Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1531
The Expedition of Tabūk
غَزْوَةُ تَبُوكَ وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ تَبُوكَ فِي سَنَةِ تِسْعٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ فِي رَجَبٍ مِنْهَا، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَمَّا نَهَى أَنْ يَقْرَبَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَذَا قَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ: لِيَنْقَطِعَنَّ عَنَّا الْمَتَاجِرُ وَالْأَسْوَاقُ أَيَّامَ الْحَجِّ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى الْأَمْرَ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ، فَعَزَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى قِتَالِ الرُّومِ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي حَرٍّ شَدِيدٍ وَضِيقٍ مِنَ الْحَالِ فَجَلَّى لِلنَّاسِ أَمْرَهَا لِيَأْخُذُوا لِلْأَمْرِ أُهْبَتَهُ، وَدَعَا مَنْ حَوْلَهُ مِنْ أَحْيَاءِ الْعَرَبِ لِلْخُرُوجِ مَعَهُ، فَخَرَجَ مَعَهُ بَشَرٌ كَثِيرٌ قُرَابَةُ الثَّلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا وَتَخَلَّفَ عَدَدٌ فَعَاتَبَ اللَّهُ مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ لِغَيْرِ عُذْرٍ مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ وَالْمُقَصِّرِينَ وَوَبَّخَهُمْ وَفَضَحَهُمْ وَأَنْزَلَ فِيهِمْ قُرْآنًا يُتْلَى وَبَيَّنَ أَمْرَهُمْ فِي سُورَةِ "بَرَاءَةٌ"، كَمَا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ فِيهَا الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَحَثَّ عَلَى النَّفِيرِ خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا وَالْجِهَادِ بِالنَّفْسِ وَالْمَالِ. وَقَدْ حَثَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ عَلَى الْإِنْفَاقِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَبَادَرَ الْأَغْنِيَاءُ مِنْهُمْ مُتَسَابِقِينَ بِالْإِنْفَاقِ كُلٌّ بِحَسَبِ قُدْرَتِهِ وَقَدْ كَانَ النَّصِيبُ الْأَوْفَى مِنْ نَصِيبِ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ ؓ فَقَدْ جَهَّزَ قُرَابَةَ ثُلُثِ الْجَيْشِ حَتَّى قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: وَهُوَ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ: "مَا ضَرَّ عُثْمَانُ بَعْدَهَا" أَوْ قَالَ: " بَعْدَ الْيَوْمِ " وَعَلَى النَّقِيضِ فَقَدْ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لِلْجِدِّ بْنِ قَيْسٍ: " يَا جَدُّ هَلْ لَكَ الْعَامَ فِي جِلَادِ بَنِي الْأَصْفَرِ ؟ " فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَوَ تَأْذَنُ لِي وَلَا تَفْتِنِّي ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ عَرَفَ قَوْمِي أَنَّهُ مَا رَجُلٌ بِأَشَدَّ عَجَبًا بِالنِّسَاءِ مِنِّي، وَإِنِّي أَخْشَى إِنْ رَأَيْتُ نِسَاءَ بَنِي الْأَصْفَرِ أَنْ لَا أَصْبِرَ. فَأَعْرَضَ عَنْهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَقَالَ: " قَدْ أَذِنْتُ لَكَ ". وَكَانَ هَذَا شَأْنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: لَا تُنْفِرُوا فِي الْحَرِّ، وَاجْتَمَعَ بَعْضُهُمْ فِي سُوَيْلِمٍ الْيَهُودِيُّ يُثَبِّطُونَ النَّاسَ عَنِ الْغَزْوِ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مَنْ حَرَّقَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْبَيْتَ. هَذَا وَقَدْ تَخَلَّفَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَبَسَهُمُ الْعُذْرُ فَقَدْ جَاءُوا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَلَمْ يَجِدْ مَا يَحْمِلُهُمْ عَلَيْهِ فَرَجَعُوا وَهُمْ يَبْكُونَ حَزَنًا أَلَّا يَجِدُوا مَا يُنْفِقُونَ. فَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ الْأَنْصَارِيَّ وَيُقَالُ: اسْتَعْمَلَ سِبَاعَ بْنَ عُرْفُطَةَ، وَخَلَّفَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ عَلَى آلِ بَيْتِهِ ﷺ وَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لَمَّا أَرْجَفَ بِهِ الْمُنَافِقُونَ:: كَذَبُوا وَلَكِنِّي خَلَفْتُكَ لِمَا تَرَكْتُ وَرَائِي، فَارْجِعْ فَاخْلُفْنِي فِي أَهْلِي وَأَهْلِكَ، أَفَلَا تَرْضَى يَا عَلِيُّ أَنْ تَكُونَ مِنِّي بِمَنْزِلَةِ هَارُونَ مِنْ مُوسَى، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ لَا نَبِيَّ بَعْدِي ؟. وَقَدْ مَرَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي طَرِيقِهِ إِلَى تَبُوكَ عَلَى دِيَارِ ثَمُودَ فَنَهَى أَنْ يَشْرَبُوا مِنْ مَائِهَا أَوْ أَنْ يُسْتَعْمَلَ فِي طَعَامٍ كَمَا أَمَرَهُمْ أَلَّا يَدْخُلُوا دِيَارَ الْمُعَذَّبِينَ إِلَّا بَاكِينَ خَشْيَةَ أَنْ يُصِيبَهُمْ مَا أَصَابَهُمْ، وَقَدْ وَقَعَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ الدَّالَّةِ عَلَى نُبُوَّتِهِ ﷺ الْكَثِيرَ حَيْثُ نَفِدَ الْمَاءُ وَاشْتَدَّتْ حَاجَةُ النَّاسِ إِلَيْهِ فَأَخَذَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَعْضَهُ وَوَضَعَ يَدَهُ الشَّرِيفَةَ فِيهِ وَظَلَّ الْمَاءُ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ، كَمَا أَمَرَ بِسَهْمٍ أَنْ يُوضَعَ فِي بِئْرٍ نَفَذَ مَاؤُهَا إِلَّا قَلِيلٌ فَجَاشَتْ بِالْمَاءِ وَدَعَا فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ فَظَلَّلَتْهُمْ سَحَابَةٌ فَسَكَبَتِ الْمَاءَ فَمَا جَاوَزَتْ مُعَسْكَرَهُمْ وَلَمَّا قَلَّ الطَّعَامُ دَعَا بِفَضْلِ أَزْوَادِهِمْ وَوُضِعَ فِي نِطْعٍ وَدَعَا لَهُمْ بِالْبَرَكَةِ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُمْ بِالْأَخْذِ فِي أَوْعِيَتِهِمْ فَأَخَذُوا وَمَلَؤُوهَا وَأَكَلُوا وَشَبِعُوا فَضْلًا مِنَ اللَّهِ وَمِنَّةً وَهَكَذَا الْعَدِيدُ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ الْمُبَارَكَةِ. وَقَدْ حَلَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِتَبُوكَ وَعَسْكَرَ فِيهَا فَسَمِعَتْ بِهِ الْعَرَبُ وَالرُّومُ فَلَمْ يَلْقَ كَيْدًا وَقَفَلَ رَاجِعًا ﷺ. وَقَدْ كَانَ تَخَلَّفَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ رَجُلَانِ هُمَا أَبُو خَيْثَمَةَ وَأَبُو ذَرٍّ فَلَمْ يُطِيقَا صَبْرًا حَتَّى لَحِقَا بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ. كَمَا تَخَلَّفَ ثَلَاثَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْإِيمَانِ كَعْبُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ وَصَاحِبَيْهِ وَقَدْ أَرْجَأَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَمْرَهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ حَتَّى نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ بِقَبُولِ تَوْبَتِهِمْ بَعْدَ أَنْ ضَاقَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ الْأَرْضُ بِمَا رَحُبَتْ. كَمَا تَخَلَّفَ جَمَاعَةٌ وَرَبَطُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ بِسَوَارِي الْمَسْجِدِ وَعَزَمُوا أَلَّا يَفُكُّوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ حَتَّى يُطْلِقَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَخْبَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ لَنْ يُطْلِقَهُمْ حَتَّى يُطْلِقَهُمُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِأَمْرٍ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ سُبْحَانَهُ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَآخَرُونَ اعْتَرَفُوا بِذُنُوبِهِمْ الْآيَةَ. كَمَا اسْتَهْزَأَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَنَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ بِفَضْحِهِمْ، وَهَمَّ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْهُمْ بِقَتْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَالْفَتْكِ بِهِ فَأَطْلَعَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ نَبِيَّهُ عَلَى مَا هَمُّوا بِهِ وَأَخْبَرَهُ بِأَسْمَائِهِمْ وَقَدْ أَسَرَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِهِمْ لِحُذَيْفَةَ ؓ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ صَلَّى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مُقْتَدِيًا بِعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَوْفٍ. وَمِمَّا وَقَعَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ الْمُبَارَكَةِ إِرْسَالُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أُكَيْدَرَ دُومَةَ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ بِهِ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَقَدْ حَقَنَ خَالِدٌ دَمَهُ وَسَلَبَهُ فَصَالَحَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ، كَمَا صَالَحَ مَلِكَ أَيْلَةَ وَأَهْلَ جَرْبَاءَ وَأَذْرُحَ. وَمِمَّا وَقَعَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ مَوْتُ ذِي الْبِجَادَيْنِ وَدَفْنُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لَهُ، وَمَوْتُ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ وَمَعْرِفَةُ النَّبِيِّ بِمَوْتِهِ وَصَلَاتِهِ ﷺ عَلَيْهِ. وَقَدْ خَرَجَ النَّاسُ عِنْدَ رُجُوعِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ يَسْتَقْبِلُونَهُ بِالْبَشَرِ وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ نَبِيَّهُ بِأَمْرِ مَسْجِدِ الضِّرَارِ وَالَّذِي كَانَ قَدْ بَنَاهُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ إِرْصَادًا لِمَنْ حَارَبَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَأَمَرَ بِهِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَهُدِمَ وَحُرِّقَ. وَقَدْ مَاتَ بَعْدَ رُجُوعِهِ ﷺ فِي هَذَا الْعَامِ رَأْسُ النِّفَاقِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أُبَيٍّ قَبَّحَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى.
Translation
✧ The Expedition of Tabūk The Expedition of Tabūk occurred in the year nine of the Hijrah, in Rajab of that year. That was because when Allah, Mighty and Majestic, forbade the polytheists from approaching the Sacred Mosque after that year of theirs, Quraysh said: "Our trade and markets during the days of Hajj will surely be cut off from us." So Allah the Exalted revealed the command to fight the People of the Book until they give the jizyah out of hand, having been humbled. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ resolved to fight the Romans. That was in intense heat and straitened circumstances, so he made the matter clear to the people so that they might prepare for it, and he called upon the Arab tribes around him to go out with him. A great many people went out with him, nearly thirty thousand, while a number stayed behind. Allah reproached those who stayed behind without excuse among the hypocrites and the remiss, rebuked them, exposed them, and revealed concerning them a Qur'an that is recited, and made clear their affair in Sūrat "Barāʾah," just as He commanded the believers in it and urged them to go forth, light and heavy, and to strive with their selves and their wealth. The Prophet ﷺ urged the believers in this expedition to spend in the way of Allah, and the wealthy among them hastened, vying with one another in spending, each according to his ability. The fullest share belonged to ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān ؓ, for he equipped nearly a third of the army, until the Prophet ﷺ said while on the pulpit: "Nothing will harm ʿUthmān after this," or he said: "after today." In contrast, the Prophet ﷺ said to al-Jadd b. Qays: "O Jadd, would you like this year to fight the Banū al-Aṣfar?" He said: "O Messenger of Allah, will you permit me and not tempt me? For by Allah, my people know that there is no man more greatly infatuated with women than I, and I fear that if I see the women of Banū al-Aṣfar I will not be able to restrain myself." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ turned away from him and said: "I have permitted you." Such was the manner of the hypocrites. Some of them said: "Do not go forth in the heat." Others gathered at the house of Suwaylim the Jew to discourage the people from campaigning with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. So the Prophet ﷺ sent someone who burned the house down upon them. At the same time, a group of believers stayed behind, detained by excuse. They came to the Prophet ﷺ, and he found nothing to carry them on, so they turned back weeping with grief that they could find nothing to spend. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ set out and appointed Muḥammad b. Maslamah al-Anṣārī over Madinah; it is also said he appointed Sibāʿ b. ʿUrfuṭah. He left ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ over his household ﷺ. When the hypocrites spread rumors about him, the Prophet ﷺ said to him: "They lied. But I left you behind for what I left behind me. Return, then, and be my deputy over my family and yours. Are you not pleased, O ʿAlī, to be to me in the position of Hārūn to Mūsā, except that there is no prophet after me?" On his way to Tabūk, the Prophet ﷺ passed by the dwellings of Thamūd. He forbade drinking from their water or using it in food, and he ordered them not to enter the dwellings of those who had been punished except weeping, lest what befell them befall them. In this expedition there occurred many signs indicating his prophethood ﷺ. When the water ran out and the people's need for it became severe, the Prophet ﷺ took some of it and placed his noble hand in it, and the water kept flowing from between his hands. He also ordered that an arrow be placed in a well whose water had nearly run out, and it gushed with water. He supplicated in another place, and a cloud shaded them and poured down water, yet it did not pass beyond their camp. When the food became scarce, he called for the leftovers of their provisions, they were placed on a leather mat, he supplicated for them for blessing, then he ordered them to take into their vessels, and they took and filled them and ate and were satisfied—a bounty from Allah and a grace. Thus were numerous signs in this blessed expedition. The Prophet ﷺ arrived at Tabūk and camped there. The Arabs and the Romans heard of him, but he encountered no scheme, and he returned, having accomplished nothing further ﷺ. Two men had stayed behind from the Prophet ﷺ: Abū Khaythamah and Abū Dharr. They could not bear to remain patient until they caught up with the Prophet ﷺ. Three believers also stayed behind: Kaʿb b. Mālik and his two companions. The Prophet ﷺ deferred their case to Allah until the Qur'an came down accepting their repentance after the earth, vast as it is, became straitened for them. A group also stayed behind, tied themselves to the pillars of the mosque, and resolved not to release themselves until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ released them. The Prophet ﷺ announced that he would not release them until Allah the Exalted released them by a command from Him, may He be glorified. Then Allah the Exalted revealed: "And others who have confessed their sins..." (the verse). A group of hypocrites mocked the Prophet ﷺ and the believers in this expedition, so the Qur'an came down exposing them. A group of them plotted to kill the Prophet ﷺ and assassinate him, so Allah, may He be glorified, informed His Prophet of what they plotted and told him their names. The Prophet ﷺ confided their names to Ḥudhayfah ؓ. In this expedition the Prophet ﷺ prayed following behind ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf. Among what occurred in this blessed expedition was the Prophet's ﷺ sending Khālid b. al-Walīd to Ukaydir of Dūmah. He brought him to the Prophet ﷺ, and Khālid had spared his blood but seized his belongings, so the Prophet ﷺ made peace with him on the jizyah. He likewise made peace with the king of Aylah and the people of Jarbāʾ and Adhruḥ. Among what occurred in this expedition was the death of Dhū al-Bijādayn and the Prophet's ﷺ burial of him, and the death of Muʿāwiyah b. Muʿāwiyah in Madinah and the Prophet's knowledge of his death and his prayer ﷺ over him. When the Prophet ﷺ returned from this expedition, the people went out to meet him with good tidings. Allah informed His Prophet concerning the mosque of Ḍirār, which the hypocrites had built to lie in wait for those who waged war against Allah and His Messenger. The Prophet ﷺ ordered it demolished and burned. After his return ﷺ in that year, the head of hypocrisy, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy, may Allah the Exalted disfigure him, died.
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