بِعُثْمَانَ، فَأَجَابَ، فَحُوسِبَ يَسِيرًا، ثُمَّ أُمِرَ بِهِ إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ، ثُمَّ نُودِيَ بِعَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، فَحُوسِبَ ثُمَّ أُمِرَ بِهِ إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ. فَلَمَّا قَرُبَ الْأَمْرُ مِنِّي أُسْقِطَ فِي يَدِي، ثُمَّ جَعَلَ يُؤْتَى بِقَوْمٍ لَا أَدْرِي مَا حَالُهُمْ، ثُمَّ نُودِيَ: أَيْنَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ؟ فَتَصَبَّبْتُ عَرَقًا، ثُمَّ سُئِلْتُ عَنِ الْفَتِيلِ وَالنَّقِيرِ وَالْقِطْمِيرِ وَعَنْ كُلِّ قَضِيَّةٍ قَضَيْتُ بِهَا، ثُمَّ غُفِرَ لِي، فَمَرَرْتُ بِجِيفَةٍ مُلْقَاةٍ، فَقُلْتُ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ: مَنْ هَذَا؟ فَقَالُوا: إِنَّكَ لَوْ كَلَّمْتَهُ كَلَّمَكَ، فَوَكَزْتُهُ بِرِجْلِي فَرَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ إِلَيَّ وَفَتَحَ عَيْنَيْهِ، فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ فَقَالَ لِي: مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ فَقُلْتُ: أَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، قَالَ: مَا فَعَلَ اللَّهُ بِكَ؟ قُلْتُ: تَفَضَّلَ عَلَيَّ وَفَعَلَ بِي مَا فَعَلَ بِالْخُلَفَاءِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ الَّذِينَ غَفَرَ لَهُمْ، وَأَمَّا الْبَاقُونَ فَمَا أَدْرِي مَا فُعِلَ بِهِمْ، فَقَالَ لِي: هَنِيئًا لَكَ مَا صِرْتَ إِلَيْهِ. قُلْتُ لَهُ: مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ قَالَ: أَنَا الْحَجَّاجُ، قَدِمْتُ عَلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فَوَجَدْتُهُ شَدِيدَ الْعِقَابِ فَقَتَلَنِي بِكُلِّ قِتْلَةٍ قَتْلَةً، وَهَا أَنَا مَوْقُوفٌ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَنْتَظِرُ مَا يَنْتَظِرُ الْمُوَحِّدُونَ مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ، إِمَّا إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ وَإِمَّا إِلَى النَّارِ. قَالَ أَبُو حَازِمٍ: فَعَاهَدْتُ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ بَعْدَ رُؤْيَا عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَلَّا أَقْطَعَ عَلَى أَحَدٍ بِالنَّارِ مِمَّنْ يَمُوتُ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ. وَمَا زَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ مُنْذُ وَلِيَ يَجْتَهِدُ فِي الْعَدْلِ وَمَحْوِ الظُّلْمِ وَتَرْكِ الْهَوَى، وَكَانَ يَقُولُ لِلنَّاسِ: ارْحَلُوا إِلَى بِلَادِكُمْ فَإِنِّي أَنْسَاكُمْ هَا هُنَا وَأَذْكُرُكُمْ فِي بِلَادِكُمْ. وَمِنْ ظَلَمَهُ عَامِلُهُ فَلَا إِذْنَ لَهُ عَلَيَّ.
Translation
✧ (The restitution by ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ؓ of wrongfully acquired properties) He restored all wrongfully acquired properties, to the extent that he even returned the stone of a signet ring which was in his hand. He said: Al-Walīd gave it to me without his right to do so. He departed from all the comforts he enjoyed in clothing, food, and goods, to the extent that he gave up enjoying his beautiful wife, Fāṭimah bt. ʿAbd al-Malik; it is said that she was one of the most beautiful women. It is also said that he returned her trousseau and what she had of wealth to the public treasury. And Allah knows best. His annual income before assuming the caliphate was forty thousand dīnārs, and he left all of that until he had no income except four hundred dīnārs each year. His total wealth during his caliphate was three hundred dirhams. He had a number of children, and his son ʿAbd al-Malik was the most distinguished of them. He died during his father's lifetime, in the time of his caliphate, to the extent that it is said that he was better than his father. When he died, no grief appeared upon him, and he said: It is a matter Allah has willed, so I do not dislike it. Before the caliphate, a very fine and soft shirt would be brought to him, and he would say: How fine it is, were it not for some roughness in it. After he assumed the caliphate, he wore coarse, patched shirts and did not wash them until they became very dirty, and he would say: How fine it is, were it not for its softness. He wore a coarse fur garment, and his lamp was on three reeds with clay at their heads. He did not build anything during his caliphate. He served himself by himself, and he said: I have not left anything of this world except that Allah has compensated me with what is better than it. He also ate coarse food, and he paid no heed to any comfort, nor did he pursue it or desire it, until Abū Sulaymān al-Dārānī said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was more ascetic than Uways al-Qaranī, because ʿUmar possessed the world in its entirety and renounced it, and we do not know how Uways would have been had he possessed what ʿUmar possessed. One who has been tested is not like one who has not been tested. ʿAbd Allāh b. Dīnār said: ʿUmar did not take any stipend from the public treasury. They mentioned that he ordered a slave girl to fan him until he slept. She fanned him, then she fell asleep, so he took the fan from her hand and began to fan her, saying: The heat has afflicted you as it has afflicted me. A man said to him: May Allah reward you well on behalf of Islam. He said: Rather, may Allah reward Islam well on my behalf. It is said that he wore under his clothes a coarse haircloth, and he placed a fetter on his neck when he stood to pray at night. Then when morning came he placed it in a place and sealed it, so no one noticed it. They thought it was money or jewels because of his care for it. When he died, they opened that place and found in it a fetter and a haircloth. Yūnus b. Abī Shabīb said: I saw ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz when the waistband of his lower garment was hidden in his folds of fat, then I saw him after he became caliph, and had I wished to count his ribs without touching them I could have done so. His son ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said: Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr asked me: How much was your father's income when the caliphate came to him? I said: Forty thousand dīnārs. He said: How much was it when he died? I said: Four hundred dīnārs, and had he lived it would have decreased. Maslamah b. ʿAbd al-Malik said: I entered upon ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz to visit him during his illness, and he had on a dirty shirt. I said to Fāṭimah bt. ʿAbd al-Malik: Will you not wash his shirt? She said: By Allah, he has no shirt other than it. Abū Umayyah al-Khaṣī, the servant of ʿUmar, said: One day I entered upon my mistress and she fed me lentils for lunch. I said: Lentils every day?! She said: O my son, this is the food of your master, the Commander of the Faithful. He said: One day ʿUmar entered the bathhouse and had himself depilated, and he attended to his own pubic area with his own hand. He said: When he was dying, he sent me with a dīnār to the people of the monastery and said: If you sell me the place of my grave; otherwise I will move away from you. I went to them and they said: Were it not that we dislike that he move away from us, we would not accept it. He would weep until his tears included blood. It is said that he wept on a rooftop until his tears flowed from the water spout. He used to eat lentils to soften his heart and increase his tears. When he remembered death, his limbs trembled. A man recited in his presence: "And when they are cast into a narrow place thereof, bound together" [al-Furqān: 13] and the verse. He wept intensely, then arose and entered his house, and the people dispersed from him. He often said: O Allah, grant safety, grant safety. He used to say: O Allah, rectify the one in whose rectification lies the rectification of the community of Muhammad ﷺ, and destroy the one in whose destruction lies the rectification of the community of Muhammad ﷺ. He said: The best worship is performing the obligatory duties and avoiding the forbidden things. He said: If a person were not to enjoin good and forbid evil until he had perfected his own affairs, the enjoining of good and forbidding of evil would cease, and the exhorters and those who strive for Allah with sincere counsel would become few. He said: The world is an enemy of the friends of Allah and of the enemies of Allah. As for the friends, it grieves them, and as for the enemies, it deceives them. He said: He has succeeded who is protected from disputation, anger, and greed. He said to a man: Who is the chief of your people? The man said: I am. He said: If you were, you would not have said it. He said: The most ascetic of people in this world is ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. He said: A servant has been blessed in a need for which he supplicated much, whether he is given or denied. He said: Bind knowledge by writing. He said to a man: Teach your child the greatest understanding: contentment and refraining from harm. A man spoke in his presence and did well, so he said: This is the lawful magic. From Abū al-Zinād, from Abū Ḥāzim, who said: I came to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz after he had assumed the caliphate. When he saw me he recognized me, while I did not recognize him. He said: Come close to me. I drew near to him and said: Are you the Commander of the Faithful? He said: Yes. I said: Were you not with us in Madinah as a governor, and your mount was soft, your garment clean, your face radiant, your food delightful, and your servants many? What has changed you while you are the Commander of the Faithful? He wept and said: O Abū Ḥāzim, how would it be if you saw me after three days in my grave, with my eyeballs flowing down my cheeks, my tongue dried, my belly split open, and worms crawling in my body? You would be even more disapproving of me. Repeat to me the ḥadīth you related to me in Madinah. I said: O Commander of the Faithful, I heard Abū Hurayrah say: I heard the Prophet ﷺ say: Indeed, before you is a rugged, steep mountain pass, which none can cross except every lean and emaciated one. He said: He wept for a long time, then said to me: O Abū Ḥāzim, should I not make myself lean for that pass, so that perhaps I may be saved from it on that day? And I do not think that, with this trial I have been afflicted with regarding the affairs of the people, I will be saved. Then he dozed off. Then the people spoke, and I said: Reduce your speech, for what you see has only been caused by sleeplessness at night. Then he broke out in sweat on a day about which Allah knows best how it was. Then he wept until his sobbing rose, then he smiled. I preceded the people in speaking to him and said: O Commander of the Faithful, I have seen something amazing from you. When you dozed off, you broke out in sweat until what was around you became wet, then you wept until your sobbing rose, then you smiled. He said to me: Did you see that? I said: Yes, and those around you among the people saw it. He said to me: O Abū Ḥāzim, when I laid my head down and dozed off, I saw as if the Resurrection had taken place and the people had gathered. It was said: They are one hundred and twenty rows, filling the horizon. Of those, the community of Muhammad is eighty rows, hastening toward the caller, waiting to be summoned to the reckoning. Then a call was made: Where is ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUthmān, Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq? He answered, and the angels took him and stood him before his Lord, Mighty and Majestic. He was judged, then saved, and he was taken to the right. Then ʿUmar was called, and the angels brought him forward and stood him before his Lord. He was judged, then saved, and he and his companion were ordered to Paradise. Then ʿUthmān was called, and he answered, and he was judged briefly, then ordered to Paradise. Then ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib was called, and he was judged, then ordered to Paradise. When the matter drew near to me, I was at a loss. Then people were brought whose condition I do not know. Then a call was made: Where is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz? I broke out in sweat. Then I was asked about the tiniest things, the thread in a date pit and the speck on a date pit and the membrane of a date pit, and about every case I had judged. Then I was forgiven. I passed by a carcass cast aside, and I said to the angels: Who is this? They said: If you speak to him, he will speak to you. I nudged him with my foot, and he raised his head to me and opened his eyes. I said to him: Who are you? He said to me: Who are you? I said: I am ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. He said: What has Allah done with you? I said: He has been gracious to me and has done with me what He did with the four caliphs whom He forgave. As for the rest, I do not know what was done with them. He said to me: Congratulations on what you have attained. I said to him: Who are you? He said: I am al-Ḥajjāj. I came before Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and found Him severe in punishment. He killed me once for every person I killed, and here I am, standing before Allah, Mighty and Majestic, awaiting what the monotheists await from their Lord, either Paradise or the Fire. Abū Ḥāzim said: After the dream of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, I made a covenant with Allah, Mighty and Majestic, never to assert that anyone who dies saying "there is no god but Allah" is in the Fire. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz continued, from the time he assumed office, to strive for justice, the erasure of oppression, and the abandonment of desire. He used to say to the people: Depart to your lands, for I forget you here and remember you in your lands. Whoever is wronged by his governor, he has no need of permission to come to me.
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