Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1778
Preparation of the Prophet ﷺ and his burial
وقد اشتغل الصحابة ؓ، بِبَيْعَةِ الصِّدِّيقِ بَقِيَّةَ يَوْمِ الِاثْنَيْنِ وَبَعْضَ يَوْمِ الثُّلَاثَاءِ، فَلَمَّا تَمَهَّدَتْ وَتَوَطَّدَتْ وَتَمَّتْ، شَرَعُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فِي تَجْهِيزِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، مُقْتَدِينَ فِي كُلِّ مَا أَشْكَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِأَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ، ؓ. قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: فَلَمَّا بُويِعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَقْبَلَ النَّاسُ عَلَى جِهَازِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الثُّلَاثَاءِ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ وَمُسَدَّدٌ، وَأَبُو نُعَيْمٍ وَابْنُ حِبَّانَ وَالْحَاكِمُ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ وَصَحَّحَهُ الذَّهَبِيُّ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: لَمَّا أَرَادُوا غُسْلَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ، فَقَالُوا: وَاللَّهِ مَا نَدْرِي كَيْفَ نَصْنَعُ أَنُجَرِّدُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ ثِيَابَهُ كَمَا نُجَرِّدُ مَوْتَانَا، أَمْ نُغَسِّلُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ ثِيَابُهُ، فَلَمَّا اخْتَلَفُوا أَلْقَى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ النُّوَّمَ، حَتَّى مَا مِنْهُمْ رَجُلٌ إِلَّا وَذَقَنُهُ فِي صَدْرِهِ، ثُمَّ كَلَّمَهُمْ مُكَلِّمٌ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الْبَيْتِ لَا يَدْرُونَ مَنْ هُوَ أَنْ غَسَّلُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعَلَيْهِ ثِيَابُهُ، فَقَامُوا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعَلَيْهِ قَمِيصُهُ، فَغَسَلُوهُ يُفَاضُ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءُ وَالسِّدْرُ فَوْقَ الْقَمِيصِ وَيُدَلِّكُونَهُ بِالْقَمِيصِ دُونَ أَيْدِيهِمْ [فَكَانَتْ عَائِشَةُ تَقُولُ: لَوِ اسْتَقْبَلْتُ مِنْ أَمْرَى مَا اسْتَدْبَرْتُ، مَا غَسَّلَهُ إِلَّا نِسَاؤُهُ]. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ ؓ قَالَ: لَمَّا أَخَذْنَا فِي جِهَازِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَغْلَقْنَا الْبَابَ دُونَ النَّاسِ جَمِيعًا، فَنَادَتِ الْأَنْصَارُ: نَحْنُ أَخْوَالُهُ، وَمَكَانُنَا مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ مَكَانُنَا. وَنَادَتْ قُرَيْشٌ: نَحْنُ عُصْبَتُهُ، فَصَاحَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، كُلُّ قَوْمٍ أَحَقُّ بِجِنَازَتِهِمْ مِنْ غَيْرِهِمْ فَنَنْشُدُكُمُ اللَّهَ، فَإِنَّكُمْ إِنْ دَخَلْتُمْ أَخَّرْتُمُوهُمْ عَنْهُ، وَاللَّهِ لَا يَدْخُلُ عَلَيْهِ إِلَّا مَنْ دُعِيَ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ وَالْحَاكِمُ وَصَحَّحَهُ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ ؓ قَالَ: غَسَّلْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَذَهَبْتُ أَنْظُرُ مَا يَكُونُ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ، فَلَمْ أَرَ شَيْئًا، وَكَانَ طَيِّبًا حَيًّا وَمَيِّتًا [وَوَلِيَ دَفْنَهُ وَإِخْبَاءَهُ دُونَ النَّاسِ أَرْبَعَةٌ: عَلِيٌّ وَالْعَبَّاسُ وَالْفَضْلُ، وَصَالِحٌ مَوْلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلُحِدَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ لَحْدًا، وَنُصِبَ عَلَيْهِ اللَّبِنُ نَصْبًا . وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْبَزَّارُ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ بِسَنَدٍ فِيهِ ضَعْفٌ عَنْهُ قَالَ: أَوْصَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ لَا يُغَسِّلَهُ أَحَدٌ غَيْرِي؛ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَرَى أَحَدٌ عَوْرَتَهُ إِلَّا طُمِسَتْ عَيْنَاهُ. قَالَ عَلِيٌّ: فَكَانَ الْفَضْلُ وَأُسَامَةُ يُنَاوِلَانِ الْمَاءَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ السَّتْرِ وَهُمَا مَعْصُوبَا الْعَيْنِ. قَالَ عَلِيٌّ: فَمَا تَنَاوَلْتُ عُضْوًا إِلَّا كَأَنَّمَا يُقَلِّبُهُ مَعِي ثَلَاثُونَ رَجُلًا حَتَّى فَرَغْتُ مِنْ غُسْلِهِ. وَرَوَى الْبَيْهَقِيُّ مِنْ طَرِيقِ أَبِي مَعْشَرٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ مُرْسَلًا وَفِيهِ ضَعْفٌ قَالَ: قَالَ عَلِيٌّ: وَمَا كُنَّا نُرِيدُ أَنْ نَرْفَعَ مِنْهُ عُضْوًا لِنَغْسِلَهُ إِلَّا رُفِعَ لَنَا حَتَّى انْتَهَيْنَا إِلَى عَوْرَتِهِ، فَسَمِعْنَا مِنْ جَانِبِ الْبَيْتِ صَوْتًا لَا تَكْشِفُوا عَنْ عَوْرَةِ نَبِيِّكُمْ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ: أَنَّ عَلِيًّا غَسَّلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ: طِبْتَ حَيًّا وَمَيِّتًا، وَقَالَ: وَسَطَعَتْ رِيحٌ طَيِّبَةٌ لَمْ يَجِدُوا مِثْلَهَا قَطُّ. وَرَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ مِثْلَهُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ ثَعْلَبَةَ بْنِ صُعَيْرٍ قَالَ: غَسَّلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلِيٌّ، وَالْفَضْلُ، وَأُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ وَشُقْرَانُ، وَوَلِي غُسْلَ سِفْلَتِهِ عَلِيٌّ، وَالْفَضْلُ مُحْتَضِنُهُ، وَكَانَ الْعَبَّاسُ وَأُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ وَشُقْرَانُ يَصُبُّونَ الْمَاءَ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ بِسَنَدٍ ضَعِيفٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ وَعَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ: أَنَّ الْعَبَّاسَ لَمْ يَحْضُرْ غُسْلَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: لِأَنِّي كُنْتُ أَرَاهُ يَسْتَحِي أَنْ أَرَاهُ حَاسِرًا. وَفِي عِدَّةِ أَحَادِيثَ أَنَّهُ حَضَرَ غُسْلَهُ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ مَاجَهْ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ ؓ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: « إِذَا أَنَا مُتُّ فَاغْسِلُونِي بِسَبْعِ قِرَبٍ مِنْ بِئْرِ غَرْسٍ ». وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ قَالَ: غُسِّلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ثَلَاثًا بِالسِّدْرِ، وَغُسِّلَ وَعَلَيْهِ قَمِيصٌ وَغُسِّلَ مِنْ بِئْرٍ يُقَالُ لَهَا الْغَرْسُ [ لِسَعْدِ بْنِ حَيْثَمَةَ بِقُبَاءَ] وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَشْرَبُ مِنْهَا وَوَلِيَ غُسْلَهُ عَلِيٌّ، وَالْفَضْلُ مُحْتَضِنُهُ، وَالْعَبَّاسُ يَصُبُّ الْمَاءَ، فَجَعَلَ الْفَضْلُ يَقُولُ: أَرِحْنِي، قَطَعْتَ وَتِينِي، إِنِّي لَأَجِدُ شَيْئًا يَتَرَطَّلُ عَلَيَّ مَرَّتَيْنِ. وَرَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ قَالَ: اجْتَمَعَ الْقَوْمُ لِغُسْلِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَيْسَ فِي الْبَيْتِ إِلَّا أَهْلَهُ: عَمُّهُ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ، وَعَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَالْفَضْلُ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَقُثَمُ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَأُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ، وَصَالِحٌ مَوْلَاهُ. فَلَمَّا اجْتَمَعُوا لِغُسْلِهِ نَادَى مُنَادٍ مِنْ وَرَاءِ النَّاسِ، وَهُوَ أَوْسُ بْنُ خَوْلِيٍّ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ، أَحَدُ بَنِي عَوْفِ بْنِ الْخَزْرَجِ، وَكَانَ بَدْرِيًّا عَلَى عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ فَقَالَ: يَا عَلِيُّ نَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ وَحَظَّنَا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ لَهُ عَلِيٌّ: ادْخُلْ، فَدَخَلَ، فَحَضَرَ غُسْلَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَمْ يَلِ مِنْ غُسْلِهِ شَيْئًا، فَأَسْنَدَهُ عَلِيٌّ إِلَى صَدْرِهِ، وَعَلَيْهِ قَمِيصُهُ، وَكَانَ الْعَبَّاسُ وَالْفَضْلُ وَقُثْمٌ يُقَلِّبُونَهُ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ، وَكَانَ أُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، وَصَالِحٌ مَوْلَاهُ يَصُبَّانِ الْمَاءَ، وَجَعَلَ عَلِيٌّ يُغَسِّلُهُ وَلَمْ يَرَ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ شَيْئًا مِمَّا يُرَى مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: بِأَبِي وَأُمِّي، مَا أَطْيَبَكَ حَيًّا وَمَيِّتًا! حَتَّى إِذَا فَرَغُوا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَكَانَ يُغَسَّلُ بِالْمَاءِ وَالسِّدْرِ جَفَّفُوهُ، ثُمَّ صَنَعَ بِهِ مَا يُصْنَعُ بِالْمَيِّتِ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَالْحَاكِمُ فِي «الْإِكْلِيلِ» عَنْ هَارُونَ بْنِ سَعْدٍ قَالَ: كَانَ عِنْدَ عَلِيٍّ مِسْكٌ، فَأَوْصَى أَنْ يُحَنَّطَ بِهِ، وَكَانَ عَلِيٌّ يَقُولُ: هُوَ فَضْلُ حَنُوطِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. . [وقَالَ أَحْمَدُ: وَحَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَمَانٍ، عَنْ حَسَنِ بْنِ صَالِحٍ]، عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ، قَالَ: كَانَ الْمَاءُ يَسْتَبْقِعُ فِي جُفُونِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَكَانَ عَلِيٌّ يَحْسُوهُ. وقَالَ الْإِمَامُ مَالِكٌ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى- فِي مُوَطَّئِهِ: رِوَايَةُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ عُفَيْرٍ: حَدَّثَنَا جَعْفَرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ «غُسِّلَ فِي قَمِيصٍ» . قَالَ الْبَاجِيُّ: يُحْتَمَلُ أَنْ يَكُونَ ذَلِكَ خَاصًّا بِهِ؛ لِأَنَّ السُّنَّةَ عِنْدَ مَالِكٍ وَأَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَالْجُمْهُورِ أَنْ يُجَرَّدَ الْمَيِّتُ وَلَا يُغَسَّلَ فِي قَمِيصِهِ. انْتَهَى. قُلْتُ: الْأَصْلُ عَدَمُ الْخُصُوصِيَّةِ حَتَّى يَقُومَ عَلَيْهِ الدَّلِيلُ وَلَمْ يُوجَدْ.
Translation
✧ The Companions ؓ were occupied with the pledge of allegiance to al-Ṣiddīq for the rest of Monday and part of Tuesday. When it was settled, consolidated, and completed, they then began the preparation of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, following in every matter that was unclear to them the guidance of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ. Ibn Isḥāq said: When Abū Bakr was given the pledge, the people turned to preparing the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on Tuesday. Ibn Saʿd narrated from ʿAlī, and Abū Dāwūd, Musaddad, Abū Nuʿaym, Ibn Ḥibbān, al-Ḥākim, and al-Bayhaqī narrated—and al-Dhahabī deemed it sound—from ʿĀʾishah ؓ who said: When they intended to wash the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, they differed about it. They said: By Allah, we do not know how to proceed. Should we strip the Messenger of Allah ﷺ of his clothes as we strip our dead, or should we wash him while he is wearing his clothes? When they disagreed, Allah cast sleep upon them, until there was not a man among them but his chin was on his chest. Then a speaker from the side of the house, whom they did not know, spoke to them: Wash the Messenger of Allah ﷺ while he is wearing his clothes. So they arose to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ while he had his shirt on, and they washed him, pouring water and lote-tree leaves over the shirt, and rubbing him with the shirt without their hands. [ʿĀʾishah used to say: Had I known then what I came to know later, none but his wives would have washed him.] Ibn Saʿd narrated from ʿAlī ؓ who said: When we began preparing the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, we closed the door against all the people. The Anṣār called out: We are his maternal uncles, and our standing in Islam is as it is. Quraysh called out: We are his kinsmen. Abū Bakr cried out: O assembly of Muslims, every people have a greater right to the funeral of their dead than others. We adjure you by Allah, for if you enter, you will delay them from him. By Allah, none shall enter upon him except one who is invited. Ibn Saʿd, Abū Dāwūd, al-Bayhaqī, and al-Ḥākim narrated—and he deemed it sound—from ʿAlī ؓ who said: I washed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and went to look for what appears from the dead, but I saw nothing. He was fragrant, alive and dead. [Four persons took charge of his burial and concealment apart from the people: ʿAlī, al-ʿAbbās, al-Faḍl, and Ṣāliḥ, the freedman of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. A laḥd was dug for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and unbaked bricks were set upright over him.] Ibn Saʿd, al-Bazzār, and al-Bayhaqī narrated with a chain containing weakness from him that he said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ enjoined that no one should wash him except me, for no one sees his private parts except that his eyes are obliterated. ʿAlī said: Al-Faḍl and Usāmah handed water from behind the curtain while both were blindfolded. ʿAlī said: I never handled a limb but it was as though thirty men were turning it with me, until I finished washing him. Al-Bayhaqī narrated by way of Abū Maʿshar from Muḥammad b. Qays as a mursal report, with weakness in it, that he said: ʿAlī said: We did not intend to lift any limb of his to wash it but it was lifted for us, until we reached his private parts. Then we heard a voice from the side of the house: Do not uncover the private parts of your Prophet. Ibn Saʿd narrated from ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥārith: ʿAlī washed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and kept saying: You were good alive and dead. He said: A pleasant fragrance spread forth such as they had never found the like of before. Al-Ṭabarānī narrated the like of it from Ibn ʿAbbās. Ibn Saʿd narrated from ʿAbd Allāh b. Thaʿlabah b. Ṣuʿayr who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was washed by ʿAlī, al-Faḍl, Usāmah b. Zayd, and Shuqrān. ʿAlī took charge of washing his lower body, with al-Faḍl embracing him. Al-ʿAbbās, Usāmah b. Zayd, and Shuqrān poured the water. Ibn Saʿd narrated with a weak chain from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ and from Abū Bakr b. Muḥammad b. ʿAmr b. Ḥazm that al-ʿAbbās did not attend the washing of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: Because I used to see that he was shy for me to see him uncovered. In several ḥadīths it is stated that he attended his washing. Ibn Mājah narrated from ʿAlī ؓ who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "When I die, wash me with seven water-skins from the well of Ghars." Ibn Saʿd and al-Bayhaqī narrated from Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. ʿAlī who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was washed three times with lote-tree leaves, and he was washed while wearing a shirt, and he was washed from a well called al-Ghars, [belonging to Saʿd b. Khaythamah at Qubāʾ]. The Prophet ﷺ used to drink from it. ʿAlī took charge of washing him, with al-Faḍl embracing him and al-ʿAbbās pouring the water. Al-Faḍl kept saying: Relieve me; you have cut my jugular vein. I feel something dripping on me twice. Imām Aḥmad narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ who said: The people gathered to wash the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and there was no one in the house except his family: his uncle al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, al-Faḍl b. al-ʿAbbās, Qutham b. al-ʿAbbās, Usāmah b. Zayd b. Ḥārithah, and Ṣāliḥ his freedman. When they gathered for his washing, a caller called from behind the people—he was Aws b. Khawlī al-Anṣārī, one of the Banū ʿAwf b. al-Khazraj, and he had been at Badr—to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, saying: O ʿAlī, we adjure you by Allah and by our share of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. ʿAlī said to him: Enter. So he entered and attended the washing of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ but did not take part in any of the washing. ʿAlī leaned him against his chest while he had his shirt on. Al-ʿAbbās, al-Faḍl, and Qutham turned him together with ʿAlī, and Usāmah b. Zayd and Ṣāliḥ his freedman poured the water. ʿAlī washed him and saw nothing of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ such as is seen of the dead. He kept saying: May my father and mother be your ransom, how pleasant you are alive and dead! When they finished with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he was washed with water and lote-tree leaves, they dried him, then did with him what is done with the dead. Ibn Saʿd and al-Ḥākim in al-Iklīl narrated from Hārūn b. Saʿd who said: ʿAlī had some musk, and he enjoined that he be embalmed with it. ʿAlī used to say: It is the surplus of the embalming perfume of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. [Aḥmad said: Yaḥyā b. Yamān narrated to us, from Ḥasan b. Ṣāliḥ], from Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad, who said: Water used to remain in the eyelids of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and ʿAlī used to sip it. Imām Mālik—may Allah Almighty have mercy on him—said in his Muwaṭṭaʾ, in the transmission of Saʿīd b. ʿUfayr: Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad narrated to us from his father from ʿĀʾishah ؓ that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ "was washed in a shirt." Al-Bājī said: It is possible that this was specific to him, because the sunnah according to Mālik, Abū Ḥanīfah, and the majority is that the deceased is stripped and not washed in his shirt. End quote. I say: The default rule is the absence of specificity until evidence for it is established, and none has been found.
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