Tarikh (al-Tabari) 935
The Beginning of Fighting the Polytheists and the Expeditions, Missions, and Detachments of the Messenger of God ﷺ
[ بَدْءُ قِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ] فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَأَيَّدَهُ اللَّهُ بِنَصْرِهِ بِعِبَادِهِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الْأَنْصَارِ، وَأَلَّفَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِهِمْ بَعْدَ الْعَدَاوَةِ وَالْإِحَنِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ بَيْنَهُمْ، فَمَنَعَتْهُ أَنْصَارُ اللَّهِ وَكَتِيبَةُ الْإِسْلَامِ مِنَ الْأَسْوَدِ وَالْأَحْمَرِ، وَبَذَلُوا نُفُوسَهُمْ دُونَهُ، وَقَدَّمُوا مَحَبَّتَهُ عَلَى مَحَبَّةِ الْآبَاءِ وَالْأَبْنَاءِ وَالْأَزْوَاجِ، وَكَانَ أَوْلَى بِهِمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِمْ، رَمَتْهُمُ الْعَرَبُ وَالْيَهُودُ عَنْ قَوْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، وَشَمَّرُوا لَهُمْ عَنْ سَاقِ الْعَدَاوَةِ وَالْمُحَارَبَةِ، وَصَاحُوا بِهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ، وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِالصَّبْرِ وَالْعَفْوِ وَالصَّفْحِ حَتَّى قَوِيَتِ الشَّوْكَةُ، وَاشْتَدَّ الْجَنَاحُ، فَأُذِنَ لَهُمْ حِينَئِذٍ فِي الْقِتَالِ، وَلَمْ يَفْرِضْهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: ( أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ ) [ الْحَجِّ: 39 ]. وَقَدْ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ: إِنَّ هَذَا الْإِذْنَ كَانَ بِمَكَّةَ، وَالسُّورَةُ مَكِّيَّةٌ، وَهَذَا غَلَطٌ لِوُجُوهٍ: أَحَدُهَا: أَنَّ اللَّهَ لَمْ يَأْذَنْ بِمَكَّةَ لَهُمْ فِي الْقِتَالِ، وَلَا كَانَ لَهُمْ شَوْكَةٌ يَتَمَكَّنُونَ بِهَا مِنَ الْقِتَالِ بِمَكَّةَ. الثَّانِي: أَنَّ سِيَاقَ الْآيَةِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ الْإِذْنَ بَعْدَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَإِخْرَاجِهِمْ مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ: ( الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ ) [ الْحَجِّ: 40 ] وَهَؤُلَاءِ هُمُ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ. الثَّالِثُ: قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ( هَذَانِ خَصْمَانِ اخْتَصَمُوا فِي رَبِّهِمْ ) [ الْحَجِّ: 19 ] نَزَلَتْ فِي الَّذِينَ تَبَارَزُوا يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ مِنَ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ. الرَّابِعُ: أَنَّهُ قَدْ خَاطَبَهُمْ فِي آخِرِهَا بِقَوْلِهِ: ( يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ) وَالْخِطَابُ بِذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ مَدَنِيٌّ، فَأَمَّا الْخِطَابُ ( يَاأَيُّهَا النَّاسُ ) فَمُشْتَرَكٌ. الْخَامِسُ: أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ فِيهَا بِالْجِهَادِ الَّذِي يَعُمُّ الْجِهَادَ بِالْيَدِ وَغَيْرِهِ، وَلَا رَيْبَ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِالْجِهَادِ الْمُطْلَقِ إِنَّمَا كَانَ بَعْدَ الْهِجْرَةِ ، فَأَمَّا جِهَادُ الْحُجَّةِ فَأَمَرَ بِهِ فِي مَكَّةَ بِقَوْلِهِ: ( فَلَا تُطِعِ الْكَافِرِينَ وَجَاهِدْهُمْ بِهِ ) أَيْ: بِالْقُرْآنِ ( جِهَادًا كَبِيرًا ) [ الْفُرْقَانِ: 52 ] فَهَذِهِ سُورَةٌ مَكِّيَّةٌ، وَالْجِهَادُ فِيهَا هُوَ التَّبْلِيغُ، وَجِهَادُ الْحُجَّةِ، وَأَمَّا الْجِهَادُ الْمَأْمُورُ بِهِ فِي ( سُورَةِ الْحَجِّ فَيَدْخُلُ فِيهِ الْجِهَادُ بِالسَّيْفِ. السَّادِسُ: أَنَّ الحاكم رَوَى فِي " مُسْتَدْرَكِهِ " مِنْ حَدِيثِ الْأَعْمَشِ عَنْ مسلم البطين، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا خَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ مَكَّةَ قَالَ أبو بكر: أَخْرَجُوا نَبِيَّهُمْ، إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ، لَيَهْلِكُنَّ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: ( أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا ) [ الْحَجِّ: 39 ] وَهِيَ أَوَّلُ آيَةٍ نَزَلَتْ فِي الْقِتَالِ . وَإِسْنَادُهُ عَلَى شَرْطِ " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " وَسِيَاقُ السُّورَةِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ فِيهَا الْمَكِّيَّ وَالْمَدَنِيَّ، فَإِنَّ قِصَّةَ إِلْقَاءِ الشَّيْطَانِ فِي أُمْنِيِّةِ الرَّسُولِ مَكِّيَّةٌ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وقَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ إنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ تَهَيَّأَ لِحَرْبِهِ، قَامَ فِيمَا أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ بِهِ مِنْ جِهَادِ عَدُوِّهِ، وَقِتَالِ مَنْ أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ بِهِ مِمَّنْ يَلِيهِ مِنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، مُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ، وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ أَنْ بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً. تَارِيخُ الْهِجْرَةِ وبِالْإِسْنَادِ الْمُتَقَدِّمِ عَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا زِيَادُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبَكَّائِيُّ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إسْحَاقَ الْمُطَّلِبِيِّ، قَالَ: قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمَدِينَةَ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ، حِينَ اشْتَدَّ الضَّحَاءُ، وَكَادَتْ الشَّمْسُ تَعْتَدِلَ، لِثِنْتَيْ عَشْرَةَ لَيْلَةً مَضَتْ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ، وَهُوَ التَّارِيخُ، ( فِيمَا ) قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَئِذٍ ابْنُ ثَلَاثٍ وَخَمْسِينَ سَنَةً، وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ أَنْ بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ بِثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً، فَأَقَامَ بِهَا بَقِيَّةَ شَهْرِ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ، وَشَهْرَ رَبِيعٍ الْآخَرِ، وَجُمَادَيَيْنِ، وَرَجَبًا، وَشَعْبَانَ، وَشَهْرَ رَمَضَانَ، وَشَوَّالًا، وَذَا الْقِعْدَةِ، وَذَا الْحَجَّةِ - وَوَلِيَ تِلْكَ الْحَجَّةَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ - وَالْمُحَرَّمَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ غَازِيًا فِي صَفَرَ عَلَى رَأْسِ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ شَهْرًا مِنْ مَقْدَمِهِ الْمَدِينَةَ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ سَعْدَ بْنَ عُبَادَةَ. اخْتِلَافُ النَّاسِ فِي عَدَدِ الْمَغَازِي الَّتِي غَزَا فِيهَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِنَفْسِهِ الْكَرِيمَةِ، وَفِي كَمْ قَاتَلَ فِيهَا قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ أَوَّلُ مَا غَزَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْأَبْوَاءُ ، ثُمَّ بُوَاطُ، ثُمَّ الْعُشَيْرَةُ. ثُمَّ رَوَى عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَرْقَمَ، أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ: كَمْ غَزَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ قَالَ: تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ. شَهِدَ مِنْهَا سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ، أَوَّلُهُنَّ الْعُسَيْرَةُ أَوِ الْعُشَيْرَةُ وَقَالَ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ وَاقِدٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ غَزَا سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ غَزْوَةً ، وَقَاتَلَ فِي ثَمَانٍ، يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ، وَأُحُدٍ وَالْأَحْزَابِ، وَالْمُرَيْسِيعِ، وَقُدَيْدٍ، وَخَيْبَرَ، وَمَكَّةَ، وَحُنَيْنٍ، وَبَعَثَ أَرْبَعًا وَعِشْرِينَ سَرِيَّةً. وَقَدْ رَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنِ الدَّبَرِيِّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ قَالَ: غَزَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَرْبَعًا وَعِشْرِينَ غَزْوَةً . وقَالَ عَبْدُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ فِي " مُسْنَدِهِ ": حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ سَلَّامٍ، ثَنَا زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ جَابِرٍ، قَالَ: غَزَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِحْدَى وَعِشْرِينَ غَزْوَةً . وَقَدْ رَوَى الْحَاكِمُ مِنْ طَرِيقِ هِشَامٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ مَغَازِيَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَسَرَايَاهُ كَانَتْ ثَلَاثًا وَأَرْبَعِينَ . ثُمَّ قَالَ الْحَاكِمُ: لَعَلَّهُ أَرَادَ السَّرَايَا دُونَ الْغَزَوَاتِ، فَقَدْ ذَكَرْتُ فِي " الْإِكْلِيلِ "، عَلَى التَّرْتِيبِ، بُعُوثَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَسَرَايَاهُ زِيَادَةً عَلَى الْمِائَةِ. قَالَ: وَأَخْبَرَنِي الثِّقَةُ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا بِبُخَارَى أَنَّهُ قَرَأَ فِي كِتَابِ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ نَصْرٍ السَّرَايَا وَالْبُعُوثَ دُونَ الْحُرُوبِ نَيِّفًا وَسَبْعِينَ. وَهَذَا الَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ الْحَاكِمُ غَرِيبٌ جِدًّا وَحَمْلُهُ كَلَامَ قَتَادَةَ عَلَى مَا قَالَ، فِيهِ نَظَرٌ. وَقَدْ رَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، عَنْ أَزْهَرَ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ الرَّاسِبِيِّ، عَنْ هِشَامٍ الدَّسْتُوَائِيِّ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ مَغَازِيَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَسَرَايَاهُ ثَلَاثٌ وَأَرْبَعُونَ ، أَرْبَعٌ وَعِشْرُونَ بَعْثًا وَتِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ غَزْوَةً خَرَجَ فِي ثَمَانٍ مِنْهَا بِنَفْسِهِ، بَدْرٍ، وَأُحُدٍ، وَالْأَحْزَابِ، وَالْمُرَيْسِيعِ، وَقُدَيْدٍ، وَخَيْبَرَ، وَفَتْحِ مَكَّةَ، وَحُنَيْنٍ. وَقَالَ مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ: هَذِهِ مَغَازِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ الَّتِي قَاتَلَ فِيهَا، يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ فِي رَمَضَانَ سَنَةَ ثِنْتَيْنِ ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ، ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ يَوْمَ الْخَنْدَقِ - وَهُوَ يَوْمُ الْأَحْزَابِ وَبَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ - فِي شَوَّالٍ مِنْ سَنَةِ أَرْبَعٍ، ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ بَنِي الْمُصْطَلِقِ وَبَنِي لِحْيَانَ فِي شَعْبَانَ مِنْ سَنَةِ خَمْسٍ ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ يَوْمَ خَيْبَرَ سَنَةَ سِتٍّ، ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ فِي رَمَضَانَ سَنَةَ ثَمَانٍ، ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ، وَحَاصَرَ أَهْلَ الطَّائِفِ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ ثَمَانٍ، ثُمَّ حَجَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ سَنَةَ تِسْعٍ، ثُمَّ حَجَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَجَّةَ الْوَدَاعِ سَنَةَ عَشْرٍ، وَغَزَا ثِنْتَيْ عَشْرَةَ غَزْوَةً وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِيهَا قِتَالٌ، وَكَانَتْ أَوَّلُ غَزْوَةٍ غَزَاهَا الْأَبْوَاءَ . سَرَدَ أَسْمَاءَ الْغَزَوَاتِ، وَهِيَ غَزْوَةُ الْأَبْوَاءِ، وَيُقَالُ لَهَا: وَدَّانُ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بُوَاطٍ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ سَفَوَانَ، وَهِيَ بَدْرٌ الْأُولَى لِطَلَبِ كُرْزِ بْنِ جَابِرٍ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ الْعُشَيْرَةِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ الْكُبْرَى، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَنِي سُلَيْمٍ بِالْكُدْرِ، وَيُقَالُ لَهَا: قَرْقَرَةُ الْكُدْرِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ السَّوِيقِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ غَطَفَانَ، وَهِيَ غَزْوَةُ ذِي أَمَرَّ ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ الْفُرُعِ، مِنْ بَحْرَانَ بِالْحِجَازِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَنِي قَيْنُقَاعَ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ أُحُدٍ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ حَمْرَاءِ الْأَسَدِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَنِي النَّضِيرِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ الْأَخِيرَةِ، وَهِيَ غَزْوَةُ بَدْرِ الْمَوْعِدِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ دَوْمَةِ الْجَنْدَلِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَنِي الْمُصْطَلِقِ وَهِيَ الْمُرَيْسِيعُ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ الْخَنْدَقِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ بَنِي لِحْيَانَ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ ذِي قَرَدٍ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ خَيْبَرَ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ ذَاتِ الرِّقَاعِ وَهِيَ غَزْوَةُ مُحَارِبٍ وَبَنِي ثَعْلَبَةَ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ عُمْرَةِ الْقَضَاءِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ حُنَيْنٍ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ الطَّائِفِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ تَبُوكَ،. ذِكْرُ جُمْلَةِ السَّرَايَا وَالْبُعُوثِ وَكَانَتْ بُعُوثُهُ ﷺ وَسَرَايَاهُ ثَمَانِيًّا وَثَلَاثِينَ، مِنْ بَيْنَ بَعْثٍ وَسَرِيَّةٍ: غَزْوَةُ عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ أَسْفَلَ مِنْ ثَنِيَّةِ ذِي الْمَرْوَةِ، ثُمَّ غَزْوَةُ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ سَاحِلَ الْبَحْرِ، مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الْعِيصِ؛ وَبَعْضُ النَّاسِ يُقَدِّمُ غَزْوَةَ حَمْزَةَ قَبْلَ غَزْوَةِ عُبَيْدَةَ؛ وَغَزْوَةُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ الْخَرَّارَ، وَغَزْوَةُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَحْشٍ نَخْلَةَ، وَغَزْوَةُ زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ الْقَرَدَةَ وَغَزْوَةُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ كَعْبَ بْنَ الْأَشْرَفِ، وَغَزْوَةُ مَرْثَدِ بْنِ أَبِي مَرْثَدٍ الْغَنَوِيِّ الرَّجِيعَ، وَغَزْوَةُ الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو بِئْرَ مَعُونَةَ، وَغَزْوَةُ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ ذَا الْقَصَّةِ، مِنْ طَرِيقِ الْعِرَاقِ، وَغَزْوَةُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ تُرْبَةَ مِنْ أَرْضِ بَنِي عَامِرٍ، وَغَزْوَةُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ الْيَمَنَ، وَغَزْوَةُ غَالِبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْكَلْبِيِّ، كَلْبِ لَيْثٍ، الْكَدِيدَ، فَأَصَابَ بَنِي الْمُلَوَّحِ.
Translation
✧ [The Beginning of Fighting the Polytheists] When the Messenger of God ﷺ had settled in Madinah, and God supported him with His help through His believing servants, the Anṣār, and united their hearts after the enmity and rancor that had been between them, the helpers of God and the battalion of Islam protected him from the black and the red, and they sacrificed their souls for him, and placed love for him above love of fathers, sons, and wives, and he was more entitled to them than their own selves, the Arabs and the Jews shot at them from a single bow, and they girded themselves for them with the shank of enmity and war, and shouted at them from every side, while God, glorified be He, commanded them to patience, pardon, and forbearance until the thorn became strong and the wing firm; then He permitted them at that time to fight, but did not make it obligatory upon them. He, exalted be He, said: "Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory" [al-Ḥajj: 39]. A group has said: This permission was in Makkah, and the sūrah is Makkan, but this is an error for several reasons: First: God did not permit them in Makkah to fight, nor did they have the strength in Makkah to enable them to fight. Second: The context of the verse indicates that the permission came after the Hijrah and their expulsion from their homes, for He said: "Those who have been evicted from their homes without right - only because they say: 'Our Lord is Allah'" [al-Ḥajj: 40], and these are the Emigrants. Third: His saying, exalted be He: "These are two adversaries who have disputed over their Lord" [al-Ḥajj: 19] was revealed concerning those who dueled on the day of Badr from the two parties. Fourth: He addressed them at its end with His saying: "O you who have believed," and the address with that is entirely Madinan. As for the address "O mankind," it is common. Fifth: In it He commanded the jihād that includes jihād by hand and otherwise, and there is no doubt that the command to unrestricted jihād came only after the Hijrah. As for the jihād of argument, He commanded it in Makkah with His saying: "So do not obey the disbelievers, and strive against them with it," i.e., with the Qurʾān, "a great striving" [al-Furqān: 52], and this is a Makkan sūrah, and the jihād in it is conveyance and the jihād of argument. As for the jihād commanded in Sūrat al-Ḥajj, it includes jihād by the sword. Sixth: Al-Ḥākim narrated in his Mustadrak from the ḥadīth of al-Aʿmash, from Muslim al-Baṭīn, from Saʿīd b. Jubayr, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: When the Messenger of God ﷺ left Makkah, Abū Bakr said: "They have expelled their prophet. 'Indeed we belong to Allah, and indeed to Him we will return.' They will surely perish." Then God, exalted and glorious, sent down: "Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged" [al-Ḥajj: 39], and it is the first verse revealed concerning fighting. Its chain meets the conditions of the two Ṣaḥīḥs, and the context of the sūrah indicates that it contains Makkan and Madinan parts, for the story of Satan casting into the Prophet's wish is Makkan, and God knows best. Ibn Isḥāq said: Then the Messenger of God ﷺ prepared for his war, and rose to what God commanded him of striving against his enemy and fighting those whom God commanded him among the polytheists near him, the polytheists of the Arabs, and that was after God, exalted be He, had sent him by thirteen years. The Date of the Hijrah With the previous chain from ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām, he said: Ziyād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bakkāʾī narrated to us, from Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-Muṭṭalibī, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ arrived in Madinah on Monday when the forenoon had intensified and the sun was near its zenith, after twelve nights had passed of the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, and that is the date, as Ibn Hishām said. Ibn Isḥāq said: The Messenger of God ﷺ was then fifty-three years old, and that was thirteen years after God, exalted and glorious, sent him. He stayed there for the remainder of Rabīʿ al-Awwal, Rabīʿ al-Ākhir, the two Jumādās, Rajab, Shaʿbān, Ramaḍān, Shawwāl, Dhū al-Qiʿdah, and Dhū al-Ḥijjah—and the polytheists oversaw that pilgrimage—and Muḥarram, then he went out raiding in Ṣafar at the end of twelve months from his arrival in Madinah. Ibn Hishām said: He appointed Saʿd b. ʿUbādah over Madinah. Disagreement of the people over the number of expeditions in which the Prophet ﷺ himself participated, and in how many he fought. Ibn Isḥāq said: The first expedition of the Messenger of God ﷺ was al-Abwāʾ, then Buwāṭ, then al-ʿUshayrah. Then he narrated from Zayd b. Arqam that he was asked: How many expeditions did the Messenger of God ﷺ undertake? He said: Nineteen; he witnessed seventeen of them, the first being al-ʿUsayrah or al-ʿUshayrah. Al-Ḥusayn b. Wāqid said, from Ibn Buraydah, from his father, that the Messenger of God ﷺ undertook seventeen expeditions and fought in eight: the day of Badr, Uḥud, the Confederates, al-Muraysīʿ, Qudayd, Khaybar, Makkah, and Ḥunayn, and he dispatched twenty-four detachments. Al-Ṭabarānī narrated from al-Dabarī, from ʿAbd al-Razzāq, from Maʿmar, from al-Zuhrī, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ undertook twenty-four expeditions. ʿAbd b. Ḥumayd said in his Musnad: Saʿīd b. Sallām narrated to us, Zakariyyā b. Isḥāq narrated to us, Abū al-Zubayr narrated to us, from Jābir, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ undertook twenty-one expeditions. Al-Ḥākim narrated from the path of Hishām, from Qatādah, that the expeditions and detachments of the Messenger of God ﷺ were forty-three. Then al-Ḥākim said: Perhaps he meant the detachments rather than the expeditions, for I have mentioned in al-Iklīl, in order, the missions and detachments of the Messenger of God ﷺ numbering more than one hundred. He said: A trustworthy companion of ours in Bukhārā informed me that he read in the book of Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Naṣr that the detachments and missions, excluding battles, were more than seventy. This statement of al-Ḥākim is very strange, and his interpretation of Qatādah's words as he said is questionable. Imām Aḥmad narrated from Azhar b. al-Qāsim al-Rāsibī, from Hishām al-Dastuwāʾī, from Qatādah, that the expeditions and detachments of the Messenger of God ﷺ were forty-three: twenty-four missions and nineteen expeditions, in eight of which he went out himself: Badr, Uḥud, the Confederates, al-Muraysīʿ, Qudayd, Khaybar, the conquest of Makkah, and Ḥunayn. Mūsā b. ʿUqbah said, from al-Zuhrī: These are the expeditions of the Messenger of God ﷺ in which he fought: the day of Badr in Ramaḍān of the year two; then he fought the day of Uḥud in Shawwāl of the year three; then he fought the day of the Trench—which is the day of the Confederates and Banū Qurayẓah—in Shawwāl of the year four; then he fought Banū al-Muṣṭaliq and Banū Liḥyān in Shaʿbān of the year five; then he fought the day of Khaybar in the year six; then he fought the day of the Conquest in Ramaḍān of the year eight; then he fought the day of Ḥunayn and besieged the people of al-Ṭāʾif in Shawwāl of the year eight; then Abū Bakr performed the pilgrimage in the year nine; then the Messenger of God ﷺ performed the Farewell Pilgrimage in the year ten, and he undertook twelve expeditions in which there was no fighting, and the first expedition he undertook was al-Abwāʾ. He listed the names of the expeditions: the expedition of al-Abwāʾ, also called Waddān; then the expedition of Buwāṭ; then the expedition of Safawān, which is Badr the First, in pursuit of Kurz b. Jābir; then the expedition of al-ʿUshayrah; then the expedition of Badr the Great; then the expedition of Banū Sulaym at al-Kudr, also called Qarqarat al-Kudr; then the expedition of al-Sawīq; then the expedition of Ghaṭafān, which is the expedition of Dhū Amar; then the expedition of al-Furuʿ, from Baḥrān in the Ḥijāz; then the expedition of Banū Qaynuqāʿ; then the expedition of Uḥud; then the expedition of Ḥamrāʾ al-Asad; then the expedition of Banū al-Naḍīr; then the expedition of Badr the Last, which is the expedition of Badr al-Mawʿid; then the expedition of Dūmat al-Jandal; then the expedition of Banū al-Muṣṭaliq, which is al-Muraysīʿ; then the expedition of the Trench; then the expedition of Banū Qurayẓah; then the expedition of Banū Liḥyān; then the expedition of al-Ḥudaybiyah; then the expedition of Dhū Qarad; then the expedition of Khaybar; then the expedition of Dhāt al-Riqāʿ, which is the expedition of Muḥārib and Banū Thaʿlabah; then the expedition of the Fulfilled ʿUmrah; then the expedition of the Conquest of Makkah; then the expedition of Ḥunayn; then the expedition of al-Ṭāʾif; then the expedition of Tabūk. Mention of the total number of detachments and missions His ﷺ missions and detachments were thirty-eight, between mission and detachment: the expedition of ʿUbaydah b. al-Ḥārith to the lower part of the pass of Dhū al-Marwah; then the expedition of Ḥamzah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib to the seacoast from the direction of al-ʿĪṣ—and some people put the expedition of Ḥamzah before the expedition of ʿUbaydah; and the expedition of Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ to al-Kharrār; and the expedition of ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaḥsh to Nakhlah; and the expedition of Zayd b. Ḥārithah to al-Qaradah; and the expedition of Muḥammad b. Maslamah against Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf; and the expedition of Marthad b. Abī Marthad al-Ghanawī to al-Rajīʿ; and the expedition of al-Mundhir b. ʿAmr to Biʾr Maʿūnah; and the expedition of Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah on the road to Iraq; and the expedition of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb to Turbah in the land of Banū ʿĀmir; and the expedition of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to Yemen; and the expedition of Ghālib b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Kalbī, of Kalb of Layth, to al-Kadīd, where he struck Banū al-Mulawwaḥ.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.