Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1210
The Expedition of al-Khandaq (the Confederates)
وَقَدْ كَانَتْ غَزْوَةُ الْخَنْدَقِ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ . نَصَّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، وَعُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، وقَتَادَةُ، والْبَيْهَقِيُّ، وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ، سَلَفًا وَخَلَفًا. وَقَدْ رَوَى مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: ثُمَّ كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ الْأَحْزَابِ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ. وَكَذَلِكَ قَالَ الْإِمَامُ مَالِكُ بْنُ أَنَسٍ، فِيمَا رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ، عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ دَاوُدَ، عَنْهُ. قَالَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ: وَلَا اخْتِلَافَ بَيْنَهُمْ فِي الْحَقِيقَةِ لِأَنَّ مُرَادَهُمْ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ أَرْبَعِ سِنِينَ وَقَبْلَ اسْتِكْمَالِ خَمْسٍ. وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّ الْمُشْرِكِينَ لَمَّا انْصَرَفُوا عَنْ أُحُدٍ وَاعَدُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَى بَدْرٍ الْعَامَ الْقَابِلَ، فَذَهَبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابُهُ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ فِي شَعْبَانَ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ، وَرَجَعَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بِقُرَيْشٍ لِجَدْبِ ذَلِكَ الْعَامِ، فَلَمْ يَكُونُوا لِيَأْتُوا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ بَعْدَ شَهْرَيْنِ، فَتَعَيَّنَ أَنَّ الْخَنْدَقَ فِي شَوَّالٍ مِنْ سَنَةِ خَمْسٍ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ الزُّهْرِيُّ بِأَنَّ الْخَنْدَقَ كَانَتْ بَعْدَ أُحُدٍ بِسَنَتَيْنِ، وَلَا خِلَافَ أَنَّ أُحُدًا فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ، إِلَّا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَنْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى أَنَّ أَوَّلَ التَّارِيخِ مِنْ مُحَرَّمِ السَّنَةِ التَّالِيَةَ لِسَنَةِ الْهِجْرَةِ، وَلَمْ يَعُدُّوا الشُّهُورَ الْبَاقِيَةَ مِنْ سَنَةِ الْهِجْرَةِ مِنْ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ إِلَى آخِرِهَا، كَمَا حَكَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ، وَبِهِ قَالَ يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ الْفَسَوِيُّ، وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ بِأَنَّ بَدْرًا فِي الْأُولَى، وَأُحُدًا فِي سَنَةِ ثِنْتَيْنِ، وَبَدْرًا الْمَوْعِدَ فِي شَعْبَانَ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ، وَالْخَنْدَقَ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ. وَهَذَا مُخَالِفٌ لِقَوْلِ الْجُمْهُورِ؛ فَإِنَّ الْمَشْهُورَ أَنَّ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ جَعَلَ أَوَّلَ التَّارِيخِ مِنْ مُحَرَّمِ سَنَةِ الْهِجْرَةِ. وَعَنْ مَالِكٍ: مِنْ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ سَنَةَ الْهِجْرَةِ. فَصَارَتِ الْأَقْوَالُ ثَلَاثَةً. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَالصَّحِيحُ قَوْلُ الْجُمْهُورِ أَنَّ أُحُدًا فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ، وَأَنَّ الْخَنْدَقَ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. فَأَمَّا الْحَدِيثُ الْمُتَّفَقُ عَلَيْهِ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " مِنْ طَرِيقِ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: عُرِضْتُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ وَأَنَا ابْنُ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً فَلَمْ يُجِزْنِي، وَعُرِضْتُ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ الْخَنْدَقِ وَأَنَا ابْنُ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ فَأَجَازَنِي. فَقَدْ أَجَابَ عَنْهَا جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ، مِنْهُمُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ بِأَنَّهُ عُرِضَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ فِي أَوَّلِ الرَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ، وَيَوْمَ الْأَحْزَابِ فِي أَوَاخِرِ الْخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ. قُلْتُ: وَيَحْتَمِلُ أَنَّهُ أَرَادَ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا عُرِضَ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ الْأَحْزَابِ، كَانَ قَدِ اسْتَكْمَلَ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةَ، الَّتِي يُجَازُ لِمِثْلِهَا الْغِلْمَانُ، فَلَا يَبْقَى عَلَى هَذَا زِيَادَةٌ عَلَيْهَا. وَلِهَذَا لَمَّا بَلَّغَ نَافِعٌ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ قَالَ: إِنَّ هَذَا لَفَرْقٌ بَيْنَ الصَّغِيرِ وَالْكَبِيرِ. ثُمَّ كَتَبَ بِهِ إِلَى الْآفَاقِ. وَاعْتَمَدَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ جُمْهُورُ الْعُلَمَاءِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ The expedition of al-Khandaq took place in Shawwāl of the year five of the Hijrah. Ibn Isḥāq, ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr, Qatādah, al-Bayhaqī, and more than one of the scholars, early and late, have stated this explicitly. Mūsā b. ʿUqbah narrated from al-Zuhrī that he said: Then the encounter of the Confederates took place in Shawwāl of the year four. Likewise said Imām Mālik b. Anas, in what Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal narrated from Mūsā b. Dāwūd, from him. Al-Bayhaqī said: There is no real disagreement among them, because their intent is that this was after the passage of four years and before the completion of five. There is no doubt that when the polytheists withdrew from Uḥud, they appointed with the Muslims to meet at Badr the following year. The Prophet ﷺ and his Companions went as previously mentioned in Shaʿbān of the year four, and Abū Sufyān returned with Quraysh because of the drought of that year. So they would not have come to Madinah after two months. Thus it is established that al-Khandaq was in Shawwāl of the year five. And Allāh knows best. Al-Zuhrī expressly stated that al-Khandaq was two years after Uḥud. There is no disagreement that Uḥud was in Shawwāl of the year three, except according to the statement of those who held that the beginning of the dating is from Muḥarram of the year following the year of the Hijrah, and they did not count the remaining months of the year of the Hijrah from Rabīʿ al-Awwal to its end, as al-Bayhaqī reported, and Yaʿqūb b. Sufyān al-Fasawī adopted it. He stated explicitly that Badr was in the first year, Uḥud in the year two, the Badr of the appointed meeting in Shaʿbān of the year three, and al-Khandaq in Shawwāl of the year four. This is contrary to the statement of the majority; for the well-known view is that the Commander of the Believers ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb made the beginning of the dating from Muḥarram of the year of the Hijrah. And from Mālik: from Rabīʿ al-Awwal of the year of the Hijrah. Thus the statements became three. And Allāh knows best. The correct view is the statement of the majority: that Uḥud was in Shawwāl of the year three, and al-Khandaq was in Shawwāl of the year five of the Hijrah. And Allāh knows best. As for the ḥadīth agreed upon in the two Ṣaḥīḥs from the route of ʿUbayd Allāh, from Nāfiʿ, from Ibn ʿUmar, that he said: I was presented to the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ on the day of Uḥud when I was fourteen years old, and he did not allow me; and I was presented to him on the day of al-Khandaq when I was fifteen, and he allowed me. A group of scholars, among them al-Bayhaqī, responded that he was presented on the day of Uḥud at the beginning of his fourteenth year, and on the day of the Confederates near the end of his fifteenth. I say: It is possible that he meant that when he was presented to him on the day of the Confederates, he had completed fifteen years, the age at which boys like him are allowed, so no addition remains beyond that. For this reason, when Nāfiʿ conveyed this ḥadīth to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, he said: This is indeed a distinction between the young and the old. Then he wrote about it to the regions. The majority of scholars relied on that. And Allāh knows best.
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