Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1209
The Expedition of al-Khandaq (the Confederates)
غَزْوَةُ الْخَنْدَقِ (الْأَحْزَابِ) وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ الْخَنْدَقِ أَوِ الْأَحْزَابِ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَقِيلَ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ، وَكَانَ سَبَبُهَا أَنَّ نَفَرًا مِنْ يَهُودَ مِنْهُمْ سَلَّامُ بْنُ أَبِي الْحَقِيقِ النَّضْرِيُّ، وَحُيَيُّ بْنُ أَخْطَبَ النَّضْرِيُّ فِي جَمَاعَةٍ خَرَجُوا يُحَزِّبُونَ الْأَحْزَابَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَخَرَجُوا إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ وَغَطَفَانَ يُأَلِّبُونَهُمْ عَلَى قِتَالِ الرَّسُولِ ﷺ. فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِالْأَمْرِ أَشَارَ عَلَيْهِ سَلْمَانُ ؓ بِضَرْبِ الْخَنْدَقِ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَقَامَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِضَرْبِ الْخَنْدَقِ وَعَمِلَ فِيهِ بِنَفْسِهِ ﷺ وَعَمِلَ فِيهِ أَصْحَابُهُ ؓ، وَتَخَاذَلَ الْمُنَافِقُونَ، وَقَدْ ظَهَرَ فِي حَفْرِهِ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ الْبَاهِرَاتِ مَا كَانَ يَشُدُّ بِهِ عَزْمَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، مِنْهَا ظُهُورُ كُدْيَةٍ اعْتَرَضَتِ الصَّحَابَةَ فَشَكَوْا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَضَرَبَهَا بِمِعْوَلٍ فَعَادَتْ كَثِيبًا رَغْمَ شِدَّةِ مَا بِهِ مِنْ جُوعٍ حَتَّى إِنَّهُ قَدْ رَبَطَ بَطْنَهُ الشَّرِيفَ ﷺ مِنْ شَدَّتِهِ. وَقَدْ أُعْطِيَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ حِينَ ضَرَبَ الْكُدْيَةَ بِمِعْوَلِهِ الْبُشْرَى مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى بِفَتْحِ الْيَمَنِ وَفَارِسَ وَالرُّومِ. وَلَمَّا رَأَى جَابِرٌ مَا فِيهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ شِدَّةِ الْجُوعِ وَالنَّصَبِ وَالتَّعَبِ رَجَعَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ بِمَا رَآهُ وَكَيْفَ أَنَّهُ لَا يُطِيقُ صَبْرًا أَنْ يُرَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَسَأَلَهَا إِنْ كَانَ عِنْدَهُمَا مَا يُطْعِمُونَ بِهِ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأُخْبِرَتْهُ بِأَنَّ مَا عِنْدَهُمْ يَكْفِي لِرَجُلَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثٍ، فَجَاءَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَأَخْبَرَهُ بِشَأْنِ الطَّعَامِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "قُلْ لَهَا -زَوْجَتِكَ- لَا تَنْزِعِ الْبُرْمَةَ وَلَا الْخُبْزَ مِنَ التَّنُّورِ حَتَّى آتِيَ"، ثُمَّ قَامَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ مِمَّنْ يَعْمَلُونَ فِي الْخَنْدَقِ، ثُمَّ جَعَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَكْسِرُ الْخُبْزَ، وَيَجْعَلُ عَلَيْهِ اللَّحْمَ، وَيُخَمِّرُ الْبُرْمَةَ وَالتَّنُّورَ إِذَا أَخَذَ مِنْهُ، وَيَقَرِّبُ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ، ثُمَّ يَنْزِعُ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَكْسِرُ الْخُبْزَ وَيَغْرِفُ حَتَّى شَبِعُوا، وَبَقِيَ بَقِيَّةٌ، قَالَ: " كُلِي هَذَا وَأَهْدِي، فَإِنَّ النَّاسَ أَصَابَتْهُمْ مَجَاعَةٌ ". وَمَا أَنِ انْتَهَى حَفْرُ الْخَنْدَقِ حَتَّى جَاءَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ وَأَقْبَلَتْ قُرَيْشٌ حَتَّى نَزَلَتْ بِمُجْتَمَعِ الْأَسْيَالِ مِنْ رُومَةَ، بَيْنَ الْجُرْفِ وَزَغَابَةَ، فِي عَشَرَةِ آلَافٍ مِنْ أَحَابِيشِهِمْ وَمَنْ تَبِعَهُمْ مِنْ بَنِي كِنَانَةَ وَأَهْلِ تِهَامَةَ، وَأَقْبَلَتْ غَطَفَانُ وَمَنْ تَبِعَهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ نَجْدٍ، حَتَّى نَزَلُوا بِذَنَبِ نَقْمَى إِلَى جَانِبِ أُحُدٍ وَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ، حَتَّى جَعَلُوا ظُهُورَهُمْ إِلَى سَلْعٍ فِي ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَضَرَبَ هُنَالِكَ عَسْكَرُهُ، وَالْخَنْدَقُ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْقَوْمِ وَأَمَرَ بِالذَّرَارِيِّ وَالنِّسَاءِ فَجُعِلُوا فَوْقَ الْآطَامِ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ ابْنِ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ. بَنُو قُرَيْظَةَ وَنَقْضُ عَهْدِهِمْ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَمَّا نَزَلَ الْأَحْزَابُ حَوْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ أَغْلَقَتْ بَنُو قُرَيْظَةَ حِصْنَهُمْ دُونَهُمْ، وَكَانَ كَبِيرُهُمْ كَعْبَ بْنَ أَسَدٍ الْقُرَظِيَّ وَهُوَ صَاحِبُ عَقْدِهِمْ وَعَهْدِهِمْ، وَكَانُوا قَدْ عَاهَدُوا الرَّسُولَ ﷺ عَلَى النُّصْرَةِ، فَجَاءَهُ حُيَيَّ بْنُ أَخْطَبَ فَمَا زَالَ يُكَلِّمُهُ وَيُمَنِّيهِ وَيُوعِدُهُ حَتَّى نَقَضَ عَهْدَهُ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَلَمَّا نَمَا الْخَبَرُ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَرْسَلَ سَعْدَ بْنَ مُعَاذٍ وَسَعْدَ بْنَ عُبَادَةَ وَابْنَ رَوَاحَةَ وَخَوَّاتَ ابْنَ جُبَيْرٍ لِلتَّأَكُّدِ مِمَّا بَلَغَهُ ﷺ فَلَمَّا تَأَكَّدَ الْخَبَرُ اشْتَدَّ الْبَلَاءُ وَزَادَتِ الْمِحْنَةُ وَخَشِيَ النَّاسُ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ فِي خِضِمِّ ذَلِكَ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "أَبْشِرُوا بِفَتْحِ اللَّهِ وَنَصْرِهِ". وَزَادَ الْبَلَاءُ حَتَّى ضَاقَ الْأَمْرُ جِدًّا فَقَالَ مُعَتِّبُ بْنُ قُشَيْرٍ أَخُو بَنِي عَمْرِو بْنِ عَوْفٍ: كَانَ مُحَمَّدُ يَعِدُنَا أَنْ نَأْكُلَ كُنُوزَ كِسْرَى وَقَيْصَرَ، وَأَحَدُنَا الْيَوْمَ لَا يَأْمَنُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ أَنْ يَذْهَبَ إِلَى الْغَائِطِ. وَقَالَ أَوْسُ بْنُ قَيْظِيٍّ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَةٌ مِنَ الْعَدُوِّ فَأْذَنْ لَنَا أَنْ نَرْجِعَ إِلَى دَارِنَا; فَإِنَّهَا خَارِجُ الْمَدِينَةِ. فَنَزَلَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ يَقُولُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ وَالَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ مَرَضٌ مَا وَعَدَنَا اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ إِلا غُرُورًا وَإِذْ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ يَا أَهْلَ يَثْرِبَ لا مُقَامَ لَكُمْ فَارْجِعُوا وَيَسْتَأْذِنُ فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمْ النَّبِيَّ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَةٌ وَمَا هِيَ بِعَوْرَةٍ إِنَّ يُرِيدُونَ إِلا فِرَارًا [الْأَحْزَابِ: 12، 13]. فَأَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالصَّحَابَةُ مُرَابِطِينَ وَأَقَامَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُحَاصِرُونَهُ بِضْعًا وَعِشْرِينَ لَيْلَةً، قَرِيبًا مِنْ شَهْرٍ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ بَيْنَهُمْ حَرْبٌ إِلَّا الرَّمْيَّ بِالنَّبْلِ. وَقَدْ أَرَادَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ تَخْفِيفًا عَلَى أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ فِي ظِلِّ هَذَا الْحِصَارِ أَنْ يُصَالِحَ عُيَيْنَةَ وَالْحَارِثَ مِنْ غَطَفَانَ عَلَى ثُلُثِ ثِمَارِ الْمَدِينَةِ عَلَى أَنْ يَعُودَا بِمَنْ مَعَهُمَا، وَاسْتَشَارَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ سَعْدَ بْنَ مُعَاذٍ وَسَعْدَ بْنَ عُبَادَةَ، فَأَشَارَا عَلَيْهِ ﷺ بَعْدَمَا عَلِمَا بِأَنَّهُ أَمْرٌ يَصْنَعُهُ لَهُمْ وَلَيْسَ وَحْيًا مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى بِالرَّفْضِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، قَدْ كُنَّا نَحْنُ وَهَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمُ عَلَى الشِّرْكِ بِاللَّهِ وَعِبَادَةِ الْأَوْثَانِ، لَا نَعْبُدُ اللَّهَ وَلَا نَعْرِفُهُ، وَهُمْ لَا يَطْمَعُونَ أَنْ يَأْكُلُوا مِنْهَا تَمْرَةً وَاحِدَةً إِلَّا قِرًى أَوْ بَيْعًا، أَفَحِينَ أَكْرَمَنَا اللَّهُ بِالْإِسْلَامِ، وَهَدَانَا لَهُ وَأَعَزَّنَا بِكَ وَبِهِ، نُعْطِيهِمْ أَمْوَالَنَا! مَا لَنَا بِهَذَا مِنْ حَاجَةٍ، وَاللَّهِ لَا نُعْطِيهِمْ إِلَّا السَّيْفَ، حَتَّى يَحْكُمَ اللَّهُ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: " أَنْتَ وَذَاكَ ". فَتَنَاوَلَ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ الصَّحِيفَةَ، فَمَحَا مَا فِيهَا مِنَ الْكِتَابِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: لِيَجْهَدُوا عَلَيْنَا. وَقَدْ حَاوَلَ بَعْضُ فُرْسَانِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ مُجَاوَزَةَ الْحِصْنِ إِلَّا أَنَّ جَمِيعَ مُحَاوَلَاتِهِمْ بَاءَتْ بِالْفَشَلِ، وَقَدْ قُتِلَ عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبْدِ وُدٍّ فِي إِحْدَاهَا قَتَلَهُ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ. وَفَاةُ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ ؓ وَرُمِيَ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ بِسَهْمٍ فَقَطَعَ أَكْحَلَهُ، فَقَالَ سَعْدٌ: "اللَّهُمَّ إِنْ كُنْتَ أَبْقَيْتَ مِنْ حَرْبِ قُرَيْشٍ شَيْئًا فَأَبْقِنِي لَهَا، فَإِنَّهُ لَا قَوْمَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ أَنْ أُجَاهِدَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ آذَوْا رَسُولَكَ وَكَذَّبُوهُ وَأَخْرَجُوهُ، اللَّهُمَّ وَإِنْ كُنْتَ وَضَعْتَ الْحَرْبَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ فَاجْعَلْهَا لِي شَهَادَةً، وَلَا تُمِتْنِي حَتَّى تُقِرَّ عَيْنِي مِنْ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ". وَقَدِ اسْتَجَابَ اللَّهُ دَعْوَةَ وَلَيِّهِ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ فِي بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ، فَأَقَرَّ اللَّهُ عَيْنَهُ; فَحَكَمَ فِيهِمْ بِقُدْرَةِ اللهِ وَتَيْسِيرِهِ، وَجَعَلَ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ هُمُ الَّذِينَ يَطْلُبُونَ حُكْمَ سَعْدٍ، فَحَكَمَ بِقَتْلِ مُقَاتَلَتِهِمْ وَسَبْيِ ذَرَارِيِّهِمْ حَتَّى قَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَقَدْ حَكَمْتَ فِيهِمْ بِحُكْمِ اللَّهِ مِنْ فَوْقِ سَبْعَةِ أَرْقِعَةٍ" وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُمْ نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ وَخَانُوا وَدَلُّوا عَلَى عَوْرَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ شُغِلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَنِ الصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَى حَتَّى غَابَتِ الشَّمْسُ فَصَلُّوهَا بَعْدَ أَنْ غَرَبَتِ الشَّمْسُ ثُمَّ صَلَّوْا الْمَغْرِبَ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: " مَلَأَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَقُبُورَهُمْ نَارًا; كَمَا شَغَلُونَا عَنِ الصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَى حَتَّى غَابَتِ الشَّمْسُ " وَبَيْنَمَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ كَذَلِكَ فِي الْبَلَاءِ إِذْ جَاءَ نُعَيْمُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ الْغَطَفَانِيُّ مُسْلِمًا وَلَمْ يَكُنْ قَدْ عَلِمَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ بِإِسْلَامِهِ فَقَالَ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ مُرْنِي بِمَا شِئْتَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "إِنَّمَا أَنْتَ فِينَا رَجُلٌ وَاحِدٌ فَخَذِّلْ عَنَّا إِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ، فَإِنَّ الْحَرْبَ خَدْعَةٌ" فَقَامَ نُعَيْمٌ فَخَذَّلَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَفَتَحَ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَأَوْقَعَ الشِّقَاقَ بَيْنَ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ مِنْ جِهَةٍ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَغَطَفَانَ مِنْ جِهَةٍ أُخْرَى. وَأَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ الرِّيحَ فِي لَيْلَةٍ شَاتِيَةٍ شَدِيدَةِ الْبَرْدِ فَجَعَلَتْ تَكْفَأُ قُدُورَهُمْ وَتَطْرَحُ أَبْنِيَتِهِمْ، فَبَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ الْيَمَانِ لَيْلًا لِيَنْظُرَ مَا فَعَلَ الْقَوْمُ، فَدَخَلَ مُعَسْكَرَهُمْ وَعَلِمَ أَنَّ الْيَأْسَ قَدْ تَمَلَّكَهُمْ وَأَنَّهُمْ رَاجِعُونَ إِلَى دِيَارِهِمْ، وَرَدَّ اللهُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِغَيْظِهِمْ لَمْ يَنَالُوا خَيْرًا، عِنْدَئِذٍ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "الْآنَ نَغْزُوهُمْ وَلَا يَغْزُونَا"
Translation
✧ The Expedition of al-Khandaq (the Confederates) The expedition of al-Khandaq, or the Confederates, took place in Shawwāl of the year five of the Hijrah, though other dates are also mentioned. Its cause was that a group of Jews, including Sallām b. Abī al-Ḥaqīq al-Naḍrī and Ḥuyayy b. Akhṭab al-Naḍrī, went out inciting the confederate parties against the Messenger of God ﷺ. They went to Quraysh and Ghaṭafān, urging them to fight the Messenger ﷺ. When the Prophet ﷺ heard of the matter, Salmān ؓ advised him to dig a trench around Madinah. The Prophet ﷺ set about digging the trench and worked on it himself ﷺ, and his Companions ؓ worked on it as well. The hypocrites held back, but during the digging there appeared brilliant signs that strengthened the believers' resolve. Among them was the appearance of a hard rocky outcrop that obstructed the Companions, so they complained to the Prophet ﷺ. He struck it with a pickaxe, and it turned into a sand dune, despite the intensity of his hunger—so much so that he had tied a stone to his noble belly ﷺ because of its severity. When the Prophet ﷺ struck the rocky outcrop with his pickaxe, he was given glad tidings from God Almighty of the conquest of Yemen, Persia, and Byzantium. When Jābir saw the severe hunger, exhaustion, and fatigue that the Messenger of God ﷺ was suffering, he returned to his family and told them what he had seen and how he could not bear to see the Messenger of God ﷺ in such a state. He asked his wife if they had anything to feed the Messenger of God ﷺ, and she told him that what they had would suffice for two or three people. He came to the Prophet ﷺ and informed him about the food. The Prophet ﷺ said to him: "Tell her—your wife—not to remove the pot or the bread from the oven until I come." Then the Prophet ﷺ rose with those with him from the Emigrants and the Helpers who were working on the trench. The Prophet ﷺ began breaking the bread, placing meat on it, covering the pot and the oven whenever he took from them, and bringing it to his Companions, then removing more. He kept breaking bread and ladling out until they were all full, and some remained. He said: "Eat this and give it as a gift, for the people have been afflicted by famine." No sooner had the digging of the trench finished than the polytheists arrived. Quraysh advanced and encamped at the meeting of the torrents from Rūmah, between al-Jurf and Zaghābah, with ten thousand of their allies (aḥābīsh) and those who followed them from Banū Kinānah and the people of Tihāmah. Ghaṭafān and those who followed them from the people of Najd also advanced until they encamped at Dhanab Naqmā, beside Uḥud. The Messenger of God ﷺ and the Muslims went out until they placed their backs to Salʿ with three thousand Muslims. He pitched his camp there, with the trench between him and the enemy, and he ordered the women and children to be placed in the strongholds. Ibn Hishām said: He appointed Ibn Umm Maktūm over Madinah. Banū Qurayẓah and the Breaking of Their Pact with the Messenger of God ﷺ When the confederates encamped around Madinah, Banū Qurayẓah closed their fortress against them. Their chief was Kaʿb b. Asad al-Quraẓī, who was the holder of their pact and covenant. They had covenanted with the Messenger ﷺ to support him. Ḥuyayy b. Akhṭab came to him and kept speaking to him, making promises and threats, until he broke his pact with the Prophet ﷺ. When the news reached the Prophet ﷺ, he sent Saʿd b. Muʿādh, Saʿd b. ʿUbādah, Ibn Rawāḥah, and Khawwāt b. Jubayr to verify what had reached him ﷺ. When the news was confirmed, the affliction grew severe and the trial intensified, and people were afraid, but in the midst of that the Prophet ﷺ said: "Rejoice in God's victory and His help." The affliction increased until the matter became extremely dire. Muʿattib b. Qushayr, brother of Banū ʿAmr b. ʿAwf, said: "Muḥammad used to promise us that we would eat the treasures of Kisrā and Caesar, while today one of us cannot even feel safe going out to relieve himself." Aws b. Qayẓī said: "O Messenger of God, our houses are exposed to the enemy, so permit us to return to our homes, for they are outside Madinah." Then the words of God Almighty were revealed: "And when the hypocrites and those in whose hearts is disease said, 'God and His Messenger promised us nothing but delusion.' And when a party of them said, 'O people of Yathrib, there is no stand for you, so return.' And a group of them asked permission of the Prophet, saying, 'Indeed, our houses are exposed,' though they were not exposed. They intended nothing but flight" [al-Aḥzāb: 12–13]. The Messenger of God ﷺ and the Companions remained in their defensive positions, and the polytheists besieged them for twenty-some nights, nearly a month, with no fighting between them except the exchange of arrows. The Prophet ﷺ wanted to lighten the burden on the people of Madinah under this siege by making peace with ʿUyaynah and al-Ḥārith of Ghaṭafān, offering them a third of the fruits of Madinah on condition that they withdraw with their forces. The Prophet ﷺ consulted Saʿd b. Muʿādh and Saʿd b. ʿUbādah. After they understood that this was something he was doing for their sake and not a revelation from God Almighty, they advised him ﷺ to reject it. Saʿd b. Muʿādh said to him: "O Messenger of God, we and these people used to be on polytheism toward God and worship of idols, neither worshiping God nor knowing Him. They never hoped to eat a single date from it except as hospitality or by purchase. Now that God has honored us with Islam, guided us to it, and strengthened us through you and through it, should we give them our wealth? We have no need of this. By God, we will give them nothing but the sword, until God judges between us and them." The Prophet ﷺ said: "You and that." Saʿd b. Muʿādh took the document and erased what was written in it, then said: "Let them do their utmost against us." Some of the cavalrymen of the polytheists attempted to cross the fortification, but all their attempts failed. In one of them, ʿAmr b. ʿAbd Wudd was killed; ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ killed him. The Death of Saʿd b. Muʿādh ؓ Saʿd b. Muʿādh was struck by an arrow that severed his median cubital vein. Saʿd said: "O God, if You have kept anything of the war with Quraysh, then keep me alive for it, for there is no people more beloved to me to fight than a people who harmed Your Messenger, called him a liar, and drove him out. O God, if You have brought the war between us and them to an end, then make it a martyrdom for me, and do not let me die until You comfort my eye concerning Banū Qurayẓah." God answered the prayer of His friend Saʿd b. Muʿādh concerning Banū Qurayẓah, and God comforted his eye. He judged among them by God's power and facilitation, and he made Banū Qurayẓah the ones who sought Saʿd's judgment. He ruled that their fighting men be killed and their women and children taken captive, until the Messenger of God ﷺ said to him: "You have judged among them with the judgment of God from above seven heavens." That was because they broke the pact, betrayed, and pointed out the vulnerable points of the Muslims. In this expedition, the Muslims were distracted from the middle prayer until the sun set, so they prayed it after the sun had set and then prayed the Maghrib prayer. The Prophet ﷺ said: "May God fill their houses and graves with fire, as they distracted us from the middle prayer until the sun set." While the Muslims were in this affliction, Nuʿaym b. Masʿūd al-Ghaṭafānī came as a Muslim, and the polytheists did not know of his Islam. He said to the Prophet ﷺ: "Command me with whatever you wish." The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "You are only one man among us, so sow discord on our behalf if you can, for war is deceit." Nuʿaym went and sowed discord against the Prophet ﷺ, and God opened a way for the Muslims through him. He brought about dissension between Banū Qurayẓah on one side and the polytheists of Quraysh and Ghaṭafān on the other. God sent the wind on a cold, bitterly wintry night, and it began overturning their cooking pots and tearing down their tents. The Prophet ﷺ sent Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān by night to see what the people had done. He entered their camp and learned that despair had taken hold of them and that they were returning to their lands. God turned back those who disbelieved in their rage, having gained no good. At that point the Prophet ﷺ said: "Now we will raid them, and they will not raid us."
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