Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1955
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
وَفَاةُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ - ؓ قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ ؓ لَا يَأْذَنُ لِصَبِيٍّ قَدِ احْتَلَمَ فِي دُخُولِ الْمَدِينَةِ، حَتَّى كَتَبَ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ وَهُوَ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ يَذْكُرُ لَهُ غُلَامًا عِنْدَهُ صَنَعًا، وَيَسْتَأْذِنُهُ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُ الْمَدِينَةَ، وَيَقُولُ: إِنَّ عِنْدَهُ أَعْمَالًا كَثِيرَةً فِيهَا مَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ ; إِنَّهُ حَدَّادٌ نَقَّاشٌ نَجَّارٌ، فَأَذِنَ لَهُ أَنْ يُرْسِلَ بِهِ إِلَيْهِ وَقَالَ الْمِسْوَرُ بْنُ مَخْرَمَةَ: خَرَجَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ يَطُوفُ يَوْمًا فِي السُّوقِ، فَلَقِيَهُ أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَةَ غُلَامُ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ، وَاسْمُهُ: فَيْرُوزُ وَكَانَ نَصْرَانِيًّا، فَقَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، أَعِدْنِي عَلَى الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ فَإِنَّ عَلَيَّ خَرَاجًا كَثِيرًا. قَالَ: وَكَمْ خَرَاجُكَ ؟ قَالَ: دِرْهَمَانِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ. قَالَ: وَأَيْشٍ صِنَاعَتُكَ ؟ قَالَ: نَجَّارٌ، نَقَّاشٌ، حَدَّادٌ. قَالَ: فَمَا أَرَى خَرَاجَكَ كَثِيرًا عَلَى مَا تَصْنَعُ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ، قَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّكَ تَقُولُ: لَوْ أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَصْنَعَ رَحًى تَطْحَنُ بِالرِّيحِ لَفَعَلْتُ ! قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَاعْمَلْ لِي رَحًى. قَالَ: لَئِنْ سَلِمْتَ لَأَعْمَلَنَّ لَكَ رَحًى يَتَحَدَّثُ بِهَا مَنْ بِالْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ ! ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ عَنْهُ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: لَقَدْ أَوْعَدَنِي الْعَبْدُ الْآنَ. ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ عُمَرُ إِلَى مَنْزِلِهِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْغَدُ جَاءَهُ كَعْبُ الْأَحْبَارِ فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، اعْهَدْ فَإِنَّكَ مَيِّتٌ فِي ثَلَاثِ لَيَالٍ. قَالَ: وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ ؟ قَالَ: أَجِدُهُ فِي كِتَابِ التَّوْرَاةِ. قَالَ عُمَرُ: [ آللَّهَ ! إِنَّكَ ] لَتَجِدُ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ ؟ قَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ لَا وَلَكِنِّي أَجِدُ حِلْيَتَكَ وَصِفَتَكَ وَأَنَّكَ قَدْ فَنِيَ أَجْلُكَ. قَالَ: وَعُمَرُ لَا يُحِسُّ وَجَعًا ! فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْغَدُ جَاءَهُ كَعْبٌ فَقَالَ: بَقِيَ يَوْمَانِ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْغَدُ جَاءَهُ كَعْبٌ فَقَالَ: مَضَى يَوْمَانِ وَبَقِيَ يَوْمٌ. فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ خَرَجَ عُمَرُ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَكَانَ يُوَكِّلُ بِالصُّفُوفِ رِجَالًا فَإِذَا اسْتَوَتْ كَبَّرَ، حَتَّى إِذَا لَمْ يَرَ فِيهِنَّ ظِلًّا تَقَدَّمَ، فَكَبَّرُوا، وَرُبَّمَا قَرَأَ سُورَةَ يُوسُفَ أَوِ النَّحْلَ أَوْ نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ فِي الرَّكْعَةِ الْأُولَى، حَتَّى يَجْتَمِعَ النَّاسُ وَدَخَلَ أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَةَ فِي النَّاسِ وَبِيَدِهِ خِنْجَرٌ لَهُ رَأْسَانِ نِصَابُهُ فِي وَسَطِهِ، فَضَرَبَ عُمَرَ سِتَّ ضَرَبَاتِ إِحْدَاهُنَّ تَحْتَ سُرَّتِهِ وَهِيَ الَّتِي قَتَلَتْهُ، وَقَتَلَ مَعَهُ كُلَيْبَ بْنَ أَبِي الْبُكَيْرِ اللَّيْثِيَّ وَكَانَ خَلْفَهُ، وَقَتَلَ جَمَاعَةً غَيْرَهُ. فَلَمَّا وَجَدَ عُمَرُ حَرَّ السِّلَاحِ سَقَطَ، وَأَمَرَ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ عَوْفٍ فَصَلَّى بِالنَّاسِ، وَعُمَرُ طَرِيحٌ، فَاحْتُمِلَ فَأُدْخِلَ بَيْتَهُ، وَدَعَا عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَعْهَدَ إِلَيْكَ. قَالَ: أَتُشِيرُ عَلَيَّ بِذَلِكَ ؟ قَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ لَا. قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَا أَدْخُلُ فِيهِ أَبَدًا. قَالَ: فَهَبْنِي صَمْتًا حَتَّى أَعْهَدَ إِلَى النَّفَرِ الَّذِينَ تُوُفِّيَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَهُوَ عَنْهُمْ رَاضٍ. ثُمَّ دَعَا عَلِيًّا وَعُثْمَانَ وَالزُّبَيْرَ وَسَعْدًا فَقَالَ: انْتَظِرُوا أَخَاكُمْ طَلْحَةَ ثَلَاثًا، فَإِنْ جَاءَ وَإِلَّا فَاقْضُوا أَمْرَكُمْ، أَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ يَا عَلِيُّ إِنْ وَلِيتَ مِنْ أُمُورِ النَّاسِ شَيْئًا أَنْ تَحْمِلَ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ عَلَى رِقَابِ النَّاسِ، أَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ يَا عُثْمَانُ إِنْ وَلِيتَ مِنْ أُمُورِ النَّاسِ شَيْئًا أَنْ تَحْمِلَ بَنِي أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ عَلَى رِقَابِ النَّاسِ، أَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ يَا سَعْدُ إِنْ وَلِيتَ مِنْ أُمُورِ النَّاسِ شَيْئًا أَنْ تَحْمِلَ أَقَارِبَكَ عَلَى رِقَابِ النَّاسِ، قُومُوا فَتَشَاوَرُوا ثُمَّ اقْضُوا أَمْرَكُمْ وَلْيُصَلِّ بِالنَّاسِ صُهَيْبٌ. ثُمَّ دَعَا أَبَا طَلْحَةَ الْأَنْصَارِيَّ، فَقَالَ: قُمْ عَلَى بَابِهِمْ فَلَا تَدَعْ أَحَدًا يَدْخُلُ إِلَيْهِمْ. وَأُوصِي الْخَلِيفَةَ مِنْ بَعْدِي بِالْأَنْصَارِ الَّذِينَ تَبَوَّأُوا الدَّارَ وَالْإِيمَانَ، أَنْ يُحْسِنَ إِلَى مُحْسِنِهِمْ وَيَعْفُوَ عَنْ مُسِيئِهِمْ، وَأُوصِي الْخَلِيفَةَ بِالْعَرَبِ، فَإِنَّهُمْ مَادَّةُ الْإِسْلَامِ، أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ مِنْ صَدَقَاتِهِمْ حَقَّهَا فَتُوضَعَ فِي فُقَرَائِهِمْ، وَأُوصِي الْخَلِيفَةَ بِذِمَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ يُوفِيَ لَهُمْ بِعَهْدِهِمْ، اللَّهُمَّ هَلْ بَلَّغْتُ ؟ لَقَدْ تَرَكْتُ الْخَلِيفَةَ مِنْ بَعْدِي عَلَى أَنْقَى مِنَ الرَّاحَةِ، يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، اخْرُجْ فَانْظُرْ مَنْ قَتَلَنِي. قَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، قَتَلَكَ أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَةَ غُلَامُ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ. قَالَ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَجْعَلْ مَنِيَّتِي بِيَدِ رَجُلٍ سَجَدَ لِلَّهِ سَجْدَةً وَاحِدَةً ! وَجَاءَ النَّاسُ [فَجَعَلُوا] يُثْنُونَ عَلَيْهِ. وَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ شَابٌّ فَقَالَ: أَبْشِرْ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِبُشْرَى اللَّهِ لَكَ، مِنْ صُحْبَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَقَدَمٍ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ مَا قَدْ عَلِمْتَ، ثُمَّ وُلِّيتَ فَعَدَلْتَ، ثُمَّ شَهَادَةٍ. قَالَ: وَدِدْتُ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ كِفَافٌ لَا عَلَيَّ وَلَا لِيَ. فَلَمَّا أَدْبَرَ إِذَا إِزَارُهُ يَمَسُّ الْأَرْضَ، قَالَ: رُدُّوا عَلَيَّ الْغُلَامَ. قَالَ: يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، ارْفَعْ ثَوْبَكَ، فَإِنَّهُ أَنْقَى لِثَوْبِكَ وَأَتْقَى لِرَبِّكَ. يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، انْظُرْ مَا عَلَيَّ مِنَ الدَّيْنِ. فَحَسَبُوهُ فَوَجَدُوهُ سِتَّةً وَثَمَانِينَ أَلْفًا أَوْ نَحْوَهُ. قَالَ: إِنْ وَفَّى لَهُ مَالُ آلِ عُمَرَ فَأَدِّهِ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَإِلَّا فَسَلْ فِي بَنِي عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ، فَإِنْ لَمْ تَفِ أَمْوَالُهُمْ فَسَلْ فِي قَرَيْشٍ، وَلَا تَعْدُهُمْ إِلَى غَيْرِهِمْ، فَأَدِّ عَنِّي هَذَا الْمَالَ. يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، اذْهَبْ إِلَى عَائِشَةَ فَسَلْهَا أَنْ تَأْذَنَ لِي أَنْ أُدْفَنَ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَأَبِي بَكْرٍ. فَإِنْ أَذِنَتْ لِي فَأَدْخِلُونِي، وَإِنْ رَدَّتْنِي رُدُّونِي إِلَى مَقَابِرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. وَجَاءَتْ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَفْصَةُ وَالنِّسَاءُ تَسِيرُ مَعَهَا، فَلَمَّا رَأَيْنَاهَا قُمْنَا، فَوَلَجَتْ عَلَيْهِ فَبَكَتْ عِنْدَهُ سَاعَةً، وَاسْتَأْذَنَ الرِّجَالُ، فَوَلَجَتْ دَاخِلًا لَهُمْ، فَسَمِعْنَا بُكَاءَهَا مِنَ الدَّاخِلِ وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ أَبِي رَاشِدٍ الْبَصْرِيِّ قَالَ: قَالَ عُمَرُ لِابْنِهِ: (اقْصِدُوا فِي كَفَنِي؛ فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ كَانَ لِي عِنْدَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ.. أَبْدَلَنِي مَا هُوَ خَيْرٌ مِنْهُ، وَإِنْ كُنْتُ عَلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ سَلَبَنِي فَأَسْرَعَ سَلَبِي، وَاقْصِدُوا فِي حُفْرَتِي، فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ كَانَ لِي عِنْدَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ.. أَوْسَعَ لِي فِيهَا مَدَّ بَصَرِي، وَإِنْ كُنْتُ عَلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ.. ضَيَّقَهَا عَلَيَّ حَتَّى تَخْتَلِفَ أَضْلَاعِي، وَلَا تَخْرُجَ مَعِي امْرَأَةٌ، وَلَا تُزَكُّونِي بِمَا لَيْسَ فِيَّ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِي، فَإِذَا خَرَجْتُمْ.. فَأَسْرِعُوا بِيَ الْمَشْيَ؛ فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ كَانَ لِي عِنْدَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ.. قَدَّمْتُمُونِي إِلَى مَا هُوَ خَيْرٌ لِي، وَإِنْ كُنْتُ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ.. أَلْقَيْتُمْ عَنْ رِقَابِكُمْ شَرًّا تَحْمِلُونَهُ). وقال يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، إِنِ اخْتَلَفَ الْقَوْمُ فَكُنْ مَعَ الْأَكْثَرِ، فَإِنْ تَشَاوَرُوا فَكُنْ مَعَ الْحِزْبِ الَّذِي فِيهِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ، يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، ائْذَنْ لِلنَّاسِ. فَجَعَلَ يَدْخُلُ عَلَيْهِ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَالْأَنْصَارُ فَيُسَلِّمُونَ عَلَيْهِ وَيَقُولُ لَهُمْ: أَهَذَا عَنْ مَلَإٍ مِنْكُمْ ؟ فَيَقُولُونَ: مَعَاذَ اللَّهِ ! قَالَ: وَدَخَلَ كَعْبُ الْأَحْبَارِ مَعَ النَّاسِ فَلَمَّا رَآهُ عُمَرُ قَالَ: تَوَعَّدَنِي كَعْبٌ ثَلَاثًا أَعُدُّهَا وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّ الْقَوْلَ مَا قَالَ لِي كَعْبُ وَمَا بِي حِذَارُ الْمَوْتِ، إِنِّي لَمَيِّتٌ ، وَلَكِنْ حِذَارُ الذَّنْبِ يَتْبَعُهُ الذَّنْبُ وَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ عَلِيٌّ يَعُودُهُ فَقَعَدَ عِنْدَ رَأْسِهِ، وَجَاءَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ فَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ عُمَرُ: أَنْتَ لِي بِهَذَا يَا ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ ؟ فَأَوْمَأَ إِلَيْهِ عَلِيٌّ أَنْ قُلْ نَعَمْ. فَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: نَعَمْ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: لَا تَغُرَّنِي أَنْتَ وَأَصْحَابُكَ. ثُمَّ قَالَ: يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، خُذْ رَأْسِي عَنِ الْوِسَادَةِ فَضَعْهُ فِي التُّرَابِ لَعَلَّ اللَّهَ - جَلَّ ذِكْرُهُ - يَنْظُرُ إِلَيَّ فَيَرْحَمُنِي، وَاللَّهِ لَوْ أَنَّ لِي مَا طَلَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الشَّمْسُ لَافْتَدَيْتُ بِهِ مِنْ هَوْلِ الْمَطْلَعِ. وَدُعِيَ لَهُ طَبِيبٌ مِنْ بَنِي الْحَارِثِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ فَسَقَاهُ نَبِيذًا فَخَرَجَ غَيْرَ مُتَغَيِّرٍ، فَسَقَاهُ لَبَنًا فَخَرَجَ كَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا، فَقَالَ لَهُ: اعْهَدْ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. قَالَ: قَدْ فَرَغْتُ. وَلَمَّا احْتُضِرَ وَرَأْسُهُ فِي حِجْرِ وَلَدِهِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ: ظَلُومٌ لِنَفْسِي غَيْرَ أَنِّيَ مُسْلِمٌ أُصَلِّي الصَّلَاةَ كُلَّهَا وَأَصُومُ وَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَذْكُرُ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى وَيُدِيمُ الشَّهَادَةَ إِلَى أَنْ تُوُفِّيَّ لَيْلَةَ الْأَرْبِعَاءِ لِثَلَاثٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ وَعِشْرِينَ. وَقِيلَ: طُعِنَ يَوْمَ الْأَرْبِعَاءِ لِأَرْبَعٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ وَدُفِنَ يَوْمَ الْأَحَدِ هِلَالَ مُحَرَّمٍ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ. وَكَانَتْ وِلَايَتُهُ عَشْرَ سِنِينَ وَسِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ، وَبُويِعَ عُثْمَانُ لِثَلَاثٍ مَضَيْنَ مِنَ الْمُحَرَّمِ. وَقِيلَ: كَانَتْ وَفَاتُهُ لِأَرْبَعٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ، وَاسْتَقْبَلَ بِخِلَافَتِهِ هِلَالَ مُحَرَّمٍ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ. وَكَانَتْ خِلَافَةُ عُمَرَ عَلَى هَذَا الْقَوْلِ عَشْرَ سِنِينَ وَسِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَأَرْبَعَةَ أَيَّامٍ. وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ صُهَيْبٌ، وَحُمِلَ إِلَى بَيْتِ عَائِشَةَ، وَدُفِنَ عِنْدَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَأَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَنَزَلَ فِي قَبْرِهِ عُثْمَانُ، وَعَلِيٌّ، وَالزُّبَيْرُ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ وَسَعْدٌ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ. وَلَمَّا مَاتَ عُمَرُ قُدِّمَ الطَّعَامُ بَيْنَ أَيْدِي النَّاسِ عَلَى عَادَتِهِمْ فَامْتَنَعُوا لِمَوْضِعِ حُزْنِهِمْ، فَابْتَدَأَ الْعَبَّاسُ. عَنِ الْأَحْنَفِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ قُرَيْشًا رُؤَسَاءَ النَّاسِ، لَا يَدْخُلُونَ بَابًا إِلَّا فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْهُ خَيْرًا. فَلَمَّا مَاتَ عُمَرُ وَاسْتُخْلِفَ صُهَيْبٌ عَلَى إِطْعَامِ النَّاسِ، وَحَضَرَ النَّاسُ وَفِيهِمُ الْعَبَّاسُ، فَأَمْسَكَ النَّاسُ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ عَنِ الْأَكْلِ، فَحَسَرَ عَنْ ذِرَاعَيْهِ وَقَالَ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَاتَ فَأَكَلْنَا، وَإِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ مَاتَ فَأَكَلْنَا، وَإِنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ مِنَ الْأَكْلِ. فَضَرَبَ بِيَدِهِ، وَضَرَبَ الْقَوْمُ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ. فَعَرَفَ قَوْلَ عُمَرَ: إِنَّ قُرَيْشًا رُؤَسَاءُ [النَّاسِ]. وَرُوِيَ عَنْ قَتَادَةَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: تُوُفِّيَ عُمَرُ وَهُوَ ابْنُ إِحْدَى وَسِتِّينَ سَنَةً. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَالزُّهْرِيِّ: خَمْسٌ وَسِتُّونَ سَنَةً. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: سِتٌّ وَسِتُّونَ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، عَنْ أَسْلَمَ مَوْلَى عُمَرَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: تُوُفِّيَ وَهُوَ ابْنُ سِتِّينَ سَنَةً. قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: وَهَذَا أَثْبَتُ الْأَقَاوِيلِ عِنْدَنَا. وَقَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ: تُوُفِّيَ عُمَرُ وَهُوَ ابْنُ سَبْعٍ وَخَمْسِينَ سَنَةً. وَفِي «تَهْذِيبِ الْمِزِّيِّ»: (كَانَ نَقْشُ خَاتَمِ عُمَرَ: كَفَى بِالْمَوْتِ وَاعِظًا). وَأَخْرَجَ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنْ طَارِقِ بْنِ شِهَابٍ قَالَ: قَالَتْ أُمُّ أَيْمَنَ يَوْمَ قَتْلِ عُمَرَ: (الْيَوْمَ وَهِيَ الْإِسْلَامُ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ قَالَ: (شَهِدْتُ مَوْتَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، فَانْكَسَفَتِ الشَّمْسُ يَوْمَئِذٍ)، وَوُلِدَ لِعَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ لَيْلَةَ مَاتَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ وَلَدٌ فَسَمَّاهُ عُمَرَ. وَوُلِدَ لِعُثْمَانَ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةَ وَلَدٌ فَسَمَّاهُ عُمَرَ. وَوُلِدَ لِعُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَعْمَرٍ التَّيْمِيِّ وَلَدٌ فَسَمَّاهُ عُمَرَ.
Translation
✧ The death of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ Al-Zuhrī said: ʿUmar ؓ would not permit any boy who had reached puberty to enter Madinah, until al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah, who was over Kufa, wrote to him mentioning a servant-boy he had who was skilled, and sought his permission to bring him into Madinah, saying: He has many crafts in which there are benefits for the people; he is a blacksmith, an engraver, and a carpenter. So he permitted him to send the boy to him. Al-Miswar b. Makhramah said: One day ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb went out to walk in the market, and Abū Luʾluʾah, the servant of al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah, met him. His name was Fayrūz and he was a Christian. He said: O Commander of the Faithful, help me against al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah, for I owe him a heavy tax. He said: How much is your tax? He said: Two dirhams every day. He said: And what is your craft? He said: A carpenter, an engraver, a blacksmith. He said: I do not think your tax is heavy for the work you do. It has reached me that you say: If I wanted to make a mill that grinds by wind, I could do it. He said: Yes. He said: Then make me a mill. He said: If you remain safe, I will make you a mill that the people of the East and the West will talk about. Then he turned away from him. So ʿUmar said: The slave has just threatened me. Then ʿUmar went back to his home. The next day, Kaʿb al-Aḥbār came to him and said: O Commander of the Faithful, make your will, for you will die in three nights. He said: How do you know that? He said: I find it in the Book of the Torah. ʿUmar said: By Allah, do you find ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb in the Torah? He said: O Allah, no, but I find your description and your traits, and that your appointed time has drawn near. He said: But ʿUmar felt no pain. The next day, Kaʿb came to him and said: Two days remain. The next day, Kaʿb came to him and said: Two days have passed and one day remains. When morning came, ʿUmar went out for the prayer. He would appoint men to arrange the rows, and when they were straight, he said the takbīr, and only when he saw no gap in them did he advance and say the takbīr. Sometimes he would recite Sūrat Yūsuf or al-Naḥl or the like in the first rakʿah, until the people had gathered. Abū Luʾluʾah entered among the people with a dagger in his hand that had two heads, its handle in the middle. He struck ʿUmar six blows, one of them below his navel, and that is the one that killed him. With him he killed Kulayb b. Abī al-Bukayr al-Laythī, who was behind him, and he killed a group besides him. When ʿUmar felt the heat of the weapon, he fell. He ordered ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf to lead the people in prayer. ʿUmar was laid down and carried into his house. He called ʿAbd al-Raḥmān and said to him: I want to entrust the matter to you. He said: Are you advising me to that? He said: O Allah, no. He said: By Allah, I will never enter into it. He said: Then grant me silence until I entrust it to the group of men of whom the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died well pleased. Then he called ʿAlī, ʿUthmān, al-Zubayr, and Saʿd and said: Wait for your brother Ṭalḥah for three days; if he comes, then good, and if not, then decide your matter. I adjure you by Allah, O ʿAlī, if you are given any authority over the people's affairs, not to make the Banū Hāshim ride upon the necks of the people. I adjure you by Allah, O ʿUthmān, if you are given any authority over the people's affairs, not to make the Banū Abī Muʿayṭ ride upon the necks of the people. I adjure you by Allah, O Saʿd, if you are given any authority over the people's affairs, not to make your relatives ride upon the necks of the people. Arise, consult together, then decide your matter, and let Ṣuhayb lead the people in prayer. Then he called Abū Ṭalḥah al-Anṣārī and said: Stand at their door and do not let anyone enter upon them. And I commend to the caliph after me the Anṣār, those who established themselves in the abode and in faith, that he be good to their good ones and pardon their wrongdoers. And I commend to the caliph the Arabs, for they are the substance of Islam, that their due be taken from their alms and placed among their poor. And I commend to the caliph the covenant of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, that he fulfill their pact for them. O Allah, have I conveyed? I have left the caliph after me upon the purest of paths. O ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, go out and see who killed me. He said: O Commander of the Faithful, it was Abū Luʾluʾah, the servant of al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah, who killed you. He said: Praise be to Allah who has not made my death at the hand of a man who prostrated to Allah even a single prostration. The people came and began to praise him. A young man came and said: Rejoice, O Commander of the Faithful, in the glad tidings of Allah for you, from the companionship of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and your early precedence in Islam which you know, then you were given authority and you acted justly, then martyrdom. He said: I wish that that were an equal balance, neither for me nor against me. When the young man turned away, his waist-wrapper was touching the ground. He said: Bring the boy back to me. He said: O son of my brother, raise your garment, for it is cleaner for your garment and more God-fearing for your Lord. O ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, see what debts I owe. They calculated it and found it to be eighty-six thousand or about that. He said: If the wealth of the family of ʿUmar suffices for it, then pay it from their wealth; otherwise ask among the Banū ʿAdī b. Kaʿb; if their wealth does not suffice, then ask among Quraysh, and do not go beyond them to others, and pay this money on my behalf. O ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, go to ʿĀʾishah and ask her to permit me to be buried with the Prophet ﷺ and Abū Bakr. If she permits me, then bring me in; and if she refuses me, then return me to the graves of the Muslims. The Mother of the Believers Ḥafṣah came with the women walking with her. When we saw her, we stood up. She entered upon him and wept by him for a while. The men asked permission, so she went into an inner room for them, and we heard her weeping from inside. Ibn Abī al-Dunyā transmitted from Yaḥyā b. Abī Rāshid al-Baṣrī that he said: ʿUmar said to his son: Be moderate in my shroud; for if I have good with Allah, He will exchange it for what is better than it, and if I am otherwise, He will strip me and hasten my stripping. Be moderate in my grave; for if I have good with Allah, He will widen it for me as far as my eye can see, and if I am otherwise, He will narrow it upon me until my ribs interlace. Let no woman go out with me, and do not praise me for what is not in me, for Allah knows me best. When you go out with me, hasten my walking; for if I have good with Allah, you will have brought me sooner to what is better for me, and if I am otherwise, you will cast from your necks an evil you were carrying. And he said: O ʿAbd Allāh, if the people differ, then be with the majority; and if they consult, then be with the party in which is ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf. O ʿAbd Allāh, give permission to the people. So the Emigrants and the Anṣār began to enter upon him, greeting him, and he said to them: Is this by a general agreement among you? They said: Allah forbid. He said: Kaʿb al-Aḥbār entered among the people, and when ʿUmar saw him he said: Kaʿb threatened me with three nights I count, and no doubt the word is as Kaʿb said to me. I have no fear of death, for I am mortal, but fear of a sin that is followed by sin. ʿAlī entered to visit him and sat at his head. Ibn ʿAbbās came and praised him, and ʿUmar said to him: Do you say this of me, O Ibn ʿAbbās? ʿAlī gestured to him to say yes. Ibn ʿAbbās said: Yes. ʿUmar said: Do not let you and your companions deceive me. Then he said: O ʿAbd Allāh, take my head from the pillow and place it on the ground, perhaps Allah, whose remembrance is exalted, will look upon me and have mercy on me. By Allah, if I had all that the sun rises upon, I would ransom myself with it from the terror of the rising. A physician from the Banū al-Ḥārith b. Kaʿb was called for him, and he gave him nabīdh to drink, and it came out unchanged. Then he gave him milk to drink, and it came out likewise. He said to him: Make your will, O Commander of the Faithful. He said: I have finished. When he was at the point of death and his head was in the lap of his son ʿAbd Allāh, he said: I have wronged myself, except that I am a Muslim; I perform all the prayers and I fast. He continued to remember Allah the Exalted and to repeat the shahādah until he died on the night of Wednesday, with three nights remaining of Dhū al-Ḥijjah in the year twenty-three. It was said: He was stabbed on Wednesday, with four nights remaining of Dhū al-Ḥijjah, and was buried on Sunday, at the new moon of Muḥarram in the year twenty-four. His tenure was ten years, six months, and eight days. ʿUthmān was given the oath of allegiance when three nights of Muḥarram had passed. It was said: His death took place with four nights remaining of Dhū al-Ḥijjah, and his caliphate began with the new moon of Muḥarram in the year twenty-four. According to this statement, the caliphate of ʿUmar was ten years, six months, and four days. Ṣuhayb prayed over him, and he was carried to the house of ʿĀʾishah and buried next to the Prophet ﷺ and Abū Bakr. ʿUthmān, ʿAlī, al-Zubayr, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf, Saʿd, and ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar descended into his grave. When ʿUmar died, food was placed before the people as was their custom, and they refrained because of their grief. Then al-ʿAbbās began. From al-Aḥnaf b. Qays, who said: I heard ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb say: Quraysh are the leaders of the people. They do not enter any door but that Allah opens through them something good from it. When ʿUmar died, Ṣuhayb was put in charge of feeding the people. The people attended, among them al-ʿAbbās, and the people withheld their hands from eating. He uncovered his forearms and said: O people, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died, and we ate. Abū Bakr died, and we ate. There is no escape from eating. Then he put forth his hand, and the people put forth their hands. Thus the saying of ʿUmar was recognized: Quraysh are the leaders of the people. It is related from Qatādah that he said: ʿUmar died at the age of sixty-one. From Ibn ʿUmar and al-Zuhrī: sixty-five years. From Ibn ʿAbbās: sixty-six. Ibn Jarīr related from Aslam, the freedman of ʿUmar, that he said: He died at the age of sixty. Al-Wāqidī said: This is the most reliable of the statements in our view. Al-Madāʾinī said: ʿUmar died at the age of fifty-seven. In "Tahdhīb al-Mizzī": The inscription on ʿUmar's seal was: "Death suffices as an admonisher." Al-Ṭabarānī transmitted from Ṭāriq b. Shihāb, who said: Umm Ayman said on the day ʿUmar was killed: "Today Islam is weakened." He transmitted from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yasār, who said: I witnessed the death of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, and the sun was eclipsed on that day. A son was born to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib on the night ʿUmar died, ؓ, and he named him ʿUmar. A son was born to ʿUthmān that night, and he named him ʿUmar. A son was born to ʿUbayd Allāh b. Maʿmar al-Taymī, and he named him ʿUmar.
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