9. The mission of the Prophet ﷺ
Sirat Ibn Hisham 261No grade recorded
مَبْعَثُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ تَسْلِيمًا قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى رَحْمَةً لِلْعَالَمِينَ، وَكَافَّةً لِلنَّاسِ بَشِيرًا، وَكَانَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى قَدْ أَخَذَ الْمِيثَاقَ عَلَى كُلِّ نَبِيٍّ بَعَثَهُ قَبْلَهُ بِالْإِيمَانِ بِهِ، وَالتَّصْدِيقِ لَهُ، وَالنَّصْرِ لَهُ عَلَى مَنْ خَالَفَهُ، وَأَخَذَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يُؤَدُّوا ذَلِكَ إلَى كُلِّ مَنْ آمَنْ بِهِمْ وَصَدَّقَهُمْ، فَأَدَّوْا مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا كَانَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ الْحَقِّ فِيهِ. يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لِمُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ وَإِذْ أَخَذَ اللَّهُ مِيثَاقَ النَّبِيِّينَ لَمَا آتَيْتُكُمْ مِنْ كِتَابٍ وَحِكْمَةٍ ثُمَّ جَاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مُصَدِّقٌ لِمَا مَعَكُمْ لَتُؤْمِنُنَّ بِهِ وَلَتَنْصُرُنَّهُ قَالَ أَأَقْرَرْتُمْ وَأَخَذْتُمْ عَلَى ذَلِكُمْ إِصْرِي أَيْ ثِقَلَ مَا حَمَّلْتُكُمْ مِنْ عَهْدِي قَالُوا أَقْرَرْنَا قَالَ فَاشْهَدُوا وَأَنَا مَعَكُمْ مِنَ الشَّاهِدِينَ فَأَخَذَ اللَّهُ مِيثَاقَ النَّبِيِّينَ جَمِيعًا بِالتَّصْدِيقِ لَهُ، وَالنَّصْرِ لَهُ مِمَّنْ خَالَفَهُ، وَأَدَّوْا ذَلِكَ إلَى مَنْ آمَنْ بِهِمْ وَصَدَّقَهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ هَذَيْنِ الْكِتَابَيْنِ.
✧ The sending of the Prophet ﷺ, salutations. Ibn Isḥāq said: When Muḥammad the Messenger of Allah ﷺ reached forty years, Allah Almighty sent him as a mercy to the worlds, and for all people as a bearer of good tidings. Allah, blessed and exalted, had taken the covenant from every prophet He sent before him to believe in him, to affirm him, and to aid him against whoever opposed him, and He took from them that they would convey that to everyone who believed in them and affirmed them; and they conveyed of that what was incumbent upon them of the right concerning it. Allah Almighty says to Muḥammad ﷺ: 'And when Allah took the covenant of the prophets: “For what I have given you of Book and wisdom, then there comes to you a messenger confirming what is with you—you shall surely believe in him and you shall surely aid him.” He said: “Do you affirm and take upon that My burden?”—that is, the weight of what I have laid upon you of My covenant. They said: “We affirm.” He said: “Then bear witness, and I am with you among the witnesses.”' So Allah took the covenant of all the prophets to affirm him, and to aid him against whoever opposed him, and they conveyed that to those who believed in them and affirmed them from the people of these two Books.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 262No grade recorded
[ أَوَّلُ مَا بُدِئَ بِهِ الرَّسُولُ ﷺ الرُّؤْيَا الصَّادِقَةُ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: فَذَكَرَ الزُّهْرِيُّ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ أَنَّهَا حَدَّثَتْهُ: أَنَّ أَوَّلَ مَا بُدِئَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ النُّبُوَّةِ، حِينَ أَرَادَ اللَّهُ كَرَامَتَهُ وَرَحْمَةَ الْعِبَادِ بِهِ، الرُّؤْيَا الصَّادِقَةُ، لَا يَرَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ رُؤْيَا فِي نُوُمِهِ إلَّا جَاءَتْ كَفَلَقِ الصُّبْحِ قَالَتْ: وَحَبَّبَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إلَيْهِ الْخَلْوَةَ، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْءٌ أَحَبَّ إلَيْهِ مِنْ أَنْ يَخْلُوَ وَحْدَهُ
✧ [ The first thing with which the Messenger ﷺ began: truthful dreams ] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then al-Zuhrī mentioned, from ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr, from ʿĀʾishah ؓ, that she related to him: The first thing with which the Messenger of God ﷺ began, of prophethood, when God willed His honouring of him and His mercy to the servants through him, was the truthful dream. The Messenger of God ﷺ did not see a dream in his sleep but it came like the break of dawn. She said: And God, exalted is He, made seclusion beloved to him, and there was nothing more beloved to him than to be alone by himself.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 263No grade recorded
[ تَسْلِيمُ الْحِجَارَةِ وَالشَّجَرِ عَلَيْهِ ﷺ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بْنِ الْعَلَاءِ بْنِ جَارِيَةَ الثَّقَفِيُّ، وَكَانَ وَاعِيَةً، عَنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ أَرَادَهُ اللَّهُ بِكَرَامَتِهِ، وَابْتَدَأَهُ بِالنُّبُوَّةِ، كَانَ إذَا خَرَجَ لِحَاجَتِهِ أَبْعَدَ حَتَّى تَحَسَّرَ عَنْهُ الْبُيُوتُ وَيُفْضِي إلَى شِعَابِ مَكَّةَ وَبُطُونِ أَوْدِيَتِهَا، فَلَا يَمُرُّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِحَجَرٍ وَلَا شَجَرٍ إلَّا قَالَ: السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ. قَالَ: فَيَلْتَفِتُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَوْلَهُ وَعَنْ يَمِينِهِ وَشِمَالِهِ وَخَلْفِهِ، فَلَا يَرَى إلَّا الشَّجَرَ وَالْحِجَارَةَ. فَمَكَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَذَلِكَ يَرَى وَيَسْمَعُ، مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَمْكُثَ، ثُمَّ جَاءَهُ جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِمَا جَاءَهُ مِنْ كَرَامَةِ اللَّهِ، وَهُوَ بِحِرَاءٍ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ
✧ [The greeting of the stones and trees to him ﷺ] Ibn Isḥāq said: ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Abī Sufyān b. al-ʿAlāʾ b. Jāriyah al-Thaqafī, who was a retentive memorizer, related to me from the people of knowledge: that the Messenger of God ﷺ, when God willed to honor him and initiated him with prophethood, would go out to relieve himself and go far until the houses were out of sight, and he would come to the mountain passes of Makkah and the bottoms of its valleys. The Messenger of God ﷺ would not pass by any stone or tree but that it said: Peace be upon you, O Messenger of God. He said: So the Messenger of God ﷺ would turn around, to his right, to his left, and behind him, and see nothing but trees and stones. The Messenger of God ﷺ remained thus, seeing and hearing, as long as God willed him to remain. Then Gabriel ﷺ came to him with what he brought of God's honor, while he was at Ḥirāʾ in the month of Ramaḍān.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 264No grade recorded
[ ابْتِدَاءُ نُزُولِ جِبْرِيلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي وَهْبُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ، مَوْلَى آلِ الزُّبَيْرِ. قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ لِعُبَيْدِ بْنِ عُمَيْرِ بْنِ قَتَادَةَ اللَّيْثَيَّ: حَدِّثْنَا يَا عُبَيْدُ، كَيْفَ كَانَ بَدْءُ مَا اُبْتُدِئَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ النُّبُوَّةِ، حِينَ جَاءَهُ جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ ؟ قَالَ: فَقَالَ: عُبَيْدٌ - وَأَنَا حَاضِرٌ يُحَدِّثُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ مِنْ النَّاسِ -: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُجَاوِرُ فِي حِرَاءٍ مِنْ كُلِّ سَنَةٍ شَهْرًا، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا تَحَنَّثَ بِهِ قُرَيْشٌ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ. وَالتَّحَنُّثُ التَّبَرُّزُ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَقَالَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ:: وَثَوْرٍ وَمَنْ أَرْسَى ثَبِيرًا مَكَانَهُ وَرَاقٍ لِيَرْقَى فِي حِرَاءٍ وَنَازِلِ
✧ [The beginning of Gabriel's ﷺ descent] Ibn Isḥāq said: Wahb b. Kaysān, the mawlā of the family of al-Zubayr, related to me. He said: I heard ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr saying to ʿUbayd b. ʿUmayr b. Qatādah al-Laythī: Relate to us, O ʿUbayd, how was the beginning of what the Messenger of God ﷺ was initiated with of prophethood when Gabriel ﷺ came to him? He said: ʿUbayd said—while I was present, relating to ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr and those with him of the people—: The Messenger of God ﷺ used to make retreat in Ḥirāʾ for a month every year, and that was part of the taḥannuth that Quraysh practiced in the Jāhiliyyah. Al-taḥannuth is al-tabarruz (seclusion). Ibn Isḥāq said: Abū Ṭālib said: Wa-thawrin wa-man arsā thabīran makānahu Wa-rāqin li-yarqā fī Ḥirāʾin wa-nāzilī
Sirat Ibn Hisham 265No grade recorded
[ بَحْثٌ لُغَوِيٌّ لِابْنِ هِشَامٍ فِي مَعْنَى التَّحَنُّثِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: تَقُولُ الْعَرَبُ: التَّحَنُّثُ وَالتَّحَنُّفُ، يُرِيدُونَ الْحَنَفِيَّةَ فَيُبْدِلُونَ الْفَاءَ مِنْ الثَّاءِ، كَمَا قَالُوا: جَدَثَ، وَجَدَفَ، يُرِيدُونَ الْقَبْرَ. قَالَ رُؤْبَةُ بْنُ الْعَجَّاجِ:: لَوْ كَانَ أَحْجَارِي مَعَ الْأَجْدَافِ يُرِيدُ: الْأَجْدَاثَ. وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي أُرْجُوزَةٍ لَهُ. وَبَيْتُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ، سَأَذْكُرُهَا إنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ فِي مَوْضِعِهَا. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَحَدَّثَنِي أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ أَنَّ الْعَرَبَ تَقُولُ: فَمَّ، فِي مَوْضِعِ ثُمَّ، يُبْدِلُونَ الْفَاءَ مِنْ الثَّاءِ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي وَهْبُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ قَالَ: قَالَ عُبَيْدٌ: فَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُجَاوِرُ ذَلِكَ الشَّهْرَ مِنْ كُلِّ سَنَةٍ، يُطْعِمُ مَنْ جَاءَهُ مِنْ الْمَسَاكِينِ، فَإِذَا قَضَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ جِوَارَهُ مِنْ شَهْرِهِ ذَلِكَ، كَانَ أَوَّلُ مَا يَبْدَأُ بِهِ، إذَا انْصَرَفَ مِنْ جِوَارِهِ، الْكَعْبَةَ، قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ بَيْتَهُ، فَيَطُوفُ بِهَا سَبْعًا أَوْ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ يَرْجِعُ إلَى بَيْتِهِ، حَتَّى إذَا كَانَ الشَّهْرُ الَّذِي أَرَادَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِهِ فِيهِ مَا أَرَادَ مِنْ كَرَامَتِهِ، مِنْ السَّنَةِ الَّتِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِيهَا؛ وَذَلِكَ الشَّهْرُ ( شَهْرُ ) رَمَضَانَ، خَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إلَى حِرَاءٍ، كَمَا كَانَ يَخْرُجُ لِجِوَارِهِ وَمَعَهُ أَهْلُهُ، حَتَّى إذَا كَانَتْ اللَّيْلَةُ الَّتِي أَكْرَمَهُ اللَّهُ فِيهَا بِرِسَالَتِهِ، وَرَحِمَ الْعِبَادَ بِهَا، جَاءَهُ جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: فَجَاءَنِي جِبْرِيلُ، وَأَنَا نَائِمٌ، بِنَمَطٍ مِنْ دِيبَاجٍ فِيهِ كِتَابٌ، فَقَالَ اقْرَأْ؛ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: مَا أَقْرَأُ ؟ قَالَ: فَغَتَّنِي بِهِ حَتَّى ظَنَنْتُ أَنَّهُ الْمَوْتُ، ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَنِي فَقَالَ: اقْرَأْ؛ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: مَا أَقْرَأُ ؟ قَالَ: فَغَتَّنِي بِهِ حَتَّى ظَنَنْتُ أَنَّهُ الْمَوْتُ، ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَنِي، فَقَالَ: اقْرَأْ؛ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: مَاذَا أَقْرَأُ ؟ قَالَ: فَغَتَّنِي بِهِ حَتَّى ظَنَنْتُ أَنَّهُ الْمَوْتُ، ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَنِي، فَقَالَ: اقْرَأْ؛ قَالَ: فَقُلْتُ: مَاذَا أَقْرَأُ ؟ مَا أَقُولُ ذَلِكَ إلَّا افْتِدَاءً مِنْهُ أَنْ يَعُودَ لِي بِمِثْلِ مَا صَنَعَ بِي، فَقَالَ: اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ خَلَقَ الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ عَلَّمَ الْإِنْسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ قَالَ: فَقَرَأْتهَا ثُمَّ انْتَهَى فَانْصَرَفَ عَنِّي وَهَبَبْتُ مِنْ نَوْمِي، فَكَأَنَّمَا كَتَبْتُ فِي قَلْبِي كِتَابًا. قَالَ: فَخَرَجْتُ حَتَّى إذَا كُنْتُ فِي وَسَطٍ مِنْ الْجَبَلِ سَمِعْتُ صَوْتًا مِنْ السَّمَاءِ يَقُولُ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، أَنْتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَأَنَا جِبْرِيلُ؛ قَالَ: فَرَفَعْتُ رَأْسِي إلَى السَّمَاءِ أَنْظُرُ، فَإِذَا جِبْرِيلُ فِي صُورَةِ رَجُلٍ صَافٍّ قَدَمَيْهِ فِي أُفُقِ السَّمَاءِ يَقُولُ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، أَنْتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَأَنَا جِبْرِيلُ. قَالَ: فَوَقَفْتُ أَنْظُرُ إلَيْهِ فَمَا أَتَقَدَّمُ وَمَا أَتَأَخَّرُ، وَجَعَلْتُ أَصْرِفُ وَجْهِي عَنْهُ فِي آفَاقِ السَّمَاءِ، قَالَ: فَلَا أَنْظُرُ فِي نَاحِيَةٍ مِنْهَا إلَّا رَأَيْتُهُ كَذَلِكَ، فَمَا زِلْتُ وَاقِفًا مَا أَتَقَدَّمُ أَمَامِي وَمَا أَرْجِعُ وَرَائِي حَتَّى بَعَثَتْ خَدِيجَةُ رُسُلَهَا فِي طَلَبِي، فَبَلَغُوا أَعْلَى مَكَّةَ وَرَجَعُوا إلَيْهَا وَأَنَا وَاقِفٌ فِي مَكَانِي ذَلِكَ؛ ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ عَنِّي
✧ [A linguistic discussion by Ibn Hishām on the meaning of taḥannuth] Ibn Hishām said: The Arabs say al-taḥannuth and al-taḥannuf, meaning al-ḥanafiyyah, substituting fāʾ for thāʾ, as they say jadath and jadaf, meaning the grave. Ruʾbah b. al-ʿAjjāj said: If my stones were with the ajdāf, meaning al-ajdāth. This verse is in one of his urjūzahs. The verse of Abū Ṭālib is in a qaṣīdah of his, which I shall mention, God willing, in its proper place. Ibn Hishām said: Abū ʿUbaydah related to me that the Arabs say famm in place of thumm, substituting fāʾ for thāʾ. Ibn Isḥāq said: Wahb b. Kaysān related to me, saying: ʿUbayd said: The Messenger of God ﷺ used to observe seclusion during that month every year, feeding the poor who came to him. When the Messenger of God ﷺ completed his seclusion for that month, the first thing he would begin with, upon leaving his retreat, was the Kaʿbah, before entering his house; he would circumambulate it seven times, or as many as God willed, then return to his house. Until when it was the month in which God Most High willed for him what He willed of His honor, in the year in which God Most High sent him; and that month was the month of Ramaḍān, the Messenger of God ﷺ went out to Ḥirāʾ as he used to go out for his seclusion, with his family. Until when it was the night in which God honored him with His message and showed mercy to His servants through it, Gabriel ﷺ came to him with the command of God Most High. The Messenger of God ﷺ said: Gabriel came to me while I was sleeping, with a brocade cloth in which there was writing, and said, “Read.” He said: I said, “What shall I read?” He said: Then he pressed me with it until I thought it was death, then he released me and said, “Read.” He said: I said, “What shall I read?” He said: Then he pressed me with it until I thought it was death, then he released me, and said, “Read.” He said: I said, “What shall I read?” He said: Then he pressed me with it until I thought it was death, then he released me, and said, “Read.” He said: Then I said, “What shall I read?”—I said that only to protect myself from him returning to me with the like of what he had done to me. Then he said: “Read in the name of your Lord who created, created man from a clinging clot. Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous, who taught by the pen, taught man what he did not know.” He said: So I read it. Then he stopped and departed from me, and I awoke from my sleep, and it was as though a book had been written in my heart. He said: I went out, and when I was in the middle of the mountain, I heard a voice from the sky saying, “O Muḥammad, you are the Messenger of God, and I am Gabriel.” He said: I raised my head to the sky to look, and there was Gabriel in the form of a man, standing with his feet set in the horizon of the sky, saying, “O Muḥammad, you are the Messenger of God, and I am Gabriel.” He said: I stood looking at him, neither advancing nor retreating, and I began turning my face away from him toward the horizons of the sky. He said: In no direction did I look but I saw him thus. I remained standing, neither advancing forward nor going back, until Khadījah sent her messengers in search of me. They reached the upper part of Makkah and returned to her while I was standing in that place of mine; then he departed from me.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 266No grade recorded
[ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُصُّ عَلَى خَدِيجَةَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِ جِبْرِيلَ مَعَهُ ] وَانْصَرَفْتُ رَاجِعًا إلَى أَهْلِي حَتَّى أَتَيْتُ خَدِيجَةَ فَجَلَسْتُ إلَى فَخِذِهَا مُضِيفًا إلَيْهَا: فَقَالَتْ: يَا أَبَا الْقَاسِمِ، أَيْنَ كُنْتَ ؟ فَوَاَللَّهِ لَقَدْ بَعَثَتْ رُسُلِي فِي طَلَبكَ حَتَّى بَلَغُوا مَكَّةَ وَرَجَعُوا لِي، ثُمَّ حَدَّثْتهَا بِاَلَّذِي رَأَيْتُ، فَقَالَتْ: أَبْشِرْ يَا ابْنَ عَمِّ وَاثْبُتْ، فَوَاَلَّذِي نَفْسُ خَدِيجَةَ بِيَدِهِ إنِّي لَأَرْجُو أَنْ تَكُونَ نَبِيَّ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ
✧ [The Messenger of Allah ﷺ recounting to Khadijah what happened with Gabriel] And I turned back to my family until I came to Khadijah, and I sat beside her thigh, drawing close to her. She said: “O Abu al-Qasim, where have you been? By Allah, I sent my messengers in search of you until they reached Makkah and returned to me.” Then I told her what I had seen. She said: “Rejoice, O son of my uncle, and be steadfast. By Him in Whose hand is the soul of Khadijah, I hope that you will be the prophet of this community.”
Sirat Ibn Hisham 267No grade recorded
[ خَدِيجَةُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ وَرَقَةَ تُحَدِّثُهُ حَدِيثَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ] ثُمَّ قَامَتْ فَجَمَعَتْ عَلَيْهَا ثِيَابَهَا، ثُمَّ انْطَلَقَتْ إلَى وَرَقَةَ بْنِ نَوْفَلِ بْنِ أَسَدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعُزَّى بْنِ قُصَيٍّ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ عَمِّهَا، وَكَانَ وَرَقَةُ قَدْ تَنَصَّرَ وَقَرَأَ الْكُتُبَ، وَسَمِعَ مِنْ أَهْلِ التَّوْرَاةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ، فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ بِمَا أَخْبَرَهَا بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، أَنَّهُ رَأَى وَسَمِعَ؛ فَقَالَ وَرَقَةُ بْنُ نَوْفَلٍ: قُدُّوسٌ قُدُّوسٌ، وَاَلَّذِي نَفْسُ وَرَقَةَ بِيَدِهِ، لَئِنْ كُنْتِ صَدَّقْتِينِي يَا خَدِيجَةُ لَقَدْ جَاءَهُ النَّامُوسُ الْأَكْبَرُ الَّذِي كَانَ يَأْتِي مُوسَى، وَإِنَّهُ لَنَبِيُّ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ، فَقُولِي لَهُ: فَلْيَثْبُتْ. فَرَجَعَتْ خَدِيجَةُ إلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ بِقَوْلِ وَرَقَةَ بْنِ نَوْفَلٍ، فَلَمَّا قَضَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ جِوَارَهُ وَانْصَرَفَ، صَنَعَ كَمَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ بَدَأَ بِالْكَعْبَةِ فَطَافَ بِهَا، فَلَقِيَهُ وَرَقَةُ بْنُ نَوْفَلٍ وَهُوَ يَطُوفُ بِالْكَعْبَةِ فَقَالَ: يَا ابْنَ أَخِي أَخْبِرْنِي بِمَا رَأَيْتَ وَسَمِعْتَ فَأَخْبَرَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ؛ فَقَالَ لَهُ وَرَقَةُ: وَاَلَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، إنَّكَ لَنَبِيُّ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ، وَلَقَدْ جَاءَكَ النَّامُوسُ الْأَكْبَرُ الَّذِي جَاءَ مُوسَى وَلَتُكَذَّبَنَّهُ وَلَتُؤْذَيَنَّهُ وَلَتُخْرَجَنَّهُ وَلَتُقَاتَلَنَّهُ، وَلَئِنْ أَنَا أَدْرَكْتُ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ لَأَنْصُرَنَّ اللَّهَ نَصْرًا يَعْلَمُهُ، ثُمَّ أَدْنَى رَأْسَهُ مِنْهُ، فَقَبَّلَ يَافُوخَهُ، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إلَى مَنْزِلِهِ
✧ [Khadijah before Waraqah, telling him the account of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ] Then she arose, gathered her garments about her, and set off to Waraqah b. Nawfal b. Asad b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Quṣayy, who was her paternal cousin. Waraqah had become a Christian, read the scriptures, and heard from the people of the Torah and the Gospel. She informed him of what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had told her, that he had seen and heard. Waraqah b. Nawfal said: "Holy, holy! By Him in whose hand is the soul of Waraqah, if you have spoken truly to me, O Khadījah, there has come to him the greatest Nāmūs who used to come to Moses, and he is indeed the prophet of this community. Tell him to be steadfast." Khadījah returned to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and told him what Waraqah b. Nawfal had said. When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ finished his retreat and departed, he did as he used to do: he began with the Kaʿbah and circumambulated it. Waraqah b. Nawfal met him while he was circumambulating the Kaʿbah and said: "O son of my brother, tell me what you saw and heard." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ informed him, and Waraqah said to him: "By Him in whose hand is my soul, you are indeed the prophet of this community, and the greatest Nāmūs who came to Moses has come to you. You will surely be denied, harmed, expelled, and fought. If I live to see that day, I will surely help Allah with a help He knows." Then he brought his head close to him and kissed his crown. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ departed to his dwelling.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 268No grade recorded
[ امْتِحَانُ خَدِيجَةَ بُرْهَانَ الْوَحْيِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي إسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَبِي حَكِيمٍ مَوْلَى آلِ الزُّبَيْرِ: أَنَّهُ حُدِّثَ عَنْ خَدِيجَةَ ؓ أَنَّهَا قَالَتْ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أَيْ ابْنَ عَمِّ، أَتَسْتَطِيعُ أَنَّ تُخْبِرَنِي بِصَاحِبِكَ هَذَا الَّذِي يَأْتِيكَ إذَا جَاءَكَ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَتْ: فَإِذَا جَاءَكَ فَأَخْبِرْنِي بِهِ. فَجَاءَهُ جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ كَمَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِخَدِيجَةَ: يَا خَدِيجَةُ، هَذَا جِبْرِيلُ قَدْ جَاءَنِي، قَالَتْ: قُمْ يَا ابْنَ عَمِّ فَاجْلِسْ عَلَى فَخِذِي الْيُسْرَى؛ قَالَ فَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَجَلَسَ عَلَيْهَا، قَالَتْ: هَلْ تَرَاهُ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، قَالَتْ: فَتُحَوَّلْ فَاجْلِسْ عَلَى فَخِذِي الْيُمْنَى؛ قَالَتْ: فَتَحَوَّلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَجَلَسَ عَلَى فَخِذِهَا الْيُمْنَى، فَقَالَتْ: هَلْ تَرَاهُ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَتْ: فَتَحَوَّلْ فَاجْلِسْ فِي حِجْرِي، قَالَتْ: فَتَحَوَّلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَجَلَسَ فِي حِجْرِهَا. قَالَتْ: هَلْ تَرَاهُ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، قَالَ: فَتَحَسَّرَتْ وَأَلْقَتْ خِمَارَهَا وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ جَالِسٌ فِي حِجْرِهَا، ثُمَّ قَالَتْ لَهُ: هَلْ تَرَاهُ ؟ قَالَ: لَا، قَالَتْ يَا ابْنَ عَمِّ، اُثْبُتْ وَأَبْشِرْ، فَوَاَللَّهِ إنَّهُ لَمَلَكٌ وَمَا هَذَا بِشَيْطَانٍ قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَقَدْ حَدَّثْتُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ حَسَنٍ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ، فَقَالَ: قَدْ سَمِعْتُ أُمِّي فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتَ حُسَيْنٍ تُحَدِّثُ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ عَنْ خَدِيجَةَ، إلَّا أَنِّي سَمِعْتُهَا تَقُولُ: أَدْخَلَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ دِرْعِهَا، فَذَهَبَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ جِبْرِيلُ، فَقَالَتْ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ: إنَّ هَذَا لَمَلَكٌ وَمَا هُوَ بِشَيْطَانٍ
✧ [Khadijah's testing the proof of revelation] Ibn Isḥāq said: Ismāʿīl b. Abī Ḥakīm, mawlā of the family of al-Zubayr, related to me that he was told on the authority of Khadījah ؓ that she said to the Messenger of God ﷺ: O son of my uncle, can you tell me about this companion of yours who comes to you when he comes to you? He said: Yes. She said: So when he comes to you, tell me about him. Then Gabriel ﷺ came to him as he used to do, and the Messenger of God ﷺ said to Khadījah: O Khadījah, this is Gabriel who has come to me. She said: Rise, O son of my uncle, and sit on my left thigh. He said: So the Messenger of God ﷺ rose and sat on it. She said: Do you see him? He said: Yes. She said: Then move and sit on my right thigh. She said: So the Messenger of God ﷺ moved and sat on her right thigh, and she said: Do you see him? He said: Yes. She said: Then move and sit in my lap. She said: So the Messenger of God ﷺ moved and sat in her lap. She said: Do you see him? He said: Yes. He said: Then she uncovered herself and cast off her veil while the Messenger of God ﷺ was sitting in her lap, then she said to him: Do you see him? He said: No. She said: O son of my uncle, be steadfast and rejoice, for by God, he is an angel and this is no devil. Ibn Isḥāq said: I related this ḥadīth to ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥasan, and he said: I heard my mother Fāṭimah bt. Ḥusayn relate this ḥadīth from Khadījah, except that I heard her say: She admitted the Messenger of God ﷺ between her and her shift, and at that Gabriel departed, and she said to the Messenger of God ﷺ: Verily this is an angel and he is no devil.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 269No grade recorded
ابْتِدَاءُ تَنْزِيلِ الْقُرْآنِ قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: فَابْتُدِئَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِالتَّنْزِيلِ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ، بِقَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَى وَالْفُرْقَانِ. وَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: إنَّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ أَمْرٍ سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ وَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: حم وَالْكِتَابِ الْمُبِينِ إِنَّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ مُبَارَكَةٍ إِنَّا كُنَّا مُنْذِرِينَ فِيهَا يُفْرَقُ كُلُّ أَمْرٍ حَكِيمٍ أَمْرًا مِنْ عِنْدِنَا إِنَّا كُنَّا مُرْسِلِينَ. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آمَنْتُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ وَذَلِكَ مُلْتَقَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ بِبَدْرٍ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حُسَيْنٍ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْتَقَى هُوَ وَالْمُشْرِكُونَ بِبَدْرٍ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ، صَبِيحَةَ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ تَتَامَّ الْوَحْيُ إلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ بِاَللَّهِ مُصَّدِّقٌ بِمَا جَاءَهُ مِنْهُ، قَدْ قَبِلَهُ بِقَبُولِهِ، وَتَحَمَّلَ مِنْهُ مَا حَمَلَهُ عَلَى رِضَا الْعِبَادِ وَسَخَطِهِمْ، وَالنُّبُوَّةُ أَثْقَالٌ وَمُؤْنَةٌ، لَا يَحْمِلُهَا وَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُ بِهَا إلَّا أَهْلُ الْقُوَّةِ وَالْعَزْمِ مِنْ الرُّسُلِ بِعَوْنِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَتَوْفِيقِهِ، لَمَا يَلْقَوْنَ مِنْ النَّاسِ وَمَا يُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِمْ مِمَّا جَاءُوا بِهِ عَنْ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانِهِ وَتَعَالَى. قَالَ: فَمَضَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى أَمْرِ اللَّهِ، عَلَى مَا يَلْقَى مِنْ قَوْمِهِ مِنْ الْخِلَافِ وَالْأَذَى.
✧ The beginning of the revelation of the Qur'an. Ibn Ishaq said: The revelation to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ began in the month of Ramadan, in accordance with the words of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: “The month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion” (Q 2:185). And Allah, Exalted is He, said: “Indeed, We sent it down during the Night of Decree. And what can make you know what is the Night of Decree? The Night of Decree is better than a thousand months. The angels and the Spirit descend therein by permission of their Lord for every matter. Peace it is until the emergence of dawn” (Q 97:1–5). And Allah, Exalted is He, said: “Hā Mīm. By the clear Book, indeed, We sent it down during a blessed night. Indeed, We were to warn [mankind]. Therein is made distinct every precise matter—a command from Us. Indeed, We were to send [messengers]” (Q 44:1–5). And He, Exalted is He, said: “If you have believed in Allah and in what We sent down upon Our Servant on the Day of Criterion—the day when the two hosts met” (Q 8:41). And that was the meeting of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the polytheists at Badr. Ibn Ishaq said: Abu Jaʿfar Muhammad b. ʿAli b. Husayn related to me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the polytheists met at Badr on Friday, the morning of the seventeenth of Ramadan. Ibn Ishaq said: Then the revelation came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in succession. He believed in Allah, affirmed what came to him from Him, accepted it with full acceptance, and bore what he bore of it amid the satisfaction and wrath of [Allah's] servants. Prophethood is a burden and a responsibility, which none can bear or have strength for except the messengers endowed with strength and resolve, by the help of Allah, Exalted is He, and His enabling—because of what they encounter from people and what is opposed to them in what they brought from Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He. He said: So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ went forward with the command of Allah, despite what he met from his people of opposition and harm.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 270No grade recorded
إسْلَامُ خَدِيجَةَ بِنْتِ خُوَيْلِدٍ وَآمَنَتْ بِهِ خَدِيجَةُ بِنْتُ خُوَيْلِدٍ، وَصَدَّقَتْ بِمَا جَاءَهُ مِنْ اللَّهِ، وَوَازَرَتْهُ عَلَى أَمْرِهِ، وَكَانَتْ أَوَّلَ مَنْ آمَنْ بِاَللَّهِ وَبِرَسُولِهِ، وَصَدَّقَ بِمَا جَاءَ مِنْهُ. فَخَفَّفَ اللَّهُ بِذَلِكَ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِ ﷺ، لَا يَسْمَعُ شَيْئًا مِمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ مِنْ رَدٍّ عَلَيْهِ وَتَكْذِيبٍ لَهُ، فَيُحْزِنُهُ ذَلِكَ، إلَّا فَرَّجَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ بِهَا إذَا رَجَعَ إلَيْهَا، تُثَبِّتُهُ وَتُخَفِّفُ عَلَيْهِ، وَتُصَدِّقُهُ وَتُهَوِّنُ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرَ النَّاسِ، رَحِمَهَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى. 0
✧ The Islam of Khadijah bt. Khuwaylid. And Khadijah bt. Khuwaylid believed in him, and she accepted as true what came to him from God, and she supported him in his affair. She was the first to believe in God and His Messenger and to accept as true what came from him. Thus God lightened thereby the burden of His Prophet ﷺ; he would not hear anything he disliked, of rejection of him or denial of him, that would grieve him, but God relieved him through her when he returned to her: she would steady him, lighten his burden, believe him, and make light for him the people's affair. May God Almighty have mercy on her.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 271No grade recorded
[ تَبْشِيرُ الرَّسُولِ لِخَدِيجَةَ بِبَيْتٍ مِنْ قَصَبٍ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُبَشِّرَ خَدِيجَةَ بِبَيْتٍ مِنْ قَصَبٍ، لَا صَخَبٌ فِيهِ وَلَا نَصَبٌ قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: الْقَصَبُ ( هَهُنَا ): اللُّؤْلُؤُ الْمُجَوَّفُ
✧ [The Messenger's giving glad tidings to Khadijah of a house of qasab] Ibn Isḥāq said: Hishām b. ʿUrwah narrated to me, from his father ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr, from ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "I have been commanded to give Khadijah glad tidings of a house of qasab, in which there is no clamor and no toil." Ibn Hishām said: Al-qasab here is hollow pearl.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 272No grade recorded
[ جِبْرِيلُ يُقْرِئ خَدِيجَةَ السَّلَامَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَحَدَّثَنِي مَنْ أَثِقُ بِهِ، أَنَّ جِبْرِيلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَتَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: أُقْرِئْ خَدِيجَةَ السَّلَامَ مِنْ رَبِّهَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: يَا خَدِيجَةُ، هَذَا جِبْرِيلُ يُقْرِئُكَ السَّلَامَ مِنْ رَبِّكَ، فَقَالَتْ خَدِيجَةُ: اللَّهُ السَّلَامُ، وَمِنْهُ السَّلَامُ، وَعَلَى جِبْرِيلِ السَّلَامُ
✧ [Gabriel conveying greetings to Khadijah] Ibn Hisham said: And one whom I trust narrated to me that Gabriel ﷺ came to the Messenger of God ﷺ and said, "Convey greetings to Khadijah from her Lord." The Messenger of God ﷺ said, "O Khadijah, this is Gabriel conveying greetings to you from your Lord." Khadijah said, "God is Peace, and from Him is peace, and upon Gabriel be peace."
Sirat Ibn Hisham 273No grade recorded
[ فَتْرَةُ الْوَحْيِ وَنُزُولُ سُورَةِ الضُّحَى ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ فَتَرَ الْوَحْيُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَتْرَةً مِنْ ذَلِكَ، حَتَّى شَقَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ فَأَحْزَنَهُ، فَجَاءَهُ جِبْرِيلُ بِسُورَةِ الضُّحَى، يُقْسِمُ لَهُ رَبُّهُ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَكْرَمَهُ بِمَا أَكْرَمَهُ بِهِ، مَا وَدَّعَهُ وَمَا قَلَاهُ، فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَالضُّحَى وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا سَجَى مَا وَدَّعَكَ رَبُّكَ وَمَا قَلَى يَقُولُ: مَا صَرَمَكَ فَتَرَكَكَ، وَمَا أَبْغَضَكَ مُنْذُ أَحَبَّكَ. وَلَلْآخِرَةُ خَيْرٌ لَكَ مِنَ الْأُولَى أَيْ لِمَا عِنْدِي مِنْ مَرْجِعِكَ إلَيَّ، خَيْرٌ لَكَ مِمَّا عَجَّلْتَ لَكَ مِنْ الْكَرَامَةِ فِي الدُّنْيَا. وَلَسَوْفَ يُعْطِيكَ رَبُّكَ فَتَرْضَى مِنْ الْفُلْجِ فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَالثَّوَابِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ. أَلَمْ يَجِدْكَ يَتِيمًا فَآوَى وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدَى وَوَجَدَكَ عَائِلًا فَأَغْنَى يُعَرِّفُهُ اللَّهُ مَا ابْتَدَأَهُ بِهِ مِنْ كَرَامَتِهِ فِي عَاجِلِ أَمْرِهِ، وَمَنِّهِ عَلَيْهِ فِي يُتْمِهِ وَعَيْلَتِهِ وَضَلَالَتِهِ، وَاسْتِنْقَاذِهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ بِرَحْمَتِهِ
✧ [The interval of revelation and the sending down of Surat al-Duha] Ibn Ishaq said: Then the revelation ceased from the Messenger of God ﷺ for a period after that, until that distressed him and saddened him. Then Gabriel came to him with Surat al-Duha, in which his Lord swore to him—He who had honored him with what He had honored him—that He had not forsaken him nor hated him. He, exalted, said: "By the forenoon, and by the night when it grows still, your Lord has not forsaken you, nor hated you" (Q 93:1–3), meaning: He has not cut you off and abandoned you, and He has not hated you since He loved you. "And the Hereafter is better for you than the first" (Q 93:4), meaning: what I have for you in your return to Me is better for you than the honor I hastened for you in this world. "And your Lord will give you, and you will be satisfied" (Q 93:5), of success in this world and reward in the Hereafter. "Did He not find you an orphan and shelter you? And He found you astray and guided you. And He found you poor and enriched you" (Q 93:6–8). God makes known to him what He began with him of His honor in the immediate matter of his affair, and His favor upon him in his orphanhood, his poverty, and his straying, and His rescue of him from all of that by His mercy.
Sirat Ibn Hisham 274No grade recorded
[ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِمُفْرَدَاتِ سُورَةِ الضُّحَى ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: سَجَى: سُكْنٌ. قَالَ أُمِّيَّةُ بْنُ أَبِي الصَّلْتِ الثَّقَفِيُّ:: إذْ أَتَى مَوْهِنَا وَقَدْ نَامَ صَحْبِي وَسَجَا اللَّيْلُ بِالظَّلَامِ الْبَهِيمِ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ، وَيُقَالُ لِلْعَيْنِ إذَا سَكَنَ طَرَفُهَا: سَاجِيَةٌ، وَسَجَا طَرَفُهَا: قَالَ جَرِيرُ ( بْنُ الْخَطَفَى ):: وَلَقَدْ رَمَيْنَكَ حِينَ رُحْنَ بِأَعْيُنٍ يَقْتُلْنَ مِنْ خَلَلِ السُّتُورِ سُوَاجِي وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَالْعَائِلُ: الْفَقِيرُ. قَالَ أَبُو خِرَاشٍ الْهُذَلِيُّ:: إلَى بَيْتِهِ يَأْوِي الضَّرِيكُ إذَا شَتَا وَمُسْتَنْبَحٌ بَالِي الدَّرِيسَيْنِ عَائِلُ وَجَمْعُهُ: عَالَةٌ وَعَيْلٌ. وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ سَأَذْكُرُهَا فِي مَوْضِعِهَا إنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ، وَالْعَائِلُ ( أَيْضًا ): الَّذِي يَعُولُ الْعِيَالَ. وَالْعَائِلُ ( أَيْضًا ): الْخَائِفُ. وَفِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: ذَلِكَ أَدْنَى أَلَّا تَعُولُوا وَقَالَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ:: بِمِيزَانِ قِسْطٍ لَا يُخِسُّ شَعِيرَةً لَهُ شَاهِدٌ مِنْ نَفْسِهِ غَيْرُ عَائِلٍ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ سَأَذْكُرُهَا إنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ فِي مَوْضِعِهَا. وَالْعَائِلُ ( أَيْضًا ): الشَّيْءُ الْمُثْقَلُ الْمُعْي. يَقُولُ الرَّجُلُ: قَدْ عَالَنِي هَذَا الْأَمْرُ: أَيْ أَثْقَلَنِي وَأَعْيَانِي قَالَ الْفَرَزْدَقُ:: تَرَى الْغُرَّ الْجَحَاجِحَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ إذَا مَا الْأَمْرُ فِي الْحَدَثَانِ عَالَا وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. فَأَمَّا الْيَتِيمَ فَلَا تَقْهَرْ وَأَمَّا السَّائِلَ فَلَا تَنْهَرْ أَيْ لَا تَكُنْ جَبَّارًا وَلَا مُتَكَبِّرًا، وَلَا فَحَّاشًا فَظًّا عَلَى الضُّعَفَاءِ مِنْ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ. وَأَمَّا بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّكَ فَحَدِّثْ أَيْ بِمَا جَاءَكَ مِنْ اللَّهِ مِنْ نِعْمَتِهِ وَكَرَامَتِهِ مِنْ النُّبُوَّةِ فَحَدِّثْ، أَيْ اُذْكُرْهَا وَادْعُ إلَيْهَا، فَجَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَذْكُرُ مَا أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى الْعِبَادِ بِهِ مِنْ النُّبُوَّةِ سِرًّا إلَى مَنْ يَطْمَئِنُّ إلَيْهِ مِنْ أَهْلِهِ
✧ Ibn Hisham's explanation of the individual terms of Surat al-Duha. Ibn Hisham said: Saja means stillness. Umayyah b. Abi al-Salt al-Thaqafi said: When he came at our resting time, while my companions had slept and the night lay still with the deep darkness. This verse is in a poem of his. It is said of the eye when its gaze is still: sagiyah, and saja tarfuha. Jarir (b. al-Khatafa) said: We indeed shot you, when they departed, with eyes that kill from behind the curtains, still. This verse is in a poem of his. Al-'A'il means the poor. Abu Khirash al-Hudhali said: To his house the destitute turns when winter comes, and a needy one worn out in two tattered garments. Its plural is 'alah and 'ayl. This verse is in a poem of his which I will mention in its place, God willing. Al-'A'il also means the one who supports dependents. Al-'A'il also means the fearful. In the Book of God, Exalted is He: That is more likely to prevent you from doing injustice. Abu Talib said: With a balance of justice that does not diminish a barleycorn; it has a witness from himself, not fearful. This verse is in a poem of his which I will mention, God willing, in its place. Al-'A'il also means the thing that is heavy and burdensome. A man says: This matter has 'alani, meaning it has weighed me down and wearied me. Al-Farazdaq said: You see the noble, chieftain masters of Quraysh when the matter in vicissitudes becomes heavy. This verse is in a poem of his. As for the orphan, do not oppress him, and as for the beggar, do not repel him: that is, do not be tyrannical or arrogant, nor obscene or harsh toward the weak among God's servants. And as for the favor of your Lord, proclaim it: that is, what has come to you from God of His favor and His honor, namely prophethood, proclaim it, that is, mention it and call to it. So the Messenger of God ﷺ began to mention what God had bestowed upon him and upon the servants through him, namely prophethood, secretly to those of his family whom he trusted.