Tarikh (al-Tabari) 963
The Great Expedition of Badr
تَبَدِّي إِبْلِيسَ لِقُرَيْشٍ فِي صُورَةِ سُرَاقَةَ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ وَغَيْرُهُ: وَلَمَّا فَرَغُوا مِنْ جِهَازِهِمْ، وَأَجْمَعُوا الْمَسِيرَ، وَخَرَجُوا عَلَى الصَّعْبِ وَالذَّلُولِ، مَعَهُمُ الْقِيَانُ وَالدُّفُوفُ، ذَكَرُوا مَا كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ بَنِي بَكْرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مَنَاةَ بْنِ كِنَانَةَ مِنَ الدِّمَاءِ وكان سبب ذلك أن ابْنًا لِحَفْصِ بْنِ الْأَخْيَفِ، أَحَدِ بَنِي مَعِيصِ بْنِ عَامِرِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ، خَرَجَ يَبْتَغِي ضَالَّةً لَهُ بِضَجْنَانَ، وَهُوَ غُلَامٌ حَدَثَ فِي رَأْسِهِ ذُؤَابَةٌ، وَعَلَيْهِ حُلَّةٌ لَهُ، وَكَانَ غُلَامًا وَضِيئًا نَظِيفًا، فَمَرَّ بِعَامِرِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَامِرِ بْنِ الْمُلَوَّحِ، أَحَدِ بَنِي يَعْمُرَ بْنِ عَوْفِ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ عَامِرِ بْنِ لَيْثِ بْنِ بَكْرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مَنَاةَ بْنِ كِنَانَةَ، وَهُوَ بِضَجْنَانَ، وَهُوَ سَيِّدُ بَنِي بَكْرٍ يَوْمَئِذٍ، فَرَآهُ فَأَعْجَبَهُ؛ فَقَالَ: مَنْ أَنْتَ يَا غُلَامُ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَا ابْنٌ لِحَفْصِ ابْنِ الْأَخْيَفِ الْقُرَشِيِّ. فَلَمَّا وَلَّى الْغُلَامُ، قَالَ عَامِرُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ: يَا بَنِي بَكْرٍ، مَا لَكُمْ فِي قُرَيْشٍ مِنْ دَمٍ ؟ قَالُوا: بَلَى وَاَللَّهِ، إنَّ لَنَا فِيهِمْ لَدِمَاءً، قَالَ: مَا كَانَ رَجُلٌ لِيَقْتُلَ هَذَا الْغُلَامَ بِرَجُلِهِ إلَّا كَانَ قَدْ اسْتَوْفَى دَمَهُ. قَالَ: فَتَبِعْهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي بَكْرٍ، فَقَتَلَهُ بِدَمِ كَانَ لَهُ فِي قُرَيْشٍ، فَتَكَلَّمَتْ فِيهِ قُرَيْشٌ، فَقَالَ عَامِرُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ: يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ قَدْ كَانَتْ لَنَا فِيكُمْ دِمَاءٌ، فَمَا شِئْتُمْ. إنْ شِئْتُمْ فَأَدُّوا عَلَيْنَا مَا لَنَا قِبَلَكُمْ، وَنُؤَدِّي مَا لَكُمْ قِبَلَنَا، وَإِنْ شِئْتُمْ فَإِنَّمَا هِيَ الدِّمَاءُ: رَجُلٌ بِرَجُلِ، فَتَجَافَوْا عَمَّا لَكُمْ قِبَلَنَا، وَنَتَجَافَى عَمَّا لَنَا قِبَلَكُمْ، فَهَانَ ذَلِكَ الْغُلَامُ عَلَى هَذَا الْحَيِّ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَقَالُوا: صَدَقَ، رَجُلٌ بِرَجُلِ. فَلَهَوْا عَنْهُ، فَلَمْ يُطْلِبُوا بِهِ. قَالَ: فَبَيْنَمَا أَخُوهُ مِكْرَزُ بْنُ حَفْصِ بْنِ الْأَخْيَفِ يَسِيرُ بِمَرِّ الظَّهْرَانِ، إذْ نَظَرَ إلَى عَامِرِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَامِرِ بْنِ الْمُلَوَّحِ عَلَى جَمَلٍ لَهُ، فَلَمَّا رَآهُ أَقْبَلَ إلَيْهِ حَتَّى أَنَاخَ بِهِ، وَعَامِرٌ مُتَوَشِّحٌ سَيْفَهُ، فَعَلَاهُ مِكْرَزٌ بِسَيْفِهِ حَتَّى قَتَلَهُ، ثُمَّ خَاضَ بَطْنَهُ بِسَيْفِهِ، ثُمَّ أَتَى بِهِ مَكَّةَ، فَعَلَّقَهُ مِنْ اللَّيْلِ بِأَسْتَارِ الْكَعْبَةِ. فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَتْ قُرَيْشٌ رَأَوْا سَيْفَ عَامِرِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَامِرٍ مُعَلَّقًا بِأَسْتَارِ الْكَعْبَةِ، فَعَرَفُوهُ؛ فَقَالُوا: إنَّ هَذَا لَسَيْفُ عَامِرِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، عَدَا عَلَيْهِ مِكْرَزُ بْنُ حَفْصٍ فَقَتَلَهُ، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ. فَبَيْنَمَا هُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ مِنْ حَرْبِهِمْ، حَجَزَ الْإِسْلَامُ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ، فَتَشَاغَلُوا بِهِ، حَتَّى أَجَمَعَتْ قُرَيْشٌ الْمَسِيرَ إلَى بَدْرٍ فَذَكَرُوا الَّذِي بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ بَنِي بَكْرٍ فَخَافُوهُمْ. فَقَالُوا: إِنَّا نَخْشَى أَنْ يَأْتُونَا مِنْ خَلْفِنَا، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ يُثْنِيهِمْ فَتَبَدَّى لَهُمْ عَدُوُّ اللَّهِ إِبْلِيسُ لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ فِي صُورَةِ سُرَاقَةَ بْنِ مَالِكِ بْنِ جُعْشُمٍ الْكِنَانِيِّ، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَشْرَافِ بَنِي كِنَانَةَ فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: لَا غَالِبَ لَكُمُ الْيَوْمَ مِنَ النَّاسِ، وَإِنِّي جَارٌ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْ تَأْتِيَكُمْ كِنَانَةُ بِشَيْءٍ تَكْرَهُونَهُ، فَخَرَجُوا وَالشَّيْطَانُ جَارٌ لَهُمْ لَا يُفَارِقُهُمْ، فَلَمَّا تَعَبَّئُوا لِلْقِتَالِ، وَرَأَى عَدُوُّ اللَّهِ جُنْدَ اللَّهِ قَدْ نَزَلَتْ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ، فَرَّ وَنَكَصَ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ، فَقَالُوا: إِلَى أَيْنَ يَا سراقة ؟ أَلَمْ تَكُنْ قُلْتَ: إِنَّكَ جَارٌ لَنَا لَا تُفَارِقُنَا ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنِّي أَرَى مَا لَا تَرَوْنَ، إِنِّي أَخَافُ اللَّهَ، وَاللَّهُ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ، وَصَدَقَ فِي قَوْلِهِ: إِنِّي أَرَى مَا لَا تَرَوْنَ، وَكَذَبَ فِي قَوْلِهِ: إِنِّي أَخَافُ اللَّهَ، وَقِيلَ: كَانَ خَوْفُهُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ أَنْ يَهْلِكَ مَعَهُمْ، وَهَذَا أَظْهَرُ. وَلَمَّا رَأَى الْمُنَافِقُونَ وَمَنْ فِي قَلْبِهِ مَرَضٌ قِلَّةَ حِزْبِ اللَّهِ وَكَثْرَةَ أَعْدَائِهِ، ظَنُّوا أَنَّ الْغَلَبَةَ إِنَّمَا هِيَ بِالْكَثْرَةِ، وَقَالُوا: ( غَرَّ هَؤُلَاءِ دِينُهُمْ ) [ الْأَنْفَالِ: 49 ]، فَأَخْبَرَ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنَّ النَّصْرَ بِالتَّوَكُّلِ عَلَيْهِ لَا بِالْكَثْرَةِ، وَلَا بِالْعَدَدِ، وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ لَا يُغَالَبُ، حَكِيمٌ يَنْصُرُ مَنْ يَسْتَحِقُّ النَّصْرَ، وَإِنْ كَانَ ضَعِيفًا، فَعِزَّتُهُ وَحِكْمَتُهُ أَوْجَبَتْ نَصْرَ الْفِئَةِ الْمُتَوَكِّلَةِ عَلَيْهِ. فَخَرَجُوا سِرَاعًا فِي خَمْسِينَ وَتِسْعِمِائَةِ مُقَاتِلٍ، وَقِيلَ: فِي أَلْفٍ، وَلَمْ يَتَخَلَّفْ عَنْهُمْ مِنْ أَشْرَافِهِمْ أَحَدٌ سِوَى أَبِي لَهَبٍ، وَحَشَدُوا فِيمَنْ حَوْلَهُمْ مِنْ قَبَائِلِ الْعَرَبِ، وَلَمْ يَتَخَلَّفْ عَنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ مِنْ بُطُونِ قُرَيْشٍ إِلَّا بَنِي عَدِيٍّ، فَلَمْ يَخْرُجْ مَعَهُمْ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ، خَرَجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: بَطَرًا وَرِئَاءَ النَّاسِ وَيَصُدُّونَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ [الْأَنْفَالِ: 47]. قَالَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ وَابْنُ عَائِذٍ: وَأَقْبَلَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ، وَمَعَهُمْ إِبْلِيسُ يَعِدُهُمْ أَنَّ بَنِي كِنَانَةَ وَرَاءَهُ قَدْ أَقْبَلُوا لِنَصْرِهِمْ، وَأَنَّهُ لا غَالِبَ لَكُمُ الْيَوْمَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَإِنِّي جَارٌ لَكُمُ [الْأَنْفَالِ: 48] فَلَمْ يَزَلْ حَتَّى أَوْرَدَهُمْ، ثُمَّ سَلَّمَهُمْ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ يَقُولُ حَسَّانُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ ؓ مِنْ أَبْيَاتٍ: سِرْنَا وَسَارُوا إِلَى بَدْرٍ لِحَيْنِهِمُ لَوْ يَعْلَمُونَ يَقِينَ الْعِلْمِ مَا سَارُوا دَلَّاهُمُ بِغُرُورٍ ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَهُمْ إِنَّ الْخَبِيثَ لِمَنْ وَالَاهُ غَرَّارُ وَقَالَ: إِنِّي لَكُمْ جَارٌ فَأَوْرَدَهُمْ شَرَّ الْمَوَارِدِ فِيهِ الْخِزْيُ وَالْعَارُ ثُمَّ الْتَقَيْنَا فَوَلَّوْا عَنْ سَرَاتِهِمُ مِنْ مُنْجِدِينَ وَمِنْهُمْ فِرْقَةٌ غَارُوا قَالَ فِي الْإِمْتَاعِ: فَلَمَّا نَزَلُوا بِمَرِّ الظَّهْرَانِ نَحَرَ أَبُو جَهْلٍ جَزُورًا فَمَا بَقِيَ خِبَاءٌ مِنْ أَخْبِيَةِ الْعَسْكَرِ إِلَّا أَصَابَهُ مِنْ دَمِهَا، وَرَأَى ضَمْضَمُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو أَنَّ وَادِيَ مَكَّةَ يَسِيلُ دَمًا مِنْ أَسْفَلِهِ وَأَعْلَاهُ، وَكَانَ مَعَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ مِائَتَا فَرَسٍ يَقُودُونَهَا وَسِتُّ مِائَةِ دِرْعٍ، وَمَعَهُمُ الْقِيَانُ يَضْرِبْنَ بِالدُّفُوفِ، وَنَحَرَ لَهُمْ أَوَّلَ يَوْمٍ خَرَجُوا مِنْ مَكَّةَ أَبُو جَهْلٍ عَشْرَ جَزَائِرَ، ثُمَّ نَحَرَ لَهُمْ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ خَلَفٍ بِعُسْفَانَ تِسْعًا، وَنَحَرَ لَهُمْ سُهَيْلُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو بِقُدَيْدٍ عَشْرًا -وَأَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ- وَمَالُوا مِنْ قُدَيْدٍ إِلَى مِيَاهٍ نَحْوَ الْبَحْرِ، فَظَلُّوا فِيهَا وَأَقَامُوا بِهَا، فَنَحَرَ لَهُمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ عُتْبَةُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ عَشْرًا، ثُمَّ أَصْبَحُوا بِالْأَبْوَاءِ فَنَحَرَ لَهُمْ مُنَبِّهُ وَنُبَيْهُ ابْنَا الْحَجَّاجِ عَشْرًا، ثُمَّ أَكَلُوا مِنْ أَزْوَادِهِمْ فَلَمَّا وَصَلُوا إِلَى الْجُحْفَةِ عِشَاءً نَزَلُوا هُنَاكَ.
Translation
✧ The appearance of Iblīs to Quraysh in the form of Surāqah b. Mālik Ibn Isḥāq and others said: When they had finished their preparations, resolved to march, and set out on difficult and easy terrain, with them the singing-girls and tambourines, they recalled what was between them and Banū Bakr b. ʿAbd Manāt b. Kinānah of blood. The cause of that was that a son of Ḥafṣ b. al-Akhyaf, one of Banū Maʿīṣ b. ʿĀmir b. Luʾayy, went out seeking a stray camel of his at Ḍajnān. He was a young boy with a forelock on his head and wore a fine garment of his; he was a radiant, clean boy. He passed by ʿĀmir b. Yazīd b. ʿĀmir b. al-Mulawwaḥ, one of Banū Yaʿmur b. ʿAwf b. Kaʿb b. ʿĀmir b. Layth b. Bakr b. ʿAbd Manāt b. Kinānah, while he was at Ḍajnān, and he was the chief of Banū Bakr that day. He saw him and admired him; he said: 'Who are you, O boy?' He said: 'I am a son of Ḥafṣ b. al-Akhyaf al-Qurashī.' When the boy turned away, ʿĀmir b. Zayd said: 'O Banū Bakr, do you have any blood against Quraysh?' They said: 'Yes, by Allah, we have blood against them.' He said: 'No man would kill this boy with his own foot except that he would have taken his full blood.' He said: So a man from Banū Bakr followed him and killed him for blood he had against Quraysh. Quraysh spoke about it, and ʿĀmir b. Yazīd said: 'O assembly of Quraysh, we had blood against you, so whatever you wish. If you wish, pay us what you owe us, and we will pay what you are owed from us; and if you wish, then it is only blood: a man for a man. So you forgo what you are owed from us, and we forgo what we are owed from you.' That boy became insignificant to this clan of Quraysh, and they said: 'He spoke the truth: a man for a man.' They neglected him and did not seek retaliation for him. He said: While his brother Mikraz b. Ḥafṣ b. al-Akhyaf was traveling at Marr al-Ẓahrān, he saw ʿĀmir b. Yazīd b. ʿĀmir b. al-Mulawwaḥ on a camel of his. When he saw him, he approached him until he made him kneel, while ʿĀmir was wearing his sword over his shoulder. Mikraz struck him with his sword until he killed him, then plunged into his belly with his sword. Then he brought him to Makkah and hung him by night on the curtains of the Kaʿbah. When Quraysh awoke, they saw the sword of ʿĀmir b. Yazīd b. ʿĀmir hanging on the curtains of the Kaʿbah, and they recognized it. They said: 'This is indeed the sword of ʿĀmir b. Yazīd; Mikraz b. Ḥafṣ attacked him and killed him.' That was among their affairs. While they were in that state of war, Islam intervened between the people, and they became occupied with it, until Quraysh resolved to march to Badr. Then they recalled what was between them and Banū Bakr and feared them. They said: 'We fear that they may come upon us from behind us.' That was deterring them. Then the enemy of Allah, Iblīs, may Allah curse him, appeared to them in the form of Surāqah b. Mālik b. Juʿshum al-Kinānī, and he was among the nobles of Banū Kinānah. He said to them: 'No one among the people can overcome you today, and I am your protector from Kinānah coming to you with anything you dislike.' So they went out, with Satan as their protector, not leaving them. When they arrayed themselves for battle, and the enemy of Allah saw the host of Allah descending from the sky, he fled and retreated on his heels. They said: 'Where to, O Surāqah? Did you not say that you were our protector and would not leave us?' He said: 'Indeed, I see what you do not see; indeed, I fear Allah, and Allah is severe in punishment.' He spoke truth in his saying 'Indeed, I see what you do not see,' and lied in his saying 'Indeed, I fear Allah.' It was said: his fear was for himself, lest he perish with them, and this is more apparent. When the hypocrites and those in whose hearts was disease saw the smallness of Allah's party and the multitude of His enemies, they thought that victory was only by multitude, and they said: 'These people have been deceived by their religion' [al-Anfāl: 49]. So He, glorified be He, informed that victory is by reliance on Him, not by multitude or number. Allah is Mighty, not to be overcome; Wise, He grants victory to whomever deserves victory, even if he be weak. His might and wisdom necessitated the victory of the group that relies on Him. So they went out swiftly as nine hundred and fifty fighters; it was said: as a thousand. None of their nobles stayed behind except Abū Lahab. They gathered those around them from the tribes of the Arabs, and none of the clans of Quraysh stayed behind except Banū ʿAdī, for none of them went out with them. They went out from their homes as Allah, blessed and exalted be He, said: 'in arrogance and to be seen by people, and they bar from the way of Allah' [al-Anfāl: 47]. Ibn ʿUqbah and Ibn ʿĀʾidh said: The polytheists advanced, and with them was Iblīs, promising them that Banū Kinānah were behind him, having advanced to support them, and that 'no one among the people can overcome you today, and I am your protector' [al-Anfāl: 48]. He did not cease until he had led them to the watering place, then he abandoned them. Concerning that, Ḥassān b. Thābit ؓ said in some verses: We marched and they marched to Badr for their appointed time If they knew with certain knowledge, they would not have marched He deluded them with deception, then abandoned them Indeed the wicked one is a deceiver to those who ally with him And he said: 'I am your protector,' so he brought them to the worst of watering places, in which is disgrace and shame Then we met and they turned away from their chief men, some to the highlands and among them a group that went into the lowlands He said in al-Imtāʿ: When they encamped at Marr al-Ẓahrān, Abū Jahl slaughtered a camel, and no tent among the tents of the army remained but that some of its blood reached it. Ḍamḍam b. ʿAmr saw that the valley of Makkah was flowing with blood from its lower and upper parts. With the polytheists were two hundred horses that they were leading, and six hundred coats of mail, and with them the singing-girls striking tambourines. On the first day they left Makkah, Abū Jahl slaughtered ten camels for them. Then Umayyah b. Khalaf slaughtered nine for them at ʿUsfān, and Suhayl b. ʿAmr slaughtered ten for them at Qudayd — and he later embraced Islam — and they turned from Qudayd toward waters near the sea, and they stayed there and remained. On that day ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah slaughtered ten for them. Then they woke at al-Abwāʾ, and Munabbih and Nubayh, the two sons of al-Ḥajjāj, slaughtered ten for them. Then they ate from their provisions. When they reached al-Juḥfah at nightfall, they encamped there.
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