Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1961
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
أَقْوَالِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالسَّلَفِ فِيهِ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ: ( مَا عَلَى ظَهْرِ الْأَرْضِ رَجُلٌ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ عُمَرَ ) أَخْرَجَهُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ. وَقِيلَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي مَرَضِهِ: مَاذَا تَقُولُ لِرَبِّكَ وَقَدْ وَلَّيْتَ عُمَرَ؟ قَالَ: (أَقُولُ لَهُ: وَلَيَّتُ عَلَيْهِمْ خَيْرَهُمْ) أَخْرَجَهُ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ. وَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ: (إِذَا ذُكِرَ الصَّالِحُونَ.. فَحَيْهَلَا بِعُمَرَ، مَا كُنَّا نَبْعُدُ أَنَّ السَّكِينَةَ تُنْطَقُ عَلَى لِسَانِ عُمَرَ ) أَخْرَجَهُ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ فِي «الْأَوْسَطِ». وَقَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ ؓ: (مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا قَطُّ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ مِنْ حِينِ قُبِضَ أَجَدَّ وَلَا أَجْوَدَ مِنْ عُمَرَ ) أَخْرَجَهُ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ: (لَوْ أَنَّ عِلْمَ عُمَرَ وُضِعَ فِي كِفَّةِ مِيزَانٍ، وَوُضِعَ عِلْمُ أَحْيَاءِ الْأَرْضِ فِي كِفَّةِ لَرَجَحَ عِلْمُ عُمَرَ بِعِلْمِهِمْ، وَلَقَدْ كَانُوا يَرَوْنَ أَنَّهُ ذَهَبَ بِتِسْعَةِ أَعْشَارِ الْعِلْمِ). أَخْرَجَهُ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ فِي «الْكَبِيرِ» وَالْحَاكِمُ. وَقَالَ حُذَيْفَةُ ؓ: ( كَأَنَّ عِلْمَ النَّاسِ كَانَ مَدْسُوسًا فِي جُحْرٍ مَعَ عُمَرَ ). وَقَالَ حُذَيْفَةُ: ( وَاللَّهِ مَا أَعْرِفُ رَجُلًا لَا تَأْخُذُهُ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةُ لَائِمٍ إِلَّا عُمَرَ ؓ ). وَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ ؓ - وَذَكَرْتُ عُمَرَ -: (كَانَ وَاللَّهِ أَحْوَذِيًّا نَسِيجًا وَحْدَهُ). وَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ ؓ: (أَمَّا أَبُو بَكْرٍ.. فَلَمْ يُرِدِ الدُّنْيَا وَلَمْ تُرِدْهُ، وَأَمَّا عُمَرُ.. فَأَرَادَتْهُ الدُّنْيَا وَلَمْ يُرِدْهَا، وَأَمَّا نَحْنُ.. فَتَمَرَّغْنَا فِيهَا ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ) أَخْرَجَهُ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ فِي «الْمُوَفَّقِيَّاتِ». وَقَالَ جَابِرٌ ؓ: (دَخَلَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَى عُمَرَ - وَهُوَ مُسَجًّى -، فَقَالَ: رَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ، مَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ أَنْ أَلْقَى اللَّهُ بِمَا فِي صَحِيفَتِهِ بَعْدَ صُحْبَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنْ هَذَا الْمُسَجَّى ) أَخْرَجَهُ الْحَاكِمُ. وَسُئِلَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَقَالَ: (كَانَ كَالْخَيْرِ كُلِّهِ)، وَسُئِلَ عَنْ عُمَرَ، فَقَالَ: (كَانَ كَالطَّيْرِ الْحَذِرِ الَّذِي يَرَى أَنَّ لَهُ بِكُلِّ طَرِيقٍ شَوْكًا يَأْخُذُهُ)، وَسُئِلَ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، فَقَالَ: (مَلِيءٌ عَزْمًا وَحَزْمًا وَعِلْمًا وَنَجْدَةً) أَخْرَجَهُ فِي «الطُّيُورِيَّاتِ». وَأَخْرَجَ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنْ عُمَيْرِ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ: أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ قَالَ لِكَعْبِ الْأَحْبَارِ: (كَيْفَ تَجِدُ نَعْتِي؟ قَالَ: أَجِدُ نَعْتَكَ قَرْنًا مِنْ حَدِيدٍ، قَالَ: وَمَا قَرْنٌ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ؟ قَالَ: أَمِيرٌ شَدِيدٌ، لَا تَأْخُذُهُ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةُ لَائِمٍ، قَالَ: ثُمَّ مَهْ؟ قَالَ: ثُمَّ يَكُونُ مِنْ بَعْدِكَ خَلِيفَةٌ تَقْتُلُهُ فِئَةٌ ظَالِمَةٌ، قَالَ: ثُمَّ مَهْ؟ قَالَ: ثُمَّ يَكُونُ الْبَلَاءُ). وَأَخْرَجَ أَحْمَدُ وَالْبَزَّارُ وَالطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ قَالَ: فَضَلَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ النَّاسَ بِأَرْبَعٍ: بِذِكْرِالْأَسْرَى يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ ; أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِهِمْ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ: لَوْلا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ الْآيَةَ. وَبِذِكْرِ الْحِجَابِ، أَمَرَ نِسَاءَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنْ يَحْتَجِبْنَ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ زَيْنَبُ: وَإِنَّكَ عَلَيْنَا يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ وَالْوَحْيُ يَنْزِلُ فِي بُيُوتِنَا، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ: وَإِذَا سَأَلْتُمُوهُنَّ مَتَاعًا الْآيَةَ. وَبِدَعْوَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: «اللَّهُمَّ ; أَيِّدِ الْإِسْلَامَ بِعُمَرَ»، وَبِرَأْيِهِ فِي أَبِي بَكْرٍ ; كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ بَايَعَهُ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ قَالَ: ( كُنَّا نُحَدِّثُ أَنَّ الشَّيَاطِينَ كَانَتْ مُصَفَّدَةً فِي إِمَارَةِ عُمَرَ، فَلَمَّا أُصِيبَ.. بُثَّتْ ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ: ( أَبْطَأَ خَبَرُ عُمَرَ عَلَى أَبِي مُوسَى، فَأَتَى امْرَأَةً فِي بَطْنِهَا شَيْطَانٌ، فَسَأَلَهَا عَنْهُ فَقَالَتْ: حَتَّى يَجِيءَ شَيْطَانِي، فَجَاءَ فَسَأَلْتُهُ عَنْهُ فَقَالَ: تَرَكْتُهُ، مُؤْتَزِرًا بِكِسَاءٍ يَهْنَأُ إِبِلَ الصَّدَقَةِ، وَذَاكَ رَجُلٌ لَا يَرَاهُ شَيْطَانٌ.. إِلَّا خَرَّ لِمِنْخَرَيْهِ، الْمَلَكُ بَيْنَ عَيْنَيْهِ، وَرُوحُ الْقُدُسِ يَنْطِقُ بِلِسَانِهِ.
Translation
✧ THE STATEMENTS OF THE COMPANIONS AND THE PIOUS PREDECESSORS CONCERNING HIM Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ said: “(There is no man on the face of the earth dearer to me than ʿUmar)” Ibn ʿAsākir transmitted it. It was said to Abū Bakr during his illness: “What will you say to your Lord, given that you have appointed ʿUmar?” He said: “(I will say to Him: I appointed over them the best of them)” Ibn Saʿd transmitted it. ʿAlī ؓ said: “(When the righteous are mentioned, then make haste to recall ʿUmar. We used not to doubt that serenity uttered speech on ʿUmar's tongue)” Al-Ṭabarānī transmitted it in “al-Awsaṭ”. Ibn ʿUmar ؓ said: “(I never saw anyone after the Messenger of God ﷺ from the time he passed away more earnest or more generous than ʿUmar)” Ibn Saʿd transmitted it. Ibn Masʿūd ؓ said: “(If the knowledge of ʿUmar were placed in one scale of a balance, and the knowledge of all the living people of the earth were placed in the other scale, ʿUmar's knowledge would outweigh their knowledge. Indeed, they used to hold that he had gone with nine-tenths of all knowledge.)” Al-Ṭabarānī transmitted it in “al-Kabīr”, and al-Ḥākim transmitted it. Ḥudhayfah ؓ said: “(It was as if the knowledge of the people had been buried in a hole along with ʿUmar.)” Ḥudhayfah also said: “(By God, I know no man who is not seized, for the sake of God, by the reproach of any reproacher except ʿUmar ؓ.)” ʿĀʾishah ؓ said, when ʿUmar was mentioned: “(By God, he was deft and capable, unique in his kind.)” Muʿāwiyah ؓ said: “(As for Abū Bakr, he did not desire this world, nor did it desire him. As for ʿUmar, this world desired him, but he did not desire it. As for us, we have wallowed in it, back and belly.)” Al-Zubayr b. Bakkār transmitted it in “al-Muwaffaqiyyāt”. Jābir ؓ said: “(ʿAlī came in to ʿUmar while he was shrouded, and said: May God have mercy on you. There is no one whom I would rather meet God with what is in his record, after companionship with the Prophet ﷺ, than this shrouded one.)” Al-Ḥākim transmitted it. Ibn ʿAbbās was asked about Abū Bakr, and he said: “(He was like all goodness combined).” He was asked about ʿUmar, and he said: “(He was like a wary bird that imagines it has a thorn in every path that would catch it).” He was asked about ʿAlī, and he said: “(He was full of determination, prudence, knowledge, and courage.)” It was transmitted in “al-Ṭuyūriyyāt”. Al-Ṭabarānī transmitted from ʿUmayr b. Rabīʿah that ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb said to Kaʿb al-Aḥbār: “(How do you find my description?” He said: “I find your description to be a horn of iron.” He said: “And what is a horn of iron?” He said: “A severe commander, whom no reproach of a reproacher seizes for the sake of God.” He said: “Then what?” He said: “Then after you there will be a caliph whom a transgressing faction will kill.” He said: “Then what?” He said: “Then affliction will come.”) Aḥmad, al-Bazzār, and al-Ṭabarānī transmitted from Ibn Masʿūd ؓ who said: “ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb excelled the people by four things: by his mention of the captives on the day of Badr; he commanded that they be killed, so God revealed: ‘Were it not for a prior decree from God,’ the verse. And by his mention of the veil; he commanded the wives of the Prophet ﷺ to veil themselves, so Zaynab said to him: ‘And are you over us, O son of al-Khaṭṭāb, while revelation descends in our houses?’ So God revealed: ‘And when you ask them for anything,’ the verse. And by the supplication of the Prophet ﷺ: ‘O God, strengthen Islam with ʿUmar,’ and by his judgment concerning Abū Bakr; he was the first to pledge allegiance to him.” Ibn ʿAsākir transmitted from Mujāhid who said: “(We used to relate that the devils were fettered during the rule of ʿUmar, but when he was struck, they were let loose.)” He also transmitted from Sālim b. ʿAbd Allāh who said: “(The news of ʿUmar was slow in reaching Abū Mūsā, so he went to a woman in whose belly there was a devil, and asked her about him. She said: ‘Wait until my devil comes.’ He came, and she asked him about him. He said: ‘I left him, wrapped in a cloak, applying tar to the camels of the alms tax. That is a man whom no devil sees without falling upon his nostrils. The angel is between his eyes, and the Holy Spirit speaks on his tongue.’)”
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