Tarikh (al-Tabari) 750
What has been narrated about Quraysh's persecution of the believers
[ تَعْذِيبُ قُرَيْشٍ لَابْنِ يَاسِرٍ، وَتَصْبِيرُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَهُ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَكَانَتْ بَنُو مَخْزُومٍ يَخْرُجُونَ بِعَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ، وَبِأَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ، وَكَانُوا أَهْلَ بَيْتِ إسْلَامٍ، إذَا حَمِيَتْ الظَّهِيرَةُ، يُعَذِّبُونَهُمْ بِرَمْضَاءِ مَكَّةَ، فَيَمُرُّ بِهِمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَيَقُولُ، فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي: صَبْرًا آلَ يَاسِرٍ، مَوْعِدُكُمْ الْجَنَّةُ فَأَمَّا أُمُّهُ فَقَتَلُوهَا، وَهِيَ تَأْبَى إلَّا الْإِسْلَامَ. وَكَانَ يَاسِرٌ حَلِيفًا لِبَنِي مَخْزُومٍ، فَكَانُوا يُخْرِجُونَ عَمَّارًا وَأَبَاهُ وَأُمَّهُ إِلَى الْأَبْطَحِ إِذَا حَمِيَتِ الرَّمْضَاءُ يُعَذِّبُونَهُمْ بِحَرِّ الرَّمْضَاءِ، فَمَرَّ بِهِمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: " صَبْرًا آلَ يَاسِرٍ فَإِنَّ مَوْعِدَكُمُ الْجَنَّةُ ". فَمَاتَ يَاسِرٌ فِي الْعَذَابِ، وَأَغْلَظَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ سُمَيَّةُ الْقَوْلَ لِأَبِي جَهْلٍ، فَطَعَنَهَا فِي قُبُلِهَا بِحَرْبَةٍ فِي يَدَيْهِ فَمَاتَتْ، وَهِيَ أَوَّلُ شَهِيدٍ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ، وَشَدَّدُوا الْعَذَابَ عَلَى عَمَّارٍ، بِالْحَرِّ تَارَةً، وَبِوَضْعِ الصَّخْرِ عَلَى صَدْرِهِ أُخْرَى، وَبِالتَّغْرِيقِ أُخْرَى فَقَالُوا: لَا نَتْرُكُكَ حَتَّى تَسُبَّ مُحَمَّدًا وَتَقُولَ فِي اللَّاتِ وَالْعُزَّى خَيْرًا، فَفَعَلَ، فَتَرَكُوهُ فَأَتَى النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يَبْكِي. فَقَالَ: مَا وَرَاءَكَ ؟ قَالَ: شَرٌّ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، كَانَ الْأَمْرُ كَذَا وَكَذَا. قَالَ فَكَيْفَ تَجِدُ قَلْبَكَ ؟ قَالَ: أَجِدُهُ مُطْمَئِنًّا بِالْإِيمَانِ. فَقَالَ: يَا عَمَّارُ فَعُدْ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ( إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ ) من امتنع عن الإسلام ظاهرا لسبب تعذيبه [ سُئِلَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَنْ عُذْرِ مَنْ امْتَنَعَ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ لِسَبَبِ تَعْذِيبِهِ فَأَجَازَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي حَكِيمُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِعَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: أَكَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يَبْلُغُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ الْعَذَابِ مَا يُعْذَرُونَ بِهِ فِي تَرْكِ دِينِهِمْ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ وَاَللَّهِ، إنْ كَانُوا لَيَضْرِبُونَ أَحَدَهُمْ وَيُجِيعُونَهُ وَيُعَطِّشُونَهُ حَتَّى مَا يَقْدِرُ أَنْ يَسْتَوِيَ جَالِسًا مِنْ شِدَّةِ الضُّرِّ الَّذِي نَزَلَ بِهِ، حَتَّى يُعْطِيَهُمْ مَا سَأَلُوهُ مِنْ الْفِتْنَةِ، حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَهُ؛ آللَّاتُ وَالْعُزَّى إلَهُكَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ ؟ فَيَقُولُ: نَعَمْ، حَتَّى إنَّ الْجُعَلَ لَيَمُرُّ بِهِمْ، فَيَقُولُونَ لَهُ: أَهَذَا الْجُعَلُ إلَهُكَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ ؟ فَيَقُولُ: نَعَمْ، افْتِدَاءً مِنْهُمْ مِمَّا يَبْلُغُونَ مِنْ جَهْدِهِ. [ رَفْضُ هِشَامٍ تَسْلِيمَ أَخِيهِ لِقُرَيْشِ لِيَقْتُلُوهُ عَلَى إسْلَامِهِ، وَشِعْرِهِ فِي ذَلِكَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ عُكَاشَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي أَحْمَدَ أَنَّهُ حُدِّثَ أَنَّ رِجَالًا مِنْ بَنِي مَخْزُومٍ مَشَوْا إلَى هِشَامِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، حِينَ أَسْلَمَ أَخُوهُ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ ( بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ )، وَكَانُوا قَدْ أَجْمَعُوا عَلَى أَنْ يَأْخُذُوا فِتْيَةً مِنْهُمْ كَانُوا قَدْ أَسْلَمُوا، مِنْهُمْ: سَلَمَةُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، وَعَيَّاشُ بْنُ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ. قَالَ: فَقَالُوا لَهُ. وَخَشُوا شَرَّهُمْ: إنَّا قَدْ أَرَدْنَا أَنْ نُعَاتِبَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْفِتْيَةِ عَلَى هَذَا الدِّينِ الَّذِي أَحْدَثُوا، فَإِنَّا نَأْمَنُ بِذَلِكَ فِي غَيْرِهِمْ. قَالَ: هَذَا، فَعَلَيْكُمْ بِهِ، فَعَاتِبُوهُ وَإِيَّاكُمْ وَنَفْسَهُ، وَأَنْشَأَ يَقُولُ: : أَلَا لَا يُقْتَلَنَّ أَخِي عُيَيْسٍ فَيَبْقَى بَيْنَنَا أَبَدًا تَلَاحِي احْذَرُوا عَلَى نَفْسِهِ، فَأُقْسِمُ اللَّهَ لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ لَأَقْتُلَنَّ أَشْرَفَكُمْ رَجُلًا. قَالَ: فَقَالُوا: اللَّهُمَّ الْعَنْهُ، مَنْ يُغَرِّرُ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ، فَوَاَللَّهِ لَوْ أُصِيبَ فِي أَيْدِينَا لَقُتِلَ أَشْرَفُنَا رَجُلًا. ( قَالَ )، فَتَرَكُوهُ وَنَزَعُوا عَنْهُ. قَالَ: وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا دَفَعَ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَنْهُمْ. ما جاء في تعذيب خباب بن الأرت وَخَبَّابُ بْنُ الْأَرَتِّ، كَانَ أَبُوهُ سَوَادِيًّا مِنْ كَسْكَرَ، فَسَبَاهُ قَوْمٌ مِنْ رَبِيعَةَ، وَحَمَلُوهُ إِلَى مَكَّةَ فَبَاعُوهُ مِنْ سِبَاعِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعُزَّى الْخُزَاعِيِّ حَلِيفِ بَنِي زُهْرَةَ، وَسِبَاعٌ هُوَ الَّذِي بَارَزَهُ حَمْزَةُ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ، وَخَبَّابٌ تَمِيمِيٌّ، وَكَانَ إِسْلَامُهُ قَدِيمًا، قِيلَ: سَادِسُ سِتَّةٍ قَبْلَ دُخُولِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ دَارَ الْأَرْقَمِ، فَأَخَذَهُ الْكُفَّارُ وَعَذَّبُوهُ عَذَابًا شَدِيدًا، فَكَانُوا يُعَرُّونَهُ وَيُلْصِقُونَ ظَهْرَهُ بِالرَّمْضَاءِ ثُمَّ بِالرَّضْفِ، وَهِيَ الْحِجَارَةُ الْمُحْمَاةُ بِالنَّارِ، وَلَوَوْا رَأْسَهُ، فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُمْ إِلَى شَيْءٍ مِمَّا أَرَادُوا مِنْهُ. وَعَنْ أَبِي لَيْلَى الْكِنْدِيِّ قَالَ، جَاءَ خَبَّابٌ إِلَى عُمَرَ ؓ فَقَالَ لَهُ عُمَرُ: ادْنُهْ، ادْنُهْ. فَأَجْلَسَهُ عَلَى مُتَّكَئِهِ وَقَالَ: مَا أَحَدٌ أَحَقَّ بِهَذَا الْمَجْلِسِ مِنْكَ إِلَّا رَجُلٌ وَاحِدٌ. قَالَ: وَمَنْ هُوَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؟ قَالَ: بِلَالٌ - وَفِي رِوَايَةِ الشَّعْبِيِّ، عَمَّارُ بْنُ يَاسِرٍ قَالَ: مَا هُوَ بِأَحَقَّ مِنِّي إِنَّ بِلَالًا كَانَ لَهُ فِي الْمُشْرِكِينَ مَنْ يَمْنَعُهُ اللَّهُ بِهِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لِي أَحَدٌ، لَقَدْ رَأَيْتُنِي يَوْمًا وَقَدْ أَوْقَدُوا لِي نَارًا ثُمَّ سَلَقُونِي فِيهَا ثُمَّ وَضَعَ رَجُلٌ رِجْلَهُ عَلَى صَدْرِي فَمَا اتَّقَيْتُ الْأَرْضَ إِلَّا بِظَهْرِي ثُمَّ كَشَفَ خَبَّابٌ عَنْ ظَهْرِهِ فَإِذَا هُوَ قَدْ بَرَصَ. وَعَنْ خَبَّابِ بْنِ الْأَرَتِّ قَالَ: كُنْتُ رَجُلًا قَيْنًا، وَكَانَ لِي عَلَى الْعَاصِ بْنِ وَائِلٍ دَيْنٌ، فَأَتَيْتُهُ أَتَقَاضَاهُ، فَقَالَ: لَا وَاللَّهِ، لَا أَقْضِيكَ حَتَّى تَكْفُرَ بِمُحَمَّدٍ. فَقُلْتُ: لَا وَاللَّهِ لَا أَكْفُرُ بِمُحَمَّدٍ حَتَّى تَمُوتَ، ثُمَّ تُبْعَثَ. قَالَ: فَإِنِّي إِذَا مُتُّ ثُمَّ بُعِثْتُ، جِئْتَنِي وَلِي ثَمَّ مَالٌ وَوَلَدٌ فَأُعْطِيكَ. فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَفَرَأَيْتَ الَّذِي كَفَرَ بِآيَاتِنَا وَقَالَ لَأُوتَيَنَّ مَالًا وَوَلَدًا إِلَى قَوْلِهِ وَنَرِثُهُ مَا يَقُولُ وَيَأْتِينَا فَرْدًا [ مَرْيَمَ: 77 - 80 ] أَخْرَجَاهُ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " ذكر بعض مَن كان يُعذب من المؤمنين رَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ قَالَ: كَانَ صُهَيْبٌ مِنَ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يُعَذَّبُونَ فِي اللَّهِ . وَمِنْهُمْ عَامِرُ بْنُ فُهَيْرَةَ. قَالَ الْبَلَاذُرِيُّ: قَالُوا كَانَ عَامِرٌ مِنَ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فَكَانَ يُعَذَّبُ بِمَكَّةَ لِيَرْجِعَ عَنْ دِينِهِ حَتَّى اشْتَرَاهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَأَعْتَقَهُ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ الْقُرَظِيِّ - بِضَمِّ الْقَافِ وَكَسْرِ الظَّاءِ الْمُشَالَةِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ- قَالَ: كَانَ عَامِرُ بْنُ فُهَيْرَةَ يُعَذَّبُ حَتَّى لَا يَدْرِيَ مَا يَقُولُ. وَمِنْهُمْ أَبُو فُكَيْهَةَ وَاسْمُهُ أَفْلَحُ وَيُقَالُ يَسَارٌ . وَكَانَ عَبْدًا لِصَفْوَانَ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ فَأَسْلَمَ حِينَ أَسْلَمَ بِلَالٌ، فَمَرَّ بِهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ وَقَدْ أَخَذَهُ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ خَلَفٍ فَرَبَطَ فِي رِجْلِهِ حَبْلًا وَأَمَرَ بِهِ فَجُرَّ ثُمَّ أَلْقَاهُ فِي الرَّمْضَاءِ فَمَرَّ بِهِ جُعَلٌ فَقَالَ: أَلَيْسَ هَذَا رَبُّكَ فَقَالَ: اللَّهُ رَبِّي خَلَقَنِي وَخَلَقَكَ وَخَلَقَ هَذَا الْجُعْلَ فَغَلِطَ عَلَيْهِ وَجَعَلَ يَخْنُقُهُ وَمَعَهُ أَخُوهُ أُبَيُّ بْنُ خَلَفٍ يَقُولُ: زِدْهُ عَذَابًا حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ مُحَمَّدٌ فَيُخَلِّصُهُ بِسِحْرِهِ. فَأَخْرَجَهُ نِصْفَ النَّهَارِ فِي شِدَّةِ الْحَرِّ مُقَيَّدًا إِلَى الرَّمْضَاءِ وَوَضَعَ عَلَى بَطْنِهِ صَخْرَةً فَدَلَعَ لِسَانَهُ فَلَمْ يَزَلْ عَلَى تِلْكَ الْحَالِ حَتَّى ظَنُّوا أَنَّهُ قَدْ مَاتَ، ثُمَّ أَفَاقَ فَمَرَّ بِهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ فَاشْتَرَاهُ وَأَعْتَقَهُ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ الْقُرَظِيِّ قَالَ: كَانَ أَبُو فُكَيْهَةَ يُعَذَّبُ حَتَّى- لَا يَدْرِي مَا يَقُولُ.
Translation
✧ [The Torture of Quraysh for Ibn Yāsir, and the Messenger of God ﷺ's Encouragement of Him to Endure] Ibn Isḥāq said: The Banū Makhzūm used to take out ʿAmmār b. Yāsir, and his father and mother—they were a household of Islam—when the midday heat became intense, and torture them on the hot pebbles of Makkah. The Messenger of God ﷺ would pass by them and say, as far as I have heard: "Patience, family of Yāsir; your appointment is Paradise." As for his mother, they killed her while she refused anything but Islam. Yāsir was an ally of Banū Makhzūm, and they used to take out ʿAmmār, his father and his mother to al-Abṭaḥ when the pebbles grew hot and torture them with the heat of the pebbles. The Prophet ﷺ passed by them and said: "Patience, family of Yāsir, for your appointment is Paradise." Yāsir died under torture, and his wife Sumayya spoke harshly to Abū Jahl, so he stabbed her in her private part with a spear he was holding, and she died. She was the first martyr in Islam. They intensified the torture on ʿAmmār—with heat at one time, with placing a rock on his chest at another, and with drowning at another. They said: "We will not leave you until you revile Muḥammad and say good about al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā." He did so, and they left him. He came to the Prophet ﷺ weeping. He said: "What is behind you?" He said: "Evil, O Messenger of God; the matter was such and such." He said: "How do you find your heart?" He said: "I find it at rest with faith." He said: "O ʿAmmār, then return." So God, exalted is He, revealed: (except him who is forced while his heart is at rest with faith) [concerning] one who refrains from Islam outwardly because of his being tortured. [Ibn ʿAbbās was asked about the excuse of one who refrains from Islam because of his being tortured, and he permitted it.] Ibn Isḥāq said: Ḥakīm b. Jubayr narrated to me from Saʿīd b. Jubayr, who said: I said to ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās: Did the polytheists reach such a degree of torture against the companions of the Messenger of God ﷺ that they would be excused for abandoning their religion? He said: Yes, by God. They would beat one of them, starve him, and make him thirsty until he could not sit upright from the severity of the harm that had befallen him, until he gave them what they asked of him of trial—until they said to him: "Are al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā your god instead of God?" and he would say: "Yes." Even the dung beetle would pass by them, and they would say to him: "Is this dung beetle your god instead of God?" and he would say: "Yes," as a ransom from them from the hardship they were inflicting on him. [Hishām's refusal to hand over his brother to Quraysh so they would kill him for his Islam, and his poetry about that] Ibn Isḥāq said: al-Zubayr b. ʿUkāsha b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Aḥmad narrated to me that he was told that men of Banū Makhzūm went to Hishām b. al-Walīd when his brother al-Walīd b. al-Walīd (b. al-Mughīra) became Muslim. They had resolved to seize some of their young men who had become Muslims, among them Salama b. Hishām and ʿAyyāsh b. Abī Rabīʿa. He said: They said to him, fearing their evil: "We want to reproach these young men for this religion they have brought about; we trust that this will not happen with others." He said: "This—then take him to task; reproach him, and beware of him and his own self." And he began to say: : Alas, let not my brother ʿUyays be killed, so that mutual blame remains between us forever. Beware for his life; I swear by God, if you kill him, I will certainly kill the noblest man among you. He said: They said: "O God, curse him! Who would be deceived by this talk? By God, if harm befell him at our hands, the noblest of us would be killed." He said: So they left him and desisted from him. He said: That was part of what God used to defend them. What has come about the torture of Khabbāb b. al-Aratt Khabbāb b. al-Aratt—his father was a man from the Sawād of Kaskar. A people of Rabīʿa captured him and brought him to Makkah, and they sold him to Sibāʿ b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā al-Khuzāʿī, an ally of Banū Zuhra. Sibāʿ is the one whom Ḥamza challenged to single combat on the day of Uḥud. Khabbāb was from Tamīm, and his Islam was early—it is said he was the sixth of six before the Messenger of God ﷺ entered the house of al-Arqam. The disbelievers seized him and tortured him severely. They would strip him and press his back against the hot pebbles, then against heated stones, and they twisted his head, but he did not answer them to anything they wanted from him. From Abū Laylā al-Kindī, who said: Khabbāb came to ʿUmar ؓ, and ʿUmar said to him: "Come near, come near." He seated him on his cushion and said: "No one is more entitled to this seat than you except one man." He said: "Who is he, O Commander of the Faithful?" He said: "Bilāl"—and in al-Shaʿbī's narration: ʿAmmār b. Yāsir. He said: "He is not more entitled than I. Bilāl had among the polytheists someone through whom God protected him, but I had no one. I saw myself one day when they had lit a fire for me, then laid me on it; then a man placed his foot on my chest, and I did not shield the ground except with my back." Then Khabbāb uncovered his back, and it had become leprous. From Khabbāb b. al-Aratt, who said: I was a blacksmith, and al-ʿĀṣ b. Wāʾil owed me a debt. I went to him to demand payment, and he said: "No, by God, I will not pay you until you disbelieve in Muḥammad." I said: "No, by God, I will not disbelieve in Muḥammad until you die and then are resurrected." He said: "If I die and then am resurrected, you will come to me and I will have wealth and children there, and I will give you." So God, exalted is He, revealed: Have you seen the one who disbelieved in Our verses and said, "I will surely be given wealth and children"... up to His saying: And We will inherit from him what he says, and he will come to Us alone [Maryam: 77-80]. Both transmitted it in the two Ṣaḥīḥs. Mention of some of the believers who were tortured Ibn Saʿd narrated from ʿUrwa, who said: Ṣuhayb was among the weak believers who were tortured for the sake of God. Among them was ʿĀmir b. Fuhayra. Al-Balādhurī said: They said ʿĀmir was among the weak, and he was tortured in Makkah to make him abandon his religion until Abū Bakr bought him and freed him. Ibn Saʿd narrated from Muḥammad b. Kaʿb al-Quraẓī—with ḍamma on the qāf and kasra on the dotted ẓāʾ—who said: ʿĀmir b. Fuhayra was tortured until he did not know what he was saying. Among them was Abū Fukayha, whose name was Aflaḥ, and it is said Yasār. He was a slave of Ṣafwān b. Umayya, and he became Muslim when Bilāl became Muslim. Abū Bakr ؓ passed by him when Umayya b. Khalaf had seized him, tied a rope to his leg, ordered him to be dragged, and then thrown him on the hot pebbles. A dung beetle passed by him, and he said: "Is this not your lord?" He said: "God is my Lord; He created me, created you, and created this dung beetle." He became enraged with him and began to choke him, while his brother Ubayy b. Khalaf was with him saying: "Increase his torture until Muḥammad comes and delivers him by his magic." He brought him out at midday in intense heat, shackled, onto the hot pebbles, and placed a rock on his belly, so his tongue lolled out; he remained in that state until they thought he had died. Then he revived, and Abū Bakr ؓ passed by him and bought him and freed him. Ibn Saʿd narrated from Muḥammad b. Kaʿb al-Quraẓī, who said: Abū Fukayha was tortured until he did not know what he was saying.
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