Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1546
The Expedition of Tabūk
ذِكْرُ مُصَالَحَتِهِ ﷺ مَلِكَ أَيْلَةَ وَأَهْلِ جَرْبَا وَأَذْرُحَ وَهُوَ مُقِيمٌ بِتَبُوكَ قَبْلَ رُجُوعِهِ لَمَّا بَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أُكَيْدِرَ بِدَوْمَةَ - كَمَا سَيَأْتِي بَيَانُ ذَلِكَ فِي السَّرَايَا - أَشْفَقَ مَلِكُ أَيْلَةَ يُحَنَّةُ بْنُ رُؤْبَةَ أَنْ يَبْعَثَ إِلَيْهِ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَمَا بَعَثَ إِلَى أُكَيْدِرَ، فَقَدِمَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَقَدِمَ مَعَهُ أَهْلُ جَرْبَا وَأَذْرُحَ وَمُقْنَا وَأَهْدَى لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَغْلَةً. قَالَ أَبُو حُمَيْدٍ الْسَاعِدِيُّ ؓ قَدِمَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَهْدَى إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَغْلَةً بَيْضَاءَ، وَكَسَاهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بُرْدًا وَكَتَبَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِبَحْرِهِمْ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَالْبُخَارِيُّ. رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ عَنْ جَابِرٍ ؓ قَالَ: رَأَيْتُ يُحَنَّةَ بْنَ رُؤْبَةَ يَوْمَ أُتِيَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعَلَيْهِ صَلِيبٌ مِنْ ذَهَبٍ، وَهُوَ مَعْقُودُ النَّاصِيَةِ فَلَمَّا رَأَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَفَّرَ وَأَوْمَأَ بِرَأْسِهِ فَأَوْمَأَ إِلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِيَدِهِ أَنِ ارْفَعْ رَأْسَكَ، وَصَالَحَهُ يَوْمَئِذٍ، وَكَسَاهُ بُرْدًا يَمَنِيَّةً فَاشْتَرَاهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ بِثَلَاثِمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ وَأَمَرَ لَهُ بِمَنْزِلٍ عِنْدَ بِلَالٍ انْتَهَى. قَالُوا: وَقَطَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْجِزْيَةَ جِزْيَةً مَعْلُومَةً ثَلَاثَمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ كُلَّ سَنَةٍ، وَكَانُوا ثَلَاثَمِائَةِ رَجُلٍ، وَكَتَبَ لَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ كِتَابًا فِيهِ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ: هَذَا كِتَابُ أَمَنَةٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَمُحَمَّدٍ النَّبِيِّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ لِيُحَنَّةَ بْنِ رُؤْبَةَ وَأَهْلِ أَيْلَةَ لِسُفُنِهِمْ وَسَائِرِهِمُ السَّارِحِ فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ، لَهُمْ ذِمَّةُ اللَّهِ وَذِمَّةُ رَسُولِهِ ﷺ وَلِمَنْ كَانَ مَعَهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ، وَأَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ، وَأَهْلِ الْبَحْرِ، وَمَنْ أَحْدَثَ حَدَثًا فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَحُولُ مَالَهُ دُونَ نَفْسِهِ، وَإِنَّهُ طَيِّبٌ لِمَنْ أَخَذَهُ مِنَ النَّاسِ، وَإِنَّهُ لَا يَحِلُّ أَنْ يُمْنَعُوا مَاءً يَرِدُونَهُ وَلَا طَرِيقًا يَرِدُونَهُ مِنْ بَرٍّ أَوْ بَحْرٍ. هَذَا كِتَابُ جُهَيْمِ بْنِ الصَّلْتِ وَشُرَحْبِيلَ بْنِ حَسَنَةَ بِإِذْنِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَكَتَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِأَهْلِ أَذْرُحَ كِتَابًا قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ: نَسَخْتُ كِتَابَهُمْ فَإِذَا فِيهِ: "بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ. هَذَا كِتَابُ مُحَمَّدٍ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لِأَهْلِ أَذْرُحَ وَجَرْبَا، إِنَّهُمْ آمِنُونَ بِأَمَانِ اللَّهِ وَأَمَانِ مُحَمَّدٍ، وَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ مِائَةَ دِينَارٍ فِي كُلِّ رَجَبٍ وَافِيَةً طَيِّبَةً، وَاللَّهُ كَفِيلٌ عَلَيْهِمْ بِالنُّصْحِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَمَنْ لَجَأَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنَ الْمَخَافَةِ وَالتَّعْزِيرِ إِذَا خَشَوْا عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَهُمْ آمِنُونَ، حَتَّى يُحَدِّثَ إِلَيْهِمْ مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ قَبْلَ خُرُوجِهِ" قَالُوا: وَأَتَى أَهْلُ جَرْبَا وَأَذْرُحَ بِجِزْيَتِهِمْ بِتَبُوكَ فَأَخَذَهَا. وَصَالَحَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَهْلَ مُقْنَا عَلَى رُبْعِ ثِمَارِهِمْ وَرُبْعِ غُزُولِهِمْ . وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، وَالْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، وَمُسْلِمٌ عَنْ أَبِي حُمَيْدٍ السَّاعِدِيِّ ؓ قَالَ: جَاءَ ابْنُ الْعُلَمَاءِ صَاحِبُ أَيْلَةَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِكِتَابٍ وَأَهْدَى لَهُ بَغْلَةً بَيْضَاءَ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَهْدَى لَهُ بُرْدًا. فائدة في أهل العهد والذمة إذا أحدث أحد منهم حدثا فيه ضرر على الإسلام قال ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى: أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْعَهْدِ وَالذِّمَّةِ إِذَا أَحْدَثَ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ حَدَثًا فِيهِ ضَرَرٌ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ انْتَقَضَ عَهْدُهُ فِي مَالِهِ وَنَفْسِهِ، وَأَنَّهُ إِذَا لَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَيْهِ الْإِمَامُ فَدَمُهُ وَمَالُهُ هَدْرٌ، وَهُوَ لِمَنْ أَخَذَهُ، كَمَا قَالَ فِي صُلْحِ أَهْلِ أَيْلَةَ: فَمَنْ أَحْدَثَ مِنْهُمْ حَدَثًا فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَحُولُ مَالُهُ دُونَ نَفْسِهِ، وَهُوَ لِمَنْ أَخَذَهُ مِنَ النَّاسِ، وَهَذَا لِأَنَّهُ بِالْأَحْدَاثِ صَارَ مُحَارَبًا حُكْمُهُ حُكْمُ أَهْلِ الْحَرْبِ
Translation
✧ Mention of the Prophet ﷺ making peace with the king of Aylah and the people of Jarbā and Adhruḥ while he was staying at Tabūk before his return When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent Khālid b. al-Walīd to Ukaydir at Dūmah—as will be explained in the section on expeditions—the king of Aylah, Yuḥannah b. Ruʾbah, feared that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ would send against him as he had sent against Ukaydir. So he came to the Prophet ﷺ, and with him came the people of Jarbā, Adhruḥ, and Muqnā, and he gave the Messenger of Allah ﷺ a mule as a gift. Abū Ḥumayd al-Sāʿidī ؓ said: He came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and gave the Messenger of Allah ﷺ a white mule, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ clothed him in a striped cloak and wrote for him concerning their sea. Related by Ibn Abī Shaybah and al-Bukhārī. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar related from Jābir ؓ who said: I saw Yuḥannah b. Ruʾbah on the day he was brought to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, wearing a cross of gold, his forelock tied. When he saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, he made a gesture of obeisance and nodded his head. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ gestured to him with his hand: Raise your head. He made peace with him that day, and clothed him in a Yemeni striped cloak. Later Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad bought it for three hundred dinars, and he ordered a lodging for him near Bilāl. End. They said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ fixed the jizyah as a known sum: three hundred dinars every year. They were three hundred men. And he wrote for them a document in which was: In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful: This is a document of security from Allah Almighty and Muḥammad the Prophet, the Messenger of Allah, for Yuḥannah b. Ruʾbah and the people of Aylah, for their ships and their caravans traveling on land and sea. They have the protection of Allah and the protection of His Messenger ﷺ, and for those with them from the people of Syria, the people of Yemen, and the people of the sea. Whoever commits an offense, his wealth shall not stand in the way of his own self; it is lawful spoil for whoever seizes it from among the people. It is not lawful to prevent them from water they come to or a road they travel by land or sea. This is the document of Juhaym b. al-Ṣalt and Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥasanah, by permission of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ wrote a document for the people of Adhruḥ. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar said: I copied their document, and in it was: "In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. This is the document of Muḥammad the Prophet ﷺ for the people of Adhruḥ and Jarbā. They are secure by the security of Allah and the security of Muḥammad. They owe one hundred dinars every Rajab, complete and good. Allah is their guarantor for sincerity and kindness toward the Muslims. Whoever of the Muslims takes refuge with them from fear or punishment, if they fear for the Muslims, they are secure until Muḥammad ﷺ speaks to them before his departure." They said: The people of Jarbā and Adhruḥ brought their jizyah to Tabūk, and he took it. And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ made peace with the people of Muqnā on a quarter of their fruits and a quarter of their spun yarn. Ibn Abī Shaybah, Imām Aḥmad, and Muslim related from Abū Ḥumayd al-Sāʿidī ؓ who said: Ibn al-ʿUlamāʾ, the companion of Aylah, came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with a document and gave him a white mule, so the Messenger of Allah ﷺ wrote for him and gave him a striped cloak. Note concerning the people of covenant and protection if one of them commits an offense harmful to Islam. Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah Almighty have mercy on him, said: The people of covenant and protection, if one of them commits an offense harmful to Islam, his covenant is broken in his wealth and his self; and if the imam cannot seize him, his blood and wealth are forfeit, and they belong to whoever seizes them, as he said in the peace with the people of Aylah: Whoever of them commits an offense, his wealth shall not stand in the way of his own self, and it belongs to whoever seizes it from among the people. This is because by committing offenses he becomes a combatant whose ruling is that of the people of war.
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