Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1532
The Expedition of Tabūk
سَنَةُ تِسْعٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ ذِكْرُ غَزْوَةِ تَبُوكَ فِي رَجَبٍ مِنْهَا . قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَذَا وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ ( التَّوْبَةِ: 28، 29 ) رُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَمُجَاهِدٍ وَعِكْرِمَةَ وَسَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ وَقَتَادَةَ وَالضَّحَّاكِ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، أَنَّهُ لَمَّا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَنْ يُمْنَعَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ مِنْ قُرْبَانِ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ فِي الْحَجِّ وَغَيْرِهِ قَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ: لَيَنْقَطِعَنَّ عَنَّا الْمَتَاجِرُ وَالْأَسْوَاقُ أَيَّامَ الْحَجِّ، وَلَيَذْهَبَنَّ مَا كُنَّا نُصِيبُ مِنْهَا. فَعَوَّضَهُمُ اللَّهُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ بِالْأَمْرِ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ حَتَّى يُسْلِمُوا أَوْ يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ. قُلْتُ: فَعَزَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى قِتَالِ الرُّومِ; لَأَنَّهُمْ أَقْرَبُ النَّاسِ إِلَيْهِ وَأَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِالدَّعْوَةِ إِلَى الْحَقِّ; لِقُرْبِهِمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ. وَقَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ يَلُونَكُمْ مِنَ الْكُفَّارِ وَلْيَجِدُوا فِيكُمْ غِلْظَةً وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ ( التَّوْبَةِ: 123 ) فَلَمَّا عَزَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى غَزْوِ الرُّومِ عَامَ تَبُوكَ وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي حَرٍّ شَدِيدٍ وَضِيقٍ مِنَ الْحَالِ، جَلَّى لِلنَّاسِ أَمْرَهَا وَدَعَا مَنْ حَوْلَهُ مِنْ أَحْيَاءِ الْأَعْرَابِ لِلْخُرُوجِ مَعَهُ، فَأَوْعَبَ مَعَهُ بَشَرٌ كَثِيرٌ، قَرِيبًا مِنْ ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا، وَتَخَلَّفَ آخَرُونَ، فَعَاتَبَ اللَّهُ مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ مِنْهُمْ لِغَيْرِ عُذْرٍ مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ وَالْمُقَصِّرِينَ، وَلَامَهُمْ وَوَبَّخَهُمْ وَقَرَّعَهُمْ أَشَدَّ التَّقْرِيعِ، وَفَضَحَهُمْ أَشَدَّ الْفَضِيحَةِ، وَأَنْزَلَ فِيهِمْ قُرْآنًا يُتْلَى وَبَيَّنَ أَمْرَهُمْ فِي سُورَةِ " بَرَاءَةَ " وَأَمَرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِالنَّفْرِ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ. فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: انْفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا وَجَاهِدُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنْفُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ لَوْ كَانَ عَرَضًا قَرِيبًا وَسَفَرًا قَاصِدًا لَاتَّبَعُوكَ وَلَكِنْ بَعُدَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ الشُّقَّةُ وَسَيَحْلِفُونَ بِاللَّهِ لَوِ اسْتَطَعْنَا لَخَرَجْنَا مَعَكُمْ يُهْلِكُونَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّهُمْ لَكَاذِبُونَ ثُمَّ الْآيَاتِ بَعْدَهَا. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمَا كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً فَلَوْلَا نَفَرَ مِنْ كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ مِنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ لِيَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي الدِّينِ وَلِيُنْذِرُوا قَوْمَهُمْ إِذَا رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ فَقِيلَ: إِنَّ هَذِهِ نَاسِخَةٌ لِتِلْكَ. وَقِيلَ: لَا. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ أَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِالْمَدِينَةِ مَا بَيْنَ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ إِلَى رَجَبٍ - يَعْنِي مِنْ سَنَةِ تِسْعٍ - ثُمَّ أَمَرَ النَّاسَ بِالتَّهَيُّؤِ لِغَزْوِ الرُّومِ. فَذَكَرَ الزُّهْرِيُّ وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ رُومَانَ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعَاصِمُ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ قَتَادَةَ وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنْ عُلَمَائِنَا، كَلٌّ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ غَزْوَةِ تَبُوكَ مَا بَلَغَهُ عَنْهَا، وَبَعْضُ الْقَوْمِ يُحَدِّثُ مَا لَمْ يُحَدِّثْ بَعْضٌ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَمَرَ أَصْحَابَهُ بِالتَّهَيُّؤِ لِغَزْوِ الرُّومِ، وَذَلِكَ فِي زَمَانِ عُسْرَةٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَشِدَّةٍ مِنَ الْحَرِّ وَجَدْبٍ مِنَ الْبِلَادِ، وَحِينَ طَابَتِ الثِّمَارُ، فَالنَّاسُ يُحِبُّونَ الْمُقَامَ فِي ثِمَارِهِمْ وَظِلَالِهِمْ، وَيَكْرَهُونَ الشُّخُوصَ فِي الْحَالِ مِنَ الزَّمَانِ الَّذِي هُمْ عَلَيْهِ، وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَلَّ مَا يَخْرُجُ فِي غَزْوَةٍ إِلَّا كَنَّى عَنْهَا إِلَّا مَا كَانَ مِنْ غَزْوَةِ تَبُوكَ فَإِنَّهُ بَيَّنَهَا لِلنَّاسِ، لِبُعْدِ الْمَشَقَّةِ وَشِدَّةِ الزَّمَانِ وَكَثْرَةِ الْعَدُوِّ الَّذِي يُصْمَدُ إِلَيْهِ لِيَتَأَهَّبَ النَّاسُ لِذَلِكَ أُهْبَتَهُ، فَأَمَرَهُمْ بِالْجِهَادِ وَأَخْبَرَهُمْ أَنَّهُ يُرِيدُ الرُّومَ. وَذَكَرَ ابن سعد قَالَ: ( بَلَغَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّ الرُّومَ قَدْ جَمَعَتْ جُمُوعًا كَثِيرَةً بِالشَّامِ، وَأَنَّ هرقل قَدْ رَزَقَ أَصْحَابَهُ لِسَنَةٍ، وَأَجْلَبَتْ مَعَهُ لَخْمٌ، وَجُذَامُ، وَعَامِلَةُ، وَغَسَّانُ، وَقَدَّمُوا مُقَدِّمَاتِهِمْ إِلَى الْبَلْقَاءِ
Translation
✧ The year nine of the Hijrah: mention of the Expedition of Tabūk in Rajab of it. Allah, Exalted is He, said: "O you who believe! Verily, the polytheists are impure, so let them not come near the Sacred Mosque after this year of theirs. And if you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you from His bounty if He wills. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Fight those who do not believe in Allah nor in the Last Day, nor forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, nor follow the religion of truth, from among those who were given the Scripture, until they pay the jizyah out of hand, and they are humbled" (Al-Tawbah: 28, 29). It is narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās, Mujāhid, ʿIkrimah, Saʿīd b. Jubayr, Qatādah, al-Ḍaḥḥāk, and others: when Allah, Exalted is He, commanded that the polytheists be prevented from approaching the Sacred Mosque during the pilgrimage and otherwise, Quraysh said: "Our trade and markets will certainly be cut off during the days of the pilgrimage, and what we used to gain from them will surely be lost." So Allah compensated them for that by commanding the fighting of the People of the Book until they should either embrace Islam or pay the jizyah out of hand, and they are humbled. I say: So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ resolved to fight the Romans, because they were the nearest of people to him and the most deserving of people to be called to the truth, because of their proximity to Islam and its people. Allah, Exalted is He, has said: "O you who believe! Fight those of the disbelievers who are close to you, and let them find harshness in you, and know that Allah is with the pious" (Al-Tawbah: 123). When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ resolved on the expedition against the Romans in the year of Tabūk, and that was in severe heat and straitened circumstances, he disclosed the matter to the people and summoned those around him from the tribes of the Bedouins to go forth with him. A great multitude gathered with him, close to thirty thousand, while others stayed behind. Allah reproached those of them who stayed behind without excuse, among the hypocrites and the negligent, blamed them, rebuked them, and reprimanded them most severely, exposed them most shamefully, and sent down concerning them a Qurʾān to be recited, and made clear their affair in Sūrat Barāʾah, and commanded the believers to go forth in all circumstances. He, Exalted is He, said: "Go forth light and heavy, and strive with your wealth and your lives in the cause of Allah. That is better for you, if you only knew. If there had been a near gain and a moderate journey, they would have followed you, but the distance was too far for them. And they will swear by Allah: 'If we had been able, we would have gone forth with you.' They destroy themselves, and Allah knows that they are indeed liars." Then the verses after it. Then He, Exalted is He, said: "And it is not for the believers to go forth all together. So why should not a party from every faction of them go forth, that they may become learned in the religion and warn their people when they return to them, so that they may beware?" It is said: this verse abrogates the former. And it is said: no. And Allah knows best. Ibn Isḥāq said: Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ remained in Madinah from Dhū al-Ḥijjah to Rajab—meaning of the year nine—then he commanded the people to prepare for the expedition against the Romans. Al-Zuhrī, Yazīd b. Rūmān, ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr, ʿĀṣim b. ʿUmar b. Qatādah, and others among our scholars mentioned, each reporting about the Expedition of Tabūk what reached him about it, and some of the people narrated what others did not, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded his companions to prepare for the expedition against the Romans. That was in a time of hardship for the people, severe heat, drought in the lands, and when the fruits had ripened. The people loved to stay with their fruits and their shade and disliked going forth in the condition of the time in which they were. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ rarely went out on an expedition without concealing it by allusion, except for the Expedition of Tabūk, for he made it clear to the people, because of the remoteness of the hardship, the severity of the time, and the multitude of the enemy against whom he was heading, so that the people might prepare for that preparation. He commanded them to strive and informed them that he intended the Romans. Ibn Saʿd mentioned: "It reached the Messenger of Allah ﷺ that the Romans had gathered a great multitude in Syria, and that Heraclius had given his companions provisions for a year, and Lakhm, Judhām, ʿĀmilah, and Ghassān had gathered with him, and they had advanced their vanguards to al-Balqāʾ."
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording. Ask what scholars say about its grade