Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1841
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
فَصْلٌ فِي إِسْلَامِهِ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ ؓ، قَالَ: (أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ. وَعَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَرْقَمَ قَالَ:"أَوَّلُ مَنْ صَلَّى مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ وَعَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ، قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ: أَيُّ النَّاسِ كَانَ أَوَّلَ إِسْلَامًا؟ قَالَ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ، أَلَمْ تَسْمَعْ قَوْلَ حَسَّانَ: إِذَا تَذَكَّرْتَ شَجْوًا مِنْ أَخِي ثِقَةٍ فَاذْكُرْ أَخَاكَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ بِمَا فَعَلَا خَيْرُ الْبَرِيَّةِ، أَتْقَاهَا وَأَعْدَلَهَا إِلَّا النَّبِيَّ، وَأَوْفَاهَا بِمَا حَمَلَا وَالثَّانِيَ التَّالِيَ الْمَحْمُودَ مَشْهَدُهُ وَأَوَّلَ النَّاسِ مِنْهُمْ صَدَّقَ الرُّسُلَا وَأَخْرَجَ أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ عَنْ فُرَاتِ بْنِ السَّائِبِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ مَيْمُونَ بْنَ مِهْرَانَ قُلْتُ: عَلِيٌّ أَفْضَلُ عِنْدَكَ أَمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ؟ قَالَ: فَارْتَعَدَ حَتَّى سَقَطَتْ عَصَاهُ مِنْ يَدِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: (مَا كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنْ أَبْقَى إِلَى زَمَانٍ يُعْدَلُ بِهِمَا، لِلَّهِ دَرُّهُمَا! كَانَا رَأْسَ الْإِسْلَامِ). قَالَ: فَقُلْتُ: فَأَبُو بَكْرٍ كَانَ أَوَّلَ إِسْلَامًا أَوْ عَلِيٌّ؟ قَالَ: (وَاللَّهِ، لَقَدْ آمَنَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ زَمَنَ بَحِيرَا الرَّاهِبِ حِينَ مَرَّ بِهِ، وَاخْتُلِفَ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ خَدِيجَةَ حَتَّى أَنْكَحَهَا إِيَّاهُ، وَذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُولَدَ عَلِيٌّ). وَقَدْ قَالَ: إِنَّهُ أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ خَلَائِقُ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالتَّابِعِينَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، بَلِ ادَّعَى بَعْضُهُمُ الْإِجْمَاعَ عَلَيْهِ. وَقِيلَ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ عَلِيٌّ، وَقِيلَ: خَدِيجَةُ. وَيُجْمَعُ بَيْنَ الْأَقْوَالِ: بِأَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ، وَعَلِيًّا: أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنَ الصِّبْيَانِ، وَخَدِيجَةَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ ذَكَرَ هَذَا الْجَمْعَ الْإِمَامُ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ أَخْرَجَهُ عَنْهُ..... وَعَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْجَعْدِ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَنَفِيَّةِ: هَلْ كَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَوَّلَ الْقَوْمِ إِسْلَامًا؟ قَالَ: (لَا)، قُلْتُ: فَبِمَ عَلَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَسَبَقَ حَتَّى لَا يُذْكَرَ أَحَدٌ غَيْرُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ؟ قَالَ: (لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَفْضَلَهُمْ إِسْلَامًا مِنْ حِينِ أَسْلَمَ حَتَّى لَحِقَ بِرَبِّهِ). وَعَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِأَبِيهِ سَعْدٍ: أَكَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ أَوَّلَكُمْ إِسْلَامًا؟ قَالَ: (لَا، وَلَكِنَّهُ أَسْلَمَ قَبْلَهُ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ خَمْسَةٍ، وَلَكِنْ كَانَ خَيْرَنَا إِسْلَامًا). قَالَ ابْنُ كَثِيرٍ: (الظَّاهِرُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ بَيْتِهِ ﷺ آمَنُوا قَبْلَ كُلِّ أَحَدٍ: زَوْجَتُهُ خَدِيجَةُ، وَمَوْلَاهُ زَيْدٌ، وَزَوْجَةُ زَيْدٍ أُمَّ أَيْمَنَ، وَعَلِيٌّ، وَوَرَقَةُ). انْتَهَى. وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ: (كُنْتُ جَالِسًا بِفِنَاءِ الْكَعْبَةِ، وَكَانَ زَيْدُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ نُفَيْلٍ قَاعِدًا، فَمَرَّ بِهِ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ أَبِي الصَّلْتِ، فَقَالَ: كَيْفَ أَصْبَحْتَ يَا بَاغِيَ الْخَيْرِ؟ قَالَ: بِخَيْرٍ، قَالَ: وَهَلْ وَجَدْتَ؟ قَالَ: لَا، فَقَالَ: كُلُّ دِينٍ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ إِلَّا مَا قَضَى اللَّهُ فِي الْحَنِيفَةِ بُورُ أَمَا إِنَّ هَذَا النَّبِيَّ الَّذِي يُنْتَظَرُ مِنَّا أَوْ مِنْكُمْ؟ قَالَ: وَلَمْ أَكُنْ سَمِعْتُ مِنْ قَبْلِ ذَلِكَ بِنَبِيٍّ يُنْتَظَرُ وَلَا يُبْعَثُ، قَالَ: فَخَرَجْتُ أُرِيدُ وَرَقَةَ بْنَ نَوْفَلٍ، وَكَانَ كَثِيرَ النَّظَرِ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ، كَثِيرَ هَمْهَمَةِ الصَّدْرِ، فَاسْتَوْقَفْتُهُ، ثُمَّ قَصَصْتُ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدِيثَ، فَقَالَ: نَعَمْ يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، إِنَّا أَهْلَ الْكُتُبِ وَالْعُلَمَاءِ، إِلَّا أَنَّ هَذَا النَّبِيَّ الَّذِي يُنْتَظَرُ مِنْ أَوْسَطِ الْعَرَبِ نَسَبًا - وَلِي عِلْمٌ بِالنَّسَبِ - وَقَوْمُكَ أَوْسَطُ الْعَرَبِ نَسَبًا، قُلْتُ: يَا عَمِّ، وَمَا يَقُولُ النَّبِيُّ؟ قَالَ: يَقُولُ مَا قِيلَ لَهُ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ لَا يَظْلِمُ، وَلَا يُظَالَمُ، قَالَ: فَلَمَّا بُعِثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ.. آمَنْتُ بِهِ وَصَدَّقْتُهُ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْحُصَيْنِ التَّمِيمِيُّ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: «مَا دَعَوْتُ أَحَدًا إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ.. إِلَّا كَانَتْ لَهُ عَنْهُ كَبْوَةٌ وَتَرَدَّدَ وَنَظَرَ، إِلَّا أَبَا بَكْرٍ، مَا عَتَمَ عَنْهُ حِينَ ذَكَرْتُهُ لَهُ، وَمَا تَرَدَّدَ فِيهِ». عَتَمَ: أَيْ تَلَبَّثَ. قَالَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ: (وَهَذَا لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ يَرَى دَلَائِلَ نُبُوَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَيَسْمَعُ آثَارَهُ قَبْلَ دَعْوَتِهِ، فَحِينَ دَعَاهُ.. كَانَ قَدْ سَبَقَ لَهُ فِيهِ تَفَكُّرٌ وَنَظَرٌ، فَأَسْلَمَ فِي الْحَالِ). ثُمَّ أَخْرَجَ عَنْ أَبِي مَيْسَرَةَ: ( أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ إِذَا بَرَزَ.. سَمِعَ مَنْ يُنَادِيهِ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، فَإِذَا سَمِعَ الصَّوْتَ.. انْطَلَقَ هَارِبًا، فَأَسَرَّ ذَلِكَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَكَانَ صَدِيقًا لَهُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ). وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: مَا كَلَّمْتُ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ أَحَدًا.. إِلَّا أَبَى عَلَيَّ وَرَاجَعَنِي الْكَلَامَ، إِلَّا ابْنَ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ، فَإِنِّي لَمْ أُكَلِّمْهُ فِي شَيْءٍ.. إِلَّا قَبِلَهُ وَاسْتَقَامَ عَلَيْهِ». وَأَخْرَجَ الْبُخَارِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي الدَّرْدَاءِ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: هَلْ أَنْتُمْ تَارِكُو لِي صَاحِبِي؟ إِنِّي قُلْتُ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ جَمِيعًا فَقُلْتُمْ: كَذَبْتَ، وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: صَدَقْتَ».
Translation
✧ Section On his Islam From ʿAlī ؓ, he said: The first of the men to embrace Islam was Abū Bakr. And from Zayd b. Arqam, he said: The first to pray with the Prophet ﷺ was Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. And from al-Shaʿbī, he said: I asked Ibn ʿAbbās: Which of the people was first in Islam? He said: Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. Have you not heard the saying of Ḥassān: If you recall a grief from a trusted brother, then remember your brother Abū Bakr for what he did. The best of creation, its most pious and most just, except for the Prophet, and its most faithful to what it bore. And the second, the follower, whose standing is praised, and the first of the people among them to believe the messengers. And Abū Nuʿaym transmitted from Furāt b. al-Sāʾib, he said: I asked Maymūn b. Mihrān, I said: Is ʿAlī superior in your view or Abū Bakr and ʿUmar? He said: He trembled until his staff fell from his hand, then he said: I did not think I would remain until a time when they would be equated with others. May God reward them well! They were the head of Islam. He said: I said: Was Abū Bakr first in Islam or ʿAlī? He said: By God, Abū Bakr believed in the Prophet ﷺ at the time of Baḥīrā the monk when he passed by him, and there was disagreement between him and Khadījah until he married her to him, and all of that was before ʿAlī was born. Many of the Companions, Successors, and others have said that he was the first to embrace Islam; indeed, some claimed consensus on that. It is also said: the first to embrace Islam was ʿAlī, and it is said: Khadījah. The reports are reconciled by saying that Abū Bakr ؓ was the first of the men to embrace Islam, ʿAlī ؓ was the first of the boys to embrace Islam, and Khadījah was the first of the women to embrace Islam. The first to mention this reconciliation was Imam Abū Ḥanīfah, may God have mercy on him, as transmitted from him.... And from Sālim b. Abī al-Jaʿd, he said: I said to Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyyah: Was Abū Bakr the first of the people in Islam? He said: No. I said: Then how did Abū Bakr excel and precede so that no one is mentioned other than Abū Bakr? He said: Because he was the best of them in Islam from the time he embraced it until he met his Lord. And from Muḥammad b. Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ that he said to his father Saʿd: Was Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq the first of you in Islam? He said: No, but more than five embraced Islam before him, but he was the best of us in Islam. Ibn Kathīr said: The apparent view is that the members of his household ﷺ believed before anyone else: his wife Khadījah, his freedman Zayd, the wife of Zayd Umm Ayman, ʿAlī, and Waraqah. End quote. And Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq said: I was sitting in the courtyard of the Kaʿbah, and Zayd b. ʿAmr b. Nufayl was sitting, when Umayyah b. Abī al-Ṣalt passed by him, and he said: How have you risen, O seeker of good? He said: In good. He said: Have you found? He said: No. So he said: Every religion on the Day of Resurrection except what God has decreed in the ḥanīfiyyah will perish. Indeed, is this prophet who is awaited from us or from you? He said: I had not heard before that of a prophet awaited or sent. He said: So I went out seeking Waraqah b. Nawfal, and he was one who looked much at the sky and murmured much in his chest. I stopped him, then I related the story to him, and he said: Yes, O son of my brother, we are people of the scriptures and knowledge, except that this prophet who is awaited is from the middle of the Arabs in lineage—and I have knowledge of lineage—and your people are the middle of the Arabs in lineage. I said: O uncle, and what does the prophet say? He said: He says what is said to him, except that he does not wrong and is not wronged. He said: So when the Messenger of God ﷺ was sent, I believed in him and confirmed him. And Ibn Isḥāq said: Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥuṣayn al-Tamīmī narrated to me that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: "I did not call anyone to Islam but he showed hesitation, wavered, and considered, except Abū Bakr; he did not delay when I mentioned it to him, and he did not waver in it." ʿAtama: meaning he tarried. Al-Bayhaqī said: This is because he saw the signs of the prophethood of the Messenger of God ﷺ and heard traces of it before his call, so when he called him, he had already reflected and considered, and he embraced Islam immediately. Then he transmitted from Abū Maysarah: The Messenger of God ﷺ, when he went out, he heard someone calling him: O Muḥammad, and when he heard the voice, he fled. He confided that to Abū Bakr, who was his close friend in the pre-Islamic era. And from Ibn ʿAbbās, he said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "I did not speak about Islam to anyone but he refused and argued with me, except Ibn Abī Quḥāfah, for I did not speak to him about anything but he accepted it and remained steadfast upon it." And al-Bukhārī transmitted from Abū al-Dardāʾ, he said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Will you leave my companion alone? I said: O people, I am the Messenger of God to you all, and you said: You lie, and Abū Bakr said: You speak truth."
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