Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1304
The Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah
غَزْوَةُ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَةِ سَنَةَ سِتٍّ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ بِلَا خِلَافٍ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَقَامَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ شَهْرَيْ رَمَضَانَ وَشَوَّالٍ، وَخَرَجَ ﷺ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَةِ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ وَأَزْوَاجِهِ، وَمَنْ لَحِقَ بِهِ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ مُعْتَمِرًا لَا يُرِيدُ حَرْبًا، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ نُمَيْلَةَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ اللَّيْثِيَّ، وَسَاقَ مَعَهُ سَبْعِينَ مِنَ الْهَدْيِ وَأَحْرَمَ بِالْعُمْرَةِ لِيَأْمَنَ النَّاسُ مِنْ حَرْبِهِ وَلِيَعْلَمُوا أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا خَرَجَ زَائِرًا وَمُعَظِّمًا لِلْبَيْتِ الْحَرَامِ. خَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ بِعُسْفَانَ جَاءَهُ الْخَبَرُ أَنَّ قُرَيْشًا قَدْ خَرَجَتْ وَجَمَعُوا لَكَ الْأَحَابِيشَ - حِلْفٌ مِنْ عِدَّةِ قَبَائِلَ -، وَهُمْ صَادُّوكَ عَنِ الْبَيْتِ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ " يَا وَيْحَ قُرَيْشٍ ! لَقَدْ أَكَلَتْهُمُ الْحَرْبُ! مَاذَا عَلَيْهِمْ لَوْ خَلَّوْا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ سَائِرِ الْعَرَبِ; فَإِنْ هُمْ أَصَابُونِي كَانَ ذَلِكَ الَّذِي أَرَادُوا، وَإِنْ أَظْهَرَنِي اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ دَخَلُوا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ وَافِرِينَ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلُوا قَاتَلُوا وَبِهِمْ قُوَّةٌ، فَمَا تَظُنُّ قُرَيْشٌ ؟ فَوَاللَّهِ لَا أَزَالُ أُجَاهِدُ عَلَى الَّذِي بَعَثَنِي اللَّهُ بِهِ حَتَّى يُظْهِرَهُ اللَّهُ أَوْ تَنْفَرِدَ هَذِهِ السَّالِفَةُ وَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ أَخَذَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ طَرِيقًا آخَرَ غَيْرَ مَعْهُودٍ وَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ فِي ثَنِيَّةِ الْمُرَارِ بَرَكَتْ نَاقَتُهُ ﷺ فَقَالَ النَّاسُ خَلَأَتِ النَّاقَةُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ " مَا خَلَأَتْ، وَمَا هُوَ لَهَا بِخُلُقٍ، وَلَكِنْ حَبَسَهَا حَابِسُ الْفِيلِ عَنْ مَكَّةَ، لَا تَدْعُونِي قُرَيْشٌ الْيَوْمَ إِلَى خُطَّةٍ يَسْأَلُونَنِي فِيهَا صِلَةَ الرَّحِمِ، إِلَّا أَعْطَيْتُهُمْ إِيَّاهَا وَنَزَلَ الصَّحَابَةُ بِالْوَادِي وَلَيْسَ فِيهِ مَاءٌ فَأَعْطَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لِأَحَدِ الصَّحَابَةِ سَهْمًا فَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَضَعَهُ فِي بِئْرٍ فَجَاشَ الْمَاءُ وَفَاضَ، وَعَلِمَتْ قُرَيْشٌ بِمَكَانِهِ ﷺ أَرْسَلَتْ إِلَيْهِ رَسُولًا تِلْوَ الْآخَرِ حَتَّى جَاءَ إِلَيْهِ عُرْوَةُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ مُفَاوِضًا وَقَدْ رَأَى مِنْ تَعْظِيمِ الصَّحَابَةِ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ حُبًّا وَكَرَامَةً وَطَاعَةً مَا لَمْ يَرَهُ عِنْدَ كِسْرَى وَقَيْصَرٍ وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ قُرَيْشًا بِمَا رَآهُ. ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ خِرَاشَ بْنَ أُمَيَّةَ الْخُزَاعِيَّ لِيُبَلِّغَ قُرَيْشًا أَنَّهُ مَا جَاءَ لِقِتَالٍ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعِ الْوُصُولَ ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ ؓ وَاحْتَبَسَتْهُ قُرَيْشٌ عِنْدَهَا فَشَاعَ الْخَبَرُ وَاسْتَفَاضَ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ قَدْ قُتِلَ فَعَزَمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يُنَاجِزَ الْقَوْمَ. بَيْعَةُ الرِّضْوَانِ دَعَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ أَوْ عَلَى عَدَمِ الْفِرَارِ فَبَايَعَ كُلُّ مَنْ كَانَ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لَمْ يَتَخَلَّفْ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا الْجَدُّ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَقَدْ بَايَعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ فَضَرَبَ إِحْدَى يَدَيْهِ بِالْأُخْرَى، ثُمَّ تَبَيَّنَ عَدَمُ صِحَّةِ مَقْتَلِ عُثْمَانَ، وَأَرْسَلَتْ قُرَيْشٌ سُهَيْلَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو لِعَقْدِ الصُّلْحِ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى الصُّلْحُ رَاجَعَ عُمَرُ ؓ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: "أَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولُهُ، لَنْ أُخَالِفَ أَمْرَهُ وَلَنْ يُضَيِّعَنِي" وَرَاجَعَ كَذَلِكَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ أَنِ الْزَمْ غَرْزَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَقَدِ اصْطَلَحَا عَلَى وَضْعِ الْحَرْبِ عَشْرَ سِنِينَ، وَأَنَّهُ مَنْ أَتَى مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ بِغَيْرِ إِذَنْ وَلِيِّهِ رَدَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَأَنَّ مَنْ أَتَى قُرَيْشًا مِمَّنْ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لَا تَرُدُّهُ قُرَيْشٌ وَأَنَّ مَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ فِي عَقْدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ دَخَلَ، وَمَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ فِي عَقْدِ قُرَيْشٍ دَخَلَ، وَأَنْ يَرْجِعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَامَهُ هَذَا عَلَى أَنْ يَأْتِيَهَا الْعَامَ الْقَابِلَ بِغَيْرِ سِلَاحٍ سِوَى السُّيُوفِ فِي الْقِرَبِ. أَبُو جَنْدَلِ بْنُ سُهَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو وَبَيْنَمَا كِتَابُ الصُّلْحِ يُكْتَبُ إِذْ دَخَلَ أَبُو جَنْدَلِ بْنُ سُهَيْلِ يَرْسِفُ فِي قُيُودِهِ فَرَدَّهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِنْفَاذًا لِبُنُودِ الصُّلْحِ قَائِلًا لَهُ ﷺ: " فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ جَاعِلٌ لَكَ وَلِمَنْ مَعَكَ مِنَ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فَرَجًا وَمَخْرَجًا" وَجَاءَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ أَبُو بَصِيرٍ فَرَدَّهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ، فَبَرَّ بِعَهْدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لِلْقَوْمِ ثُمَّ دَافَعَ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ فَقَتَلَ أَحَدَ الرَّجُلَيْنِ الَّلذَيْنِ جَاءَا لِأَخْذِهِ وَفَرَّ الْآخَرُ رَاجِعًا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "وَيْلُ أُمِّهِ مُسَعِرُّ حَرْبٍ لَوْ كَانَ مَعَهُ رِجَالٌ" وَخَرَجَ أَبُو بَصِيرٍ قَاصِدًا سَيْفَ الْبَحْرِ فَجَعَلَ كُلُّ مَنْ يَفِرُّ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ يَأْتِي إِلَيْهِ حَتَّى أَصْبَحَ مَصْدَرَ تَهْدِيدٍ لِقُرَيْشٍ فَأَرْسَلَتْ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: بِأَنْ يُمْسِكَ مَنْ يَأْتِي مُسْلِمًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَأَلَّا حَاجَةَ لَهُمْ فِيهِ، وَأَنْ يَبْعَثَ إِلَى أَبِي بَصِيرٍ وَمَنْ كَانَ مَعَهُ فَيَحُوزَهُمْ إِلَيْهِ ﷺ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ بِرِضَا الرَّحْمَنِ عَنْ أَهْلِ الشَّجَرَةِ، وَالنَّهْيِ عَنْ إِرْجَاعِ الْمُسْلِمَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ إِذَا عَلِمَ أَنَّهُنَّ هَاجَرْنَ رَغْبَةً فِي الْإِسْلَامِ. هَذَا وَقَدْ شَهِدَ عَلَى كِتَابِ صُلْحِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ جَمْعٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ مِنْهُمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ وَعَلِيٌّ ؓ، وَقَامَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَنَحَرَ هَدْيَهُ وَجَلَسَ فَحَلَقَ فَقَامَ الصَّحَابَةُ بَيْنَ مُحَلِّقِينَ وَمُقَصِّرِينَ. وَقَدْ وَقَعَ الْعَدِيدُ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ فِي هَذِهِ الْوَقْعَةِ مِنْهَا: دُخُولُ الْكَثِيرِ مِنَ النَّاسِ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى حَتَّى إِنَّهُ كَانَ لَا يُكَلِّمُ أَحَدًا مِمَّنْ يَعْقِلُ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَّا وَدَخَلَ فِيهِ. وَمِنْهَا فَوَرَانُ الْمَاءِ مِنْ بَيْنِ أَصَابِعِهِ ﷺ حَتَّى كَفَى كُلُّ مَنْ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ ﷺ، وَفَيَضَانُ بِئْرِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ بِوَضْعِ سَهْمِهِ ﷺ فِيهِ. وَفِيهَا بَشَّرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الَّذِينَ بَايَعُوا تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ بِأَلَّا تَمَسَّهُمُ النَّارُ.
Translation
✧ The Expedition of al-Ḥudaybiyah The Expedition of al-Ḥudaybiyah took place in Dhū al-Qaʿdah in the year six of the Prophetic Hijrah without dispute. That is because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ stayed in Madinah for the two months of Ramaḍān and Shawwāl, and he ﷺ set out in Dhū al-Qaʿdah with those who were with him from the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār and his wives, and those Arabs who joined him, intending ʿUmrah, not war. He appointed Numaylah b. ʿAbd Allah al-Laythī over Madinah, and he drove with him seventy sacrificial animals and entered iḥrām for ʿUmrah so that the people would feel secure from his fighting and know that he had only come as a visitor and venerator of the Sacred House. The Prophet ﷺ went out until when he was at ʿUsfān, news came to him that Quraysh had come out and gathered the Aḥābīsh against you—a confederation of several tribes—and they are barring you from the House. The Prophet ﷺ said at that: "Woe to Quraysh! War has consumed them! What would it matter to them if they left me and the rest of the Arabs alone? If they strike me, that is what they wanted, and if Allah makes me victorious over them, they will enter Islam in multitudes. If they do not, they will fight while they have strength. What does Quraysh think? By Allah, I will not cease striving for that with which Allah has sent me until Allah makes it prevail or this neck is severed." At that, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ took another, unfamiliar route. While he was at Thaniyyat al-Murār, his she-camel knelt down ﷺ. The people said, "The she-camel has become stubborn." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "She has not become stubborn, and that is not her nature, but the One who restrained the elephant from Makkah has restrained her. Today Quraysh will not invite me to any plan by which they ask me to maintain ties of kinship but that I will grant it to them." The Companions camped in the valley, and there was no water in it. The Prophet ﷺ gave one of the Companions an arrow and ordered him to place it in a well, and the water gushed and overflowed. Quraysh learned of his location ﷺ and sent messenger after messenger to him until ʿUrwah b. Masʿūd al-Thaqafī came to him as a negotiator. He saw from the Companions' veneration of the Prophet ﷺ love, honor, and obedience such as he had not seen in the presence of Kisrā and Qayṣar, and he informed Quraysh of what he had seen. Then the Prophet ﷺ sent Khirāsh b. Umayyah al-Khuzāʿī to convey to Quraysh that he had not come for fighting, but he could not reach them. Then he sent ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān ؓ, and Quraysh detained him. The news spread and became widespread that ʿUthmān had been killed. At that, the Prophet ﷺ resolved to fight the people. The Pledge of al-Riḍwān The Prophet ﷺ called for the pledge on death or on not fleeing. Everyone who was with the Prophet ﷺ pledged allegiance; none stayed behind except al-Jadd b. Qays. The Prophet ﷺ pledged on behalf of ʿUthmān, striking one of his hands with the other. Then it became clear that the report of ʿUthmān's killing was false. Quraysh sent Suhayl b. ʿAmr to conclude the peace treaty between them and the Prophet ﷺ. When the treaty was concluded, ʿUmar ؓ remonstrated with the Prophet ﷺ, and he said: "I am the servant of Allah and His Messenger; I will not disobey His command, and He will not forsake me." He similarly remonstrated with Abū Bakr, who replied to him: 'Hold fast to the stirrup of the Prophet ﷺ.' They agreed to a cessation of war for ten years, and that whoever came from Quraysh without the permission of his guardian, he would return him to them, and that whoever came to Quraysh from those with the Prophet ﷺ, Quraysh would not return him, and that whoever wished to enter into the pact of the Prophet ﷺ could enter, and whoever wished to enter into the pact of Quraysh could enter, and that the Prophet ﷺ would return this year of his, on condition that he would come the following year without weapons except swords in sheaths. Abū Jandal b. Suhayl b. ʿAmr While the treaty document was being written, Abū Jandal b. Suhayl entered dragging his chains. The Prophet ﷺ returned him in fulfillment of the treaty's terms, saying to him ﷺ: "Allah will surely make for you and those with you among the oppressed a way out and an escape." After that, Abū Baṣīr came, and the Prophet ﷺ returned him. He honored the Prophet's ﷺ pact with the people, then he defended himself and killed one of the two men who had come to seize him, and the other fled back to Madinah. The Prophet ﷺ said: "Woe to his mother, an inciter of war, if only he had men with him." Abū Baṣīr went out heading for the coast, and every one who fled from the polytheists came to him until he became a source of threat to Quraysh. They sent to the Prophet ﷺ asking him to retain whoever came to him as a Muslim from Quraysh, and that they had no need of him, and to send to Abū Baṣīr and those with him and gather them to himself ﷺ. In this expedition, the Qur'an was revealed with the Most Merciful's approval of the people of the tree, and the prohibition of returning believing Muslim women to the disbelievers when it is known that they emigrated out of desire for Islam. Moreover, a group of Companions witnessed the document of the Treaty of al-Ḥudaybiyah, among them Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, and ʿAlī ؓ. The Prophet ﷺ stood and slaughtered his sacrificial animals, then sat and shaved his head. The Companions stood, some shaving and some trimming. Numerous prophetic signs occurred in this event. Among them: the entry of many people into the religion of Allah Almighty, such that he would not speak to anyone of sound mind about Islam but that he entered it. Among them: the gushing of water from between his fingers ﷺ until it sufficed everyone who went out with him ﷺ, and the overflow of the well of al-Ḥudaybiyah when he placed his arrow ﷺ in it. In it, the Prophet ﷺ gave glad tidings to those who pledged allegiance under the tree that the Fire would not touch them.
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