Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1956
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ [13 23 هـ] هُوَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ بْنِ نُفَيْلِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعُزَّى بْنِ رِيَاحِ بْنِ قُرْطِ بْنِ رَزَاحِ بْنِ عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ، أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، أَبُو حَفْصٍ، الْقُرَشِيُّ، الْعَدَوِيُّ، الْفَارُوقُ. وَأَمُّهُ حَنْتَمَةُ بِنْتُ هِشَامِ بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ مَخْزُومٍ. وَهِيَ ابْنَةُ عَمِّ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَقَدْ زَعَمَ مَنْ لَا مَعْرِفَةَ لَهُ أَنَّهَا أُخْتُ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَلَيْسَ بِشَيْءٍ. مولد عمر بن الخطاب ؓ أَسْلَمَ فِي السَّنَةِ السَّادِسَةِ مِنَ النُّبُوَّةِ، وَلَهُ سَبْعٌ وَعِشْرُونَ سَنَةً، قَالَهُ الذَّهَبِيُّ. وَقَالَ النَّوَوِيُّ: (وُلِدَ عُمَرُ بَعْدَ الْفِيلِ بِثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَشْرَافِ قُرَيْشٍ، وَإِلَيْهِ كَانَتِ السِّفَارَةُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ ; فَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ إِذَا وَقَعَتِ الْحَرْبُ بَيْنَهُمْ أَوْ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ غَيْرِهِمْ.. بَعَثُوهُ سَفِيرًا - أَيْ: رَسُولًا - وَإِذَا نَافَرَهُمْ مُنَافِرٌ، أَوْ فَاخَرَهُمْ مُفَاخِرٌ.. بَعَثُوهُ مُنَافِرًا أَوْ مُفَاخِرًا. صفة عمر بن الخطاب ؓ ذِكْرُ صِفَتِهِ كَانَ أَبْيَضَ طِوَالًا، تَعْلُوهُ حُمْرَةٌ، أَصْلَعَ أَشَبَّ يُخَضِّبُ بِالْحِنَّاءِ وَالْكَتَمِ، وَكَانَ نَقْشُ خَاتَمِهِ: "كَفَى بِالْمَوْتِ وَاعِظًا يَا عُمَرُ" وأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنْ زِرٍّ قَالَ: ( خَرَجْتُ مَعَ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ فِي يَوْمِ عِيدٍ، فَرَأَيْتُ عُمَرَ يَمْشِي حَافِيًا، شَيْخًا أَصْلَعَ آدَمَ، أَعْسَرَ يَسَرٌ، طِوَالًا مُشْرِفًا عَلَى النَّاسِ كَأَنَّهُ عَلَى دَابَّةٍ ). قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: ( لَا يُعْرَفُ عِنْدَنَا: أَنَّ عُمَرَ كَانَ آدَمَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ رَآهُ عَامَ الرَّمَادَةِ ; فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ تَغَيَّرَ لَوْنُهُ حِينَ أَكَلَ الزَّيْتَ ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ قَالَ: ( كَانَ عُمَرُ يَفُوقُ النَّاسَ طُولًا ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنْ سَلَمَةَ بْنِ الْأَكْوَعِ قَالَ: ( كَانَ عُمَرُ رَجُلًا أَيْسَرَ ) يَعْنِي: يَعْتَمِلُ بِيَدَيْهِ جَمِيعًا. وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ عَنْ أَبِي رَجَاءٍ الْعُطَارِدِيِّ قَالَ: ( كَانَ عُمَرُ رَجُلًا طَوِيلًا، جَسِيمًا، أَصْلَعَ شَدِيدَ الصَّلَعِ، أَبْيَضَ شَدِيدَ الْحُمْرَةِ، فِي عَارِضَيْهِ خِفَّةٌ، سَبَلَتُهُ كَبِيرَةٌ، وَفِي أَطْرَافِهَا صُهْبَةٌ ). زوجات وأبناء عمر بن الخطاب ؓ زَوْجَاتِهِ وَأَبْنَائِهِ وَبَنَاتِهِ قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ وَابْنُ الْكَلْبِيِّ وَغَيْرُهُمَا: تَزَوَّجَ عُمَرُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ زَيْنَبَ بِنْتَ مَظْعُونٍ أُخْتَ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ مَظْعُونٍ، فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ وَعَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ الْأَكْبَرَ وَحَفْصَةَ، ؓ. وَتَزَوَّجَ مُلَيْكَةَ بِنْتَ جَرْوَلٍ، فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ عُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ، فَطَلَّقَهَا فِي الْهُدْنَةِ، فَخَلَفَ عَلَيْهَا أَبُو الْجَهْمِ بْنُ حُذَيْفَةَ. قَالَهُ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ. وَقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: هِيَ أُمُّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتُ جَرْوَلٍ، فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ عُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ وَزَيْدًا الْأَصْغَرَ. قَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ: وَتَزَوَّجَ قُرَيْبَةَ بِنْتَ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ الْمَخْزُومِيِّ فَفَارَقَهَا فِي الْهُدْنَةِ، فَتَزَوَّجَهَا بَعْدَهُ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ. قَالُوا: وَتَزَوَّجَ أُمَّ حَكِيمِ بِنْتَ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ بَعْدَ زَوْجِهَا - حِينَ قُتِلَ فِي الشَّامِ - فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ فَاطِمَةَ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا. قَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ: وَقِيلَ: لَمْ يُطَلِّقْهَا. قَالُوا: تَزَوَّجَ جَمِيلَةَ أُخْتَ عَاصِمِ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ أَبِي الْأَفْلَحِ مِنَ الْأَوْسِ. وَتَزَوَّجَ عَاتِكَةَ بِنْتَ زَيْدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ نُفَيْلٍ، وَكَانَتْ قَبْلَهُ عِنْدَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَلَمَّا قُتِلَ عُمَرُ تَزَوَّجَهَا بَعْدَهُ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ الْعَوَّامِ، ؓ. وَيُقَالُ: هِيَ أُمُّ ابْنِهِ عِيَاضٍ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ: وَكَانَ قَدْ خَطَبَ أُمَّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ وَهِيَ صَغِيرَةٌ وَرَاسَلٌ فِيهَا عَائِشَةَ، فَقَالَتْ أُمُّ كُلْثُومٍ: لَا حَاجَةَ لِي فِيهِ. فَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: أَتَرْغَبِينَ عَنْ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ؟ قَالَتْ: نَعَمْ إِنَّهُ خَشِنُ الْعَيْشِ. فَأَرْسَلَتْ عَائِشَةُ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ فَصَدَّهُ عَنْهَا، وَدَلَّهُ عَلَى أُمِّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَمِنْ فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَقَالَ: تَعْلَقُ مِنْهَا بِسَبَبٍ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ. فَخَطَبَهَا مِنْ عَلِيٍّ فَزَوَّجَهُ إِيَّاهَا، فَأَصْدَقَهَا عُمَرُ، ؓ أَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفًا، فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ زَيْدًا وَرُقَيَّةَ. قَالُوا: وَتَزَوَّجَ لُهَيَّةَ - امْرَأَةً مِنَ الْيَمَنِ - فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ الْأَصْغَرَ. وَقِيلَ: الْأَوْسَطَ. وَقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: هِيَ أُمُّ وَلَدٍ وَلَيْسَتْ بِزَوْجَةٍ. قَالُوا وَكَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ فُكَيْهَةُ أُمُّ وَلَدٍ، فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ زَيْنَبَ. قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: وَهِيَ أَصْغَرُ وَلَدِهِ. قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: وَخَطَبَ أُمَّ أَبَانَ بِنْتَ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ، فَكَرِهَتْهُ، وَقَالَتْ: يُغْلِقُ بَابَهُ، وَيَمْنَعُ خَيْرَهُ، وَيَدْخُلُ عَابِسًا، وَيَخْرُجُ عَابِسًا. قُلْتُ: فَجُمْلَةُ أَوْلَادِهِ، ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُ، ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ وَلَدًا ; وَهُمْ زَيْدٌ الْأَكْبَرُ وَزَيْدٌ الْأَصْغَرُ، وَعَاصِمٌ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ الْأَكْبَرُ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ الْأَوْسَطُ - قَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ: وَهُوَ أَبُو شَحْمَةَ - وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ الْأَصْغَرُ، وَعُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ، وَعِيَاضٌ، وَحَفْصَةُ، وَرُقَيَّةُ، وَزَيْنَبُ، وَفَاطِمَةُ، ؓ. وَمَجْمُوعُ نِسَائِهِ اللَّاتِي تَزَوَّجَهُنَّ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالْإِسْلَامِ مِمَّنْ طَلَّقَهُنَّ أَوْ مَاتَ عَنْهُنَّ سَبْعٌ، وَهُنَّ جَمِيلَةُ أُخْتُ عَاصِمِ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْأَفْلَحِ، وَزَيْنَبُ بِنْتُ مَظْعُونٍ، وَعَاتِكَةُ بِنْتُ زَيْدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ نُفَيْلٍ، وَقُرَيْبَةُ بِنْتُ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ، وَمُلَيْكَةُ بِنْتُ جَرْوَلٍ، وَأُمُّ حَكِيمِ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ، وَأُمُّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَأُمُّ كُلْثُومٍ أُخْرَى وَهِيَ مُلَيْكَةُ بِنْتُ جَرْوَلٍ. وَكَانَتْ لَهُ أَمَتَانِ لَهُ مِنْهُمَا أَوْلَادٌ؛ وَهُمَا فُكَيْهَةُ وَلُهَيَّةُ، وَقَدِ اخْتُلِفَ فِي لُهَيَّةَ هَذِهِ فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: كَانَتْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ. وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: كَانَ أَصْلُهَا مِنَ الْيَمَنِ وَتَزَوَّجَهَا أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ [13–23 AH] He is ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb b. Nufayl b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Riyāḥ b. Qurṭ b. Razāḥ b. ʿAdī b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy, the Commander of the Faithful, Abū Ḥafṣ, al-Qurashī, al-ʿAdawī, al-Fārūq. His mother was Ḥantamah bt. Hishām b. al-Mughīrah b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar b. Makhzūm. She was the paternal cousin of Abū Jahl, and some who lack knowledge have claimed that she was the sister of Abū Jahl, but that is of no consequence. The birth of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ He embraced Islam in the sixth year of prophethood, at the age of twenty-seven, as stated by al-Dhahabī. Al-Nawawī said: ʿUmar was born thirteen years after the Year of the Elephant, and he was one of the nobles of Quraysh. In pre-Islamic times, the office of ambassador was his; if war broke out among the Quraysh or between them and others, they would send him as an ambassador—that is, a messenger—and if someone challenged them to a contest of merit or boasted against them, they would send him as their contestant or boaster. The description of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ Mention of his description He was fair-skinned and tall, with a reddish complexion, bald, and thick-haired; he used to dye with henna and katam. The inscription on his signet ring was: "Death is sufficient as an admonisher, O ʿUmar." Ibn Saʿd and al-Ḥākim related from Zirr that he said: I went out with the people of Madinah on the day of a festival, and I saw ʿUmar walking barefoot, an old bald man of brown complexion, left-handed but able to use both hands, tall, towering over the people as if he were on a mount. Al-Wāqidī said: It is not known among us that ʿUmar was brown-complexioned, unless he saw him in the Year of the Ashes; for his color had changed when he ate olive oil. And he related from ʿUbayd b. ʿUmayr that he said: ʿUmar surpassed the people in height. And he related from Salamah b. al-Akwaʿ that he said: ʿUmar was a left-handed man, meaning he could work with both hands equally. Ibn ʿAsākir related from Abū Rajāʾ al-ʿUṭāridī that he said: ʿUmar was a tall man, bulky, bald with severe baldness, fair-skinned with a strong reddish tinge, with light hair on his cheeks, a large mustache, and at its edges some reddish-brown hair. The wives and children of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ His wives, sons, and daughters Al-Wāqidī, Ibn al-Kalbī, and others said: In pre-Islamic times, ʿUmar married Zaynab bt. Maẓʿūn, the sister of ʿUthmān b. Maẓʿūn, and she bore him ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Elder, and Ḥafṣah, ؓ. He married Mulaykah bt. Jarwal, and she bore him ʿUbayd Allāh; then he divorced her at the time of the truce, and Abū al-Jahm b. Ḥudhayfah married her after him. This was stated by al-Madāʾinī. Al-Wāqidī said: She was Umm Kulthūm bt. Jarwal, and she bore him ʿUbayd Allāh and Zayd the Younger. Al-Madāʾinī said: He married Quraybah bt. Abī Umayyah al-Makhzūmī, then parted from her at the time of the truce, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr married her after him. They said: He married Umm Ḥakīm bt. al-Ḥārith b. Hishām after her husband was killed in Syria, and she bore him Fāṭimah; then he divorced her. Al-Madāʾinī said: It is also said that he did not divorce her. They said: He married Jamīlah, the sister of ʿĀṣim b. Thābit b. Abī al-Aflaḥ of the Aws. He married ʿĀtikah bt. Zayd b. ʿAmr b. Nufayl; she had previously been married to ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr. When ʿUmar was killed, al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, ؓ, married her after him. It is said that she was the mother of his son ʿIyāḍ, but God knows best. Al-Madāʾinī said: He had proposed to Umm Kulthūm bt. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq when she was young, and he communicated with ʿĀʾishah about her. Umm Kulthūm said: I have no need of him. ʿĀʾishah said: Do you turn away from the Commander of the Faithful? She said: Yes, for his life is harsh. So ʿĀʾishah sent to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, and he diverted ʿUmar from her and directed him to Umm Kulthūm bt. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, from Fāṭimah bt. the Messenger of God, ﷺ, saying: Through her you will gain a tie to the Messenger of God, ﷺ. So he proposed to ʿAlī for her, and ʿAlī married her to him. ʿUmar, ؓ, gave her a dower of forty thousand, and she bore him Zayd and Ruqayyah. They said: He married Luhayyah, a woman from Yemen, and she bore him ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Younger—or it is said the Middle. Al-Wāqidī said: She was a slave-concubine, not a wife. They said: He also had a slave-concubine named Fukayhah, who bore him Zaynab. Al-Wāqidī said: She was the youngest of his children. Al-Wāqidī said: He proposed to Umm Abān bt. ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah, but she disliked him, saying: He closes his door, withholds his good, enters frowning, and leaves frowning. I say: The total number of his children, ؓ, ؓ, was thirteen; they were: Zayd the Elder and Zayd the Younger, ʿĀṣim, ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Elder, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Middle—al-Zubayr b. Bakkār said: he was Abū Shaḥmah—ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Younger, ʿUbayd Allāh, ʿIyāḍ, Ḥafṣah, Ruqayyah, Zaynab, and Fāṭimah, ؓ. The total number of his wives whom he married in pre-Islamic times and in Islam, whether he divorced them or they died while married to him, was seven: Jamīlah the sister of ʿĀṣim b. Thābit b. al-Aflaḥ, Zaynab bt. Maẓʿūn, ʿĀtikah bt. Zayd b. ʿAmr b. Nufayl, Quraybah bt. Abī Umayyah, Mulaykah bt. Jarwal, Umm Ḥakīm bt. al-Ḥārith b. Hishām, Umm Kulthūm bt. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, and another Umm Kulthūm, who was Mulaykah bt. Jarwal. He had two slave-concubines from whom he had children: Fukayhah and Luhayyah. There was disagreement regarding this Luhayyah: some said she was a slave-concubine, while others said her origin was from Yemen and that the Commander of the Faithful ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb married her; God knows best.
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