Tarikh (al-Tabari) 933
The Emigrants' Affliction with the Fever of Madinah
فِيمَا أَصَابَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ مِنْ حُمَّى الْمَدِينَةِ ؓ أَجْمَعِينَ وَقَدْ سَلِمَ الرَّسُولُ ﷺ بِحَوَلِ اللَّهِ وَقُوَّتِهِ، وَدَعَا اللَّهَ فَأَزَاحَهَا عَنِ الْمَدِينَةِ [ مَرَضُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعَامِرٍ وَبِلَالٍ وَحَدِيثُ عَائِشَةَ عَنْهُمْ ] قَالَ زِيَادٌ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ وَعُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ: لَمَّا قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمَدِينَةَ، قَدِمَهَا وَهِيَ أَوْبَأُ أَرْضِ اللَّهِ، مِنَ الْحُمَّى، فَأَصَابَ أَصْحَابَهُ مِنْهَا بَلَاءٌ وَسَقَمٌ، وَصَرَفَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِ ﷺ. قَالَتْ: فَكَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَعَامِرُ بْنُ فُهَيْرَةَ، وَبِلَالٌ; مَوْلَيَا أَبَى بَكْرٍ فِي بَيْتٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَأَصَابَتْهُمُ الْحُمَّى، فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَعُودُهُمْ، وَذَلِكَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُضْرَبَ عَلَيْنَا الْحِجَابُ، وَبِهِمْ مَا لَا يَعْلَمُهُ إِلَّا اللَّهُ مِنْ شِدَّةِ الْوَعْكِ، فَدَنَوْتُ مِنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَقُلْتُ: كَيْفَ تَجِدُكَ يَا أَبَهْ ؟ فَقَالَ: كُلُّ امْرِئٍ مُصَبِّحٌ فِي أَهْلِهِ وَالْمَوْتُ أَدْنَى مِنْ شِرَاكِ نَعْلِهِ قَالَتْ: وَاللَّهِ مَا يَدْرِي أَبَى مَا يَقُولُ. قَالَتْ: ثُمَّ دَنَوْتُ إِلَى عَامِرِ بْنِ فُهَيْرَةَ فَقُلْتُ: كَيْفَ تَجِدُكَ يَا عَامِرُ ؟ قَالَ: لَقَدْ وَجَدْتُ الْمَوْتَ قَبْلَ ذَوْقِهِ إِنَّ الْجَبَانَ حَتْفُهُ مِنْ فَوْقِهِ كُلُّ امْرِئٍ مُجَاهِدٌ بِطَوْقِهِ كَالثَّوْرِ يَحْمِي جِلْدَهُ بِرَوْقِهِ قَالَتْ: فَقُلْتُ: وَاللَّهِ مَا يَدْرِي عَامِرٌ مَا يَقُولُ. قَالَتْ: وَكَانَ بِلَالٌ إِذَا أَدْرَكَتْهُ الْحُمَّى اضْطَجَعَ بِفِنَاءِ الْبَيْتِ، ثُمَّ رَفَعَ عَقِيرَتَهُ فَقَالَ: أَلَا لَيْتَ شِعْرِي هَلْ أَبِيتَنَّ لَيْلَةً بِفَخٍّ وَحَوْلِي إِذْخِرٌ وَجَلِيلُ وَهَلْ أَرِدَنْ يَوْمًا مِيَاهَ مَجَنَّةٍ وَهَلْ يَبْدُوَنْ لِي شَامَةٌ وَطَفِيلُ قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: فَذَكَرْتُ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَا سَمِعْتُ مِنْهُمْ، وَقُلْتُ: إِنَّهُمْ لَيَهْذُونَ، وَمَا يَعْقِلُونَ مِنْ شِدَّةِ الْحُمَّى. فَقَالَ: " اللَّهُمَّ حَبِّبْ إِلَيْنَا الْمَدِينَةَ كَمَا حَبَّبْتَ إِلَيْنَا مَكَّةَ أَوْ أَشَدَّ، وَبَارَكْ لَنَا فِي مُدِّهَا، وَصَاعِهَا، وَانْقُلْ وَبَاءَهَا إِلَى مَهْيَعَةَ ". وَمَهْيَعَةُ هِيَ الْجُحْفَةُ. وَفِي رِوَايَةِ الْبُخَارِيِّ لَهُ عَنْ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، فَذَكَرَهُ. وَزَادَ بَعْدَ شِعْرِ بِلَالٍ، ثُمَّ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ الْعَنْ عُتْبَةَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ، وَشَيْبَةَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ، وَأُمَيَّةَ بْنَ خَلَفٍ، كَمَا أَخْرَجُونَا إِلَى أَرْضِ الْوَبَاءِ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " اللَّهُمَّ حَبِّبْ إِلَيْنَا الْمَدِينَةَ كَحُبِّنَا مَكَّةَ أَوْ أَشَدَّ، اللَّهُمَّ بَارِكْ لَنَا فِي صَاعِهَا، وَفِي مُدِّهَا، وَصَحِّحْهَا لَنَا، وَانْقُلْ حُمَّاهَا إِلَى الْجُحْفَةِ ". وَقَالَ زِيَادٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ الزُّهْرِيُّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا قَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ هُوَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، أَصَابَتْهُمْ حُمَّى الْمَدِينَةِ، حَتَّى جَهَدُوا مَرَضًا، وَصَرَفَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِ ﷺ، حَتَّى كَانُوا مَا يُصَلُّونَ إِلَّا وَهُمْ قُعُودٌ. قَالَ: فَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَهُمْ يُصَلُّونَ كَذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: " اعْلَمُوا أَنَّ صَلَاةَ الْقَاعِدِ عَلَى النِّصْفِ مِنْ صَلَاةِ الْقَائِمِ ". فَتَجَشَّمَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ الْقِيَامَ، عَلَى مَا بِهِمْ مِنَ الضَّعْفِ وَالسَّقَمِ; الْتِمَاسَ الْفَضْلِ. وَقَالَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ: أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْحَافِظُ وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ: قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمَدِينَةَ، وَهِيَ أَوْبَأُ أَرْضِ اللَّهِ، وَوَادِيهَا بُطْحَانُ نَجْلٌ. قَالَ هِشَامٌ: وَكَانَ وَبَاؤُهَا مَعْرُوفًا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، وَكَانَ إِذَا كَانَ الْوَادِي وَبِيئًا، فَأَشْرَفَ عَلَيْهِ الْإِنْسَانُ، قِيلَ لَهُ أَنْ يَنْهَقَ نَهِيقَ الْحِمَارِ; فَإِذَا فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يَضُرَّهُ وَبَاءُ ذَلِكَ الْوَادِي، وَقَدْ قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ حِينَ أَشْرَفَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ: لَعَمْرِي لَئِنْ عَشَّرْتُ مِنْ خِيفَةِ الرَّدَى نَهِيقَ الْحِمَارِ إِنَّنِي لَجَزُوعُ وَرَوَى الْبُخَارِيُّ، مِنْ حَدِيثِ مُوسَى بْنِ عُقْبَةَ، عَنْ سَالِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: " رَأَيْتُ كَأَنَّ امْرَأَةً سَوْدَاءَ ثَائِرَةَ الرَّأْسِ خَرَجَتْ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ حَتَّى قَامَتْ بِمَهْيَعَةَ - وَهِيَ الْجُحْفَةُ - فَأَوَّلْتُ أَنَّ وَبَاءَ الْمَدِينَةِ نُقِلَ إِلَيْهَا:. وَرُوِيَ أَيْضًا عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: لَمَّا قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمَدِينَةَ وَعَكَ أَصْحَابُهُ، وَقَدِمَ رَجُلٌ فَتَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً كَانَتْ مُهَاجِرَةً، فَجَلَسَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ فَقَالَ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ "إِنَّمَا الْأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ" - ثَلَاثًا- "فَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ، وَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى دُنْيَا يَطْلُبُهَا أَوِ امْرَأَةٍ يَخْطُبُهَا فَإِنَّمَا هِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى مَا هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِ"، ثُمَّ رَفَعَ يَدَيْهِ وَقَالَ: "اللَّهُمَّ انْقُلْ عَنَّا الْوَبَاءَ" - ثَلَاثًا- فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ قَالَ: أُتِيتُ اللَّيْلَةَ بِالْحُمَّى، فَإِذَا عَجُوزٌ سَوْدَاءُ مُلَبَّبَةٌ فِي يَدَيِ الَّذِي جَاءَ بِهَا فَقَالَ: هَذِهِ الْحُمَّى فَمَا تَرَى فِيهَا؟ فَقُلْتُ: "اجْعَلُوهَا بِخُمٍّ". قَالَ هِشَامٌ: فَكَانَ الْمَوْلُودُ يُولَدُ بِالْجُحْفَةِ، فَلَا يَبْلُغُ الْحُلُمَ حَتَّى تَصْرَعَهُ الْحُمَّى. رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي " دَلَائِلِ النُّبُوَّةِ " وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابُهُ - صَبِيحَةَ رَابِعَةٍ يَعْنِي مَكَّةَ - عَامَ عُمْرَةِ الْقَضَاءِ، فَقَالَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ: إِنَّهُ يَقْدَمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَفْدٌ قَدْ وَهَنَهُمْ حُمَّى يَثْرِبَ. فَأَمَرَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ يَرْمُلُوا، وَأَنْ يَمْشُوا مَا بَيْنَ الرُّكْنَيْنِ. وَلَمْ يَمْنَعْهُ أَنْ يَرْمُلُوا الْأَشْوَاطَ كُلَّهَا إِلَّا الْإِبْقَاءُ عَلَيْهِمْ. قُلْتُ: وَعُمْرَةُ الْقَضَاءِ كَانَتْ فِي سَنَةِ سَبْعٍ فِي ذِي الْقِعْدَةِ، فَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ تَأَخَّرَ دُعَاؤُهُ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ بِنَقْلِ الْوَبَاءِ إِلَى قَرِيبٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، أَوْ أَنَّهُ رُفِعَ وَبَقِيَ آثَارٌ مِنْهُ قَلِيلٌ، أَوْ أَنَّهُمْ بَقُوا فِي خُمَارِ مَا كَانَ أَصَابَهُمْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى تِلْكَ الْمُدَّةِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ Concerning what afflicted the Emigrants of the fever of Madinah— ؓ —while the Messenger ﷺ was kept safe by the might and power of Allah, and he supplicated to Allah, and He removed it from Madinah. [The illness of Abū Bakr, ʿĀmir, and Bilāl, and the report of ʿĀʾishah about them] Ziyād said, from Muḥammad b. Isḥāq: Hishām b. ʿUrwah and ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Allāh narrated to me, from ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr, from ʿĀʾishah, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to Madinah, he came to it while it was the most pestilential land of Allah with regard to fever, and his Companions were afflicted with trial and sickness from it, and Allah turned that away from His Prophet ﷺ. She said: Abū Bakr, ʿĀmir b. Fuhayrah, and Bilāl—the two freedmen of Abū Bakr—were in one house, and fever struck them. I entered upon them to visit them, and that was before the veil was imposed upon us, and they had such severity of pain as only Allah knows. I drew near to Abū Bakr and said: How do you find yourself, O my father? He said: Every man is greeted in the morning among his folk, while death is nearer than the strap of his sandal. She said: By Allah, my father does not know what he is saying. She said: Then I drew near to ʿĀmir b. Fuhayrah and said: How do you find yourself, O ʿĀmir? He said: I have found death before tasting it; the coward's fate comes from above him. Every man strives according to his strength, like the bull that protects its hide with its horn. She said: I said: By Allah, ʿĀmir does not know what he is saying. She said: When fever overtook Bilāl, he would lie down in the courtyard of the house, then raise his voice and say: Would that I knew whether I shall spend a night in Fakhkh, with idhkhir and jalīl around me, And whether I shall one day go down to the waters of Majannah, and whether Shāmah and Ṭafīl will appear to me. ʿĀʾishah said: I mentioned to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ what I had heard from them, and I said: They are raving and do not understand, from the severity of the fever. He said: "O Allah, make Madinah beloved to us as You made Makkah beloved to us, or more so, and bless us in its mudd and its ṣāʿ, and transfer its pestilence to Mahyaʿah." Mahyaʿah is al-Juḥfah. In al-Bukhārī's transmission of it, from Abū Usāmah, from Hishām b. ʿUrwah, from his father, from ʿĀʾishah, he mentioned it. And he added, after Bilāl's poetry, that he then said: O Allah, curse ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah, Shaybah b. Rabīʿah, and Umayyah b. Khalaf, as they drove us out to the land of pestilence. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "O Allah, make Madinah beloved to us as our love for Makkah, or more so. O Allah, bless us in its ṣāʿ and in its mudd, and make it healthy for us, and transfer its fever to al-Juḥfah." Ziyād said, from Ibn Isḥāq, and Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī mentioned, from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to Madinah, he and his Companions, the fever of Madinah struck them, until they were exhausted with illness, and Allah turned that away from His Prophet ﷺ, such that they would not pray except while seated. He said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ came out while they were praying like that, and said to them: "Know that the prayer of one seated is half the prayer of one standing." So the Muslims forced themselves to stand, despite the weakness and sickness that was upon them, seeking the merit. Al-Bayhaqī said: Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥāfiẓ and Abū Saʿīd b. Abī ʿAmr informed us, they said: Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Aṣamm narrated to us, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Jabbār narrated to us, Yūnus b. Bukayr narrated to us, from Hishām b. ʿUrwah, from his father, from ʿĀʾishah, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to Madinah while it was the most pestilential land of Allah, and its valley Buṭḥān was a marsh. Hishām said: Its pestilence was well known in the pre-Islamic era, and when the valley was pestilential and a person looked down upon it, he was told to bray like a donkey; if he did that, the pestilence of that valley would not harm him. The poet said when he looked down upon Madinah: By my life, if I bray from fear of destruction, the braying of a donkey, I would indeed be impatient. Al-Bukhārī narrated, from the ḥadīth of Mūsā b. ʿUqbah, from Sālim, from his father, that the Prophet ﷺ said: "I saw as if a black woman with disheveled hair came out of Madinah until she stood at Mahyaʿah—which is al-Juḥfah—and I interpreted it that the pestilence of Madinah was transferred to it." It is also narrated from Mūsā b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥārith, from his father, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to Madinah, his Companions fell ill, and a man came and married a woman who had emigrated. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sat on the minbar and said: O people, "Actions are only by intentions"—three times—"so whoever's emigration was to Allah and His Messenger, his emigration is to Allah and His Messenger, and whoever's emigration was to a worldly thing he seeks or a woman he proposes to, his emigration is only to what he emigrated for." Then he raised his hands and said: "O Allah, remove the pestilence from us"—three times. When morning came, he said: I was brought the fever last night, and behold, an old black woman wrapped in a garment was in the hand of the one who brought her, and he said: This is the fever, so what do you think about her? I said: "Place her in Khumm." Hishām said: A child was born at al-Juḥfah, and would not reach puberty before the fever threw him down. Al-Bayhaqī narrated it in "Dalāʾil al-Nubuwwah." It is established in the two Ṣaḥīḥs, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his Companions came—on the morning of the fourth, meaning of Makkah—in the year of the ʿUmrah of al-Qaḍāʾ, and the polytheists said: A delegation is coming to you whom the fever of Yathrib has weakened. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded them to perform raml and to walk between the two corners. He did not prevent them from performing raml in all the circuits except out of consideration for them. I say: The ʿUmrah of al-Qaḍāʾ was in the year seven, in Dhū al-Qaʿdah. So either his supplication, peace and blessings be upon him, for the transfer of the pestilence was delayed until near that time, or it was lifted but some traces of it remained, or they remained in the aftermath of what had afflicted them from that until that period. And Allah knows best.
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