Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1957
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
إِسْلَامِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ بَعْدَ تِسْعَةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ رَجُلًا، وَثَلَاثٍ وَعِشْرِينَ امْرَأَةً، وَقِيلَ: أَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ أَرْبَعِينَ رَجُلًا، وَإِحْدَى عَشْرَةَ امْرَأَةً، وَقِيلَ: أَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ خَمْسَةٍ وَأَرْبَعِينَ رَجُلًا، وَإِحْدَى وَعِشْرِينَ امْرَأَةً. وَكَانَ رَجُلًا جَلْدًا مَنِيعًا، وَأَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ هِجْرَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَى الْحَبَشَةِ. الْأَخْبَارِ الْوَارِدَةِ فِي إِسْلَامِهِ أَخْرَجَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ: أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: « اللَّهُمَّ ; أَعِزَّ الْإِسْلَامَ بِأَحَبِّ هَذَيْنِ الرَّجُلَيْنِ إِلَيْكَ: بِعُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، أَوْ بِأَبِي جَهْلٍ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ »، وَأَخْرَجَ أَحْمَدُ عَنْ عُمَرَ قَالَ: (خَرَجْتُ أَتَعَرَّضُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ - ﷺ، فَوَجَدْتُهُ قَدْ سَبَقَنِي إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ، فَقُمْتُ خَلْفَهُ، فَاسْتَفْتَحَ سُورَةَ الْحَاقَّةِ»، فَجَعَلْتُ أَتَعَجَّبُ مِنْ تَأْلِيفِ الْقُرْآنِ، فَقُلْتُ: هَذَا وَاللَّهِ شَاعِرٌ كَمَا قَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ، فَقَرَأَ: إِنَّهُ لَقَوْلُ رَسُولٍ كَرِيمٍ وَمَا هُوَ بِقَوْلِ شَاعِرٍ قَلِيلا مَا تُؤْمِنُونَ الْآيَاتِ، فَوَقَعَ فِي قَلْبِي الْإِسْلَامُ كُلَّ مَوْقِعٍ). قصة عمر مع ختنه وأخته وسبب تسميته بالفاروق [قِصَّةُ عُمَرَ مَعَ خَتَنِهِ وَأُخْتِهِ ؓ ] وَأَخْرَجَ أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ فِي «الدَّلَائِلِ»، وَابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ قَالَ: (سَأَلْتُ عُمَرَ ؓ: لِأَيِّ شَيْءٍ سُمِّيتَ الْفَارُوقَ؟ فَقَالَ: أَسْلَمَ حَمْزَةُ قَبْلِي بِثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ، فَخَرَجْتُ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ، فَأَسْرَعَ أَبُو جَهْلٍ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ يَسُبُّهُ، فَأُخْبِرَ حَمْزَةُ، فَأَخَذَ قَوْسَهُ وَجَاءَ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ إِلَى حَلْقَةِ قُرَيْشٍ الَّتِي فِيهَا أَبُو جَهْلٍ، فَاتَّكَأَ عَلَى قَوْسِهِ مُقَابِلَ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، فَنَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ، فَعَرَفَ أَبُو جَهْلِ الشَّرِّ فِي وَجْهِهِ، فَقَالَ: مَا لَكَ يَا أَبَا عِمَارَةَ؟ فَرَفَعَ الْقَوْسَ فَضَرَبَ بِهَا أَخْدَعَيْهِ فَقَطَعَهُ، فَسَالَتِ الدِّمَاءُ، فَأَصْلَحَتْ ذَلِكَ قُرَيْشٌ مَخَافَةَ الشَّرِّ، قَالَ: وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مُخْتَفٍ فِي دَارِ الْأَرْقَمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْأَرْقَمِ الْمَخْزُومِيِّ، فَانْطَلَقَ حَمْزَةُ فَأَسْلَمَ. وَخَرَجْتُ بَعْدَهُ بِثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ ; فَإِذَا فُلَانٌ الْمَخْزُومِيُّ، فَقُلْتُ: أَرَغِبْتَ عَنْ دِينِ آبَائِكَ وَاتَّبَعْتَ دِينَ مُحَمَّدٍ؟ قَالَ: إِنْ فَعَلْتُ.. فَقَدْ فَعَلَهُ مَنْ هُوَ أَعْظَمُ عَلَيْكَ حَقًّا مِنِّي. قُلْتُ: وَمَنْ هُوَ؟ قَالَ: أُخْتُكَ وَخَتَنُكَ، فَانْطَلَقْتُ فَوَجَدْتُ هَمْهَمَةً، فَدَخَلْتُ، فَقُلْتُ: مَا هَذَا؟ فَمَا زَالَ الْكَلَامُ بَيْنَنَا حَتَّى أَخَذْتُ بِرَأْسِ خَتَنِي فَضَرَبْتُهُ وَأَدْمَيْتُهُ، فَقَامَتْ إِلَيَّ أُخْتِي فَأَخَذَتْ بِرَأْسِي وَقَالَتْ: قَدْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى رَغْمِ أَنْفِكَ. فَاسْتَحْيَيْتُ حِينَ رَأَيْتُ الدِّمَاءَ، فَجَلَسْتُ وَقُلْتُ: أَرُونِي هَذَا الْكِتَابَ، فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّهُ لَا يَمَسُّهُ إِلَّا الْمُطَهَّرُونَ، فَقُمْتُ فَاغْتَسَلْتُ، فَأَخْرَجُوا إِلَيَّ صَحِيفَةً فِيهَا: ( بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ) فَقُلْتُ: أَسْمَاءٌ طَيِّبَةٌ طَاهِرَةٌ: طه مَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْقُرْآنَ لِتَشْقَى إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: لَهُ الأَسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى قَالَ: فَتَعَظَّمَتْ فِي صَدْرِي وَقُلْتُ: مِنْ هَذَا فَرَّتْ قُرَيْشٌ؟ ! فَأَسْلَمْتُ، وَقُلْتُ: أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ قَالَتْ: فَإِنَّهُ فِي دَارِ الْأَرْقَمِ. فَأَتَيْتُ فَضَرَبْتُ الْبَابَ، فَاسْتَجْمَعَ الْقَوْمُ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ حَمْزَةُ: مَا لَكُمْ؟ قَالُوا: عُمَرُ، قَالَ: عُمَرُ ؟ افْتَحُوا لَهُ الْبَابَ، فَإِنْ أَقْبَلَ.. قَبِلْنَا مِنْهُ، وَإِنْ أَدْبَرَ.. قَتَلْنَاهُ، فَسَمِعَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَخَرَجَ، فَتَشَهَّدَ عُمَرُ، فَكَبَّرَ أَهْلُ الدَّارِ تَكْبِيرَةً سَمِعَهَا أَهْلُ مَكَّةَ. قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ; أَلَسْنَا عَلَى الْحَقِّ؟ قَالَ: «بَلَى»، قُلْتُ: فَفِيمَ الِاخْتِفَاءُ؟ فَخَرَجْنَا صَفَّيْنِ: أَنَا فِي أَحَدِهِمَا، وَحَمْزَةُ فِي الْآخَرِ ; حَتَّى دَخَلْنَا الْمَسْجِدَ، فَنَظَرَتْ قُرَيْشٌ إِلَيَّ وَإِلَى حَمْزَةَ فَأَصَابَتْهُمْ كَآبَةٌ شَدِيدَةٌ فَسَمَّانِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْفَارُوقَ يَوْمَئِذٍ ; وَفَرَّقَ بَيْنَ الْحَقِّ وَالْبَاطِلِ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ ذَكْوَانَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِعَائِشَةَ: مَنْ سَمَّى عُمَرَ الْفَارُوقَ؟ قَالَتِ: (النَّبِيُّ ﷺ ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ مَاجَهْ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ قَالَ: (لَمَّا أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ.. نَزَلَ جِبْرِيلُ فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ ; لَقَدِ اسْتَبْشَرَ أَهْلُ السَّمَاءِ بِإِسْلَامِ عُمَرَ). وَأَخْرَجَ الْبَزَّارُ وَالْحَاكِمُ وَصَحَّحَهُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ قَالَ: (لَمَّا أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ.. قَالَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ: قَدِ انْتَصَفَ الْقَوْمُ الْيَوْمَ مِنَّا، وَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ حَسْبُكَ اللَّهُ وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَكَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. وَأَخْرَجَ الْبُخَارِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ قَالَ: (مَا زِلْنَا أَعِزَّةً مُنْذُ أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ قَالَ: (كَانَ إِسْلَامُ عُمَرَ فَتْحًا، وَكَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ نَصْرًا، وَكَانَتْ إِمَامَتُهُ رَحْمَةً، وَلَقَدْ رَأَيْتُنَا وَمَا نَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ نُصَلِّيَ فِي الْبَيْتِ حَتَّى أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ، فَلَمَّا أَسْلَمَ قَاتَلَهُمْ حَتَّى تَرَكُونَا فَصَلَّيْنَا). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ: قَالَ: (لَمَّا أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ.. كَانَ الْإِسْلَامُ كَالرَّجُلِ الْمُقْبِلِ لَا يَزْدَادُ إِلَّا قُرْبًا، فَلَمَّا قُتِلَ عُمَرُ.. كَانَ الْإِسْلَامُ كَالرَّجُلِ الْمُدْبِرِ لَا يَزْدَادُ إِلَّا بُعْدًا). وَأَخْرَجَ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ قَالَ: (أَوَّلُ مَنْ جَهَرَ بِالْإِسْلَامِ: عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ). إِسْنَادُهُ حَسَنٌ. وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ صُهَيْبٍ قَالَ: (لَمَّا أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ ؓ.. ظَهَرَ الْإِسْلَامُ، وَدَعَا إِلَيْهِ عَلَانِيَةً، وَجَلَسْنَا حَوْلَ الْبَيْتِ حِلَقًا، وَطُفْنَا بِالْبَيْتِ، وَانْتَصَفْنَا مِمَّنْ غَلُظَ عَلَيْنَا، وَرَدَدْنَا عَلَيْهِ بَعْضَ مَا يَأْتِي بِهِ). قَالَ عُلَمَاءُ السِّيَرِ: أَسْلَمَ عُمَرُ فِي السَّنَةِ السَّادِسَةِ مِنَ النُّبُوَّةِ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ سِتٍّ وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً، وَشَهِدَ بَدْرًا وَالْمَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا مَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَآخَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَقِيلَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ عُوَيْمِ بْنِ سَاعِدَةَ.
Translation
✧ The Islam of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ ʿUmar embraced Islam after thirty-nine men and twenty-three women; and it is said: he embraced Islam after forty men and eleven women; and it is said: he embraced Islam after forty-five men and twenty-one women. He was a strong, forbidding man, and he embraced Islam after the Muslims' emigration to Abyssinia. The reports transmitted concerning his Islam Al-Tirmidhī transmitted from Ibn ʿUmar: that the Prophet ﷺ said: "O Allah, strengthen Islam with the more beloved of these two men to You: ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb or Abū Jahl b. Hishām." And Aḥmad transmitted from ʿUmar, who said: (I went out to confront the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, but I found that he had preceded me to the mosque, so I stood behind him. He began Sūrat al-Ḥāqqah, and I began to marvel at the composition of the Qur'an. I said: By Allah, this is a poet as Quraysh said. Then he recited: "Indeed it is the word of a noble Messenger, and it is not the word of a poet — little do you believe" — the verses — and Islam fell into my heart in every way). The story of ʿUmar with his brother-in-law and sister and the reason he was named al-Fārūq [The story of ʿUmar with his brother-in-law and sister ؓ] And Abū Nuʿaym transmitted in "al-Dalāʾil," and Ibn ʿAsākir from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ, who said: (I asked ʿUmar ؓ: Why were you named al-Fārūq? He said: Ḥamzah embraced Islam three days before me, so I went out to the mosque, and Abū Jahl hurried to the Prophet ﷺ insulting him. Ḥamzah was informed, so he took his bow and came to the mosque to the circle of Quraysh in which Abū Jahl was. He leaned on his bow facing Abū Jahl, and looked at him, and Abū Jahl recognized evil in his face. He said: What is the matter with you, O Abū ʿUmārah? So he raised the bow and struck him with it on the veins of his neck and cut him, and the blood flowed. Quraysh set that right out of fear of evil. He said: And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was hiding in the house of al-Arqam b. Abī al-Arqam al-Makhzūmī. Ḥamzah went and embraced Islam. And I went out after him three days later, and there was so-and-so al-Makhzūmī. I said: Have you turned away from the religion of your forefathers and followed the religion of Muḥammad? He said: If I have done so, then one who has a greater right over you than I has done it. I said: And who is that? He said: Your sister and your brother-in-law. So I went and found a murmuring, and I entered. I said: What is this? The talk between us continued until I seized my brother-in-law's head and struck him and made him bleed. My sister rose to me and seized my head and said: That was in spite of your nose. I felt ashamed when I saw the blood, so I sat and said: Show me this book. She said: None touch it except the purified. So I rose and washed, and they brought out to me a page in which was: (In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful). I said: Good, pure names: Ṭā Hā. We have not sent down the Qur'an to you that you be distressed — until His saying: To Him belong the most beautiful names. He said: So it became magnified in my breast, and I said: From this did Quraysh flee?! So I embraced Islam, and I said: Where is the Messenger of Allah ﷺ? She said: He is in the house of al-Arqam. So I came and knocked on the door, and the people gathered. Ḥamzah said to them: What is the matter with you? They said: ʿUmar. He said: ʿUmar? Open the door for him. If he comes forward, we accept from him; and if he turns away, we kill him. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ heard that, so he came out, and ʿUmar uttered the shahādah, and the people of the house let out a takbīr that the people of Makkah heard. I said: O Messenger of Allah, are we not upon the truth? He said: "Yes." I said: Then why the hiding? So we went out in two rows: I in one of them, and Ḥamzah in the other, until we entered the mosque. Quraysh looked at me and at Ḥamzah, and severe gloom befell them. So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ named me al-Fārūq that day, and he distinguished between truth and falsehood). And Ibn Saʿd transmitted from Dhakwān, who said: I said to ʿĀʾishah: Who named ʿUmar al-Fārūq? She said: (The Prophet ﷺ). And Ibn Mājah and al-Ḥākim transmitted from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ, who said: (When ʿUmar embraced Islam, Jibrīl descended and said: O Muḥammad, the people of heaven have rejoiced at the Islam of ʿUmar). And al-Bazzār and al-Ḥākim transmitted, and he deemed it sound, from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ, who said: (When ʿUmar embraced Islam, the polytheists said: The people have gained their due from us today. And Allah revealed: "O Prophet, sufficient for you is Allah and those who follow you of the believers"). And al-Bukhārī transmitted from Ibn Masʿūd ؓ, who said: (We have remained mighty since ʿUmar embraced Islam). And Ibn Saʿd and al-Ṭabarānī transmitted from Ibn Masʿūd ؓ, who said: (ʿUmar's Islam was a conquest, his emigration was a victory, and his leadership was a mercy. And I saw us when we were unable to pray at the House until ʿUmar embraced Islam. Then when he embraced Islam, he fought them until they left us, and we prayed). And Ibn Saʿd and al-Ḥākim transmitted from Ḥudhayfah, who said: (When ʿUmar embraced Islam, Islam was like a man approaching, not increasing except in nearness. And when ʿUmar was killed, Islam was like a man retreating, not increasing except in distance). And al-Ṭabarānī transmitted from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ, who said: (The first to proclaim Islam openly was ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb). Its chain is good. And Ibn Saʿd transmitted from Ṣuhayb, who said: (When ʿUmar ؓ embraced Islam, Islam became manifest, and he called to it openly. We sat around the House in circles, performed circumambulation of the House, and got our due from those who treated us harshly, and we answered back some of what they brought). The scholars of biography said: ʿUmar embraced Islam in the sixth year of prophethood, when he was twenty-six years old, and he witnessed Badr and all the battles with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ established brotherhood between him and Abū Bakr; and it is said: between him and ʿUwaym b. Sāʿidah.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.