Tarikh (al-Tabari) 748
What has been narrated about Quraysh's persecution of the believers
ذِكْرُ عُدْوَانِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ عَلَى الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ بِالْأَذَى وَالْفِتْنَةِ [ قَسْوَةُ قُرَيْشٍ عَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ. ثُمَّ إنَّهُمْ عَدَوْا عَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ، وَاتَّبَعَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ، فَوَثَبَتْ كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ عَلَى مَنْ فِيهَا مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَجَعَلُوا يَحْبِسُونَهُمْ وَيُعَذِّبُونَهُمْ بِالضَّرْبِ وَالْجُوعِ وَالْعَطَشِ، وَبِرَمْضَاءِ مَكَّةَ إذَا اشْتَدَّ الْحَرُّ، مَنْ اُسْتُضْعِفُوا مِنْهُمْ، يَفْتِنُونَهُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِمْ، فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يُفْتَنُ مِنْ شِدَّةِ الْبَلَاءِ الَّذِي يُصِيبُهُ، وَمِنْهُمْ مِنْ يَصْلُبُ لَهُمْ، وَيَعْصِمُهُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُمْ. [ مَا كَانَ يَلْقَاهُ بِلَالٌ بَعْدَ إسْلَامِهِ، وَمَا فَعَلَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فِي تَخْلِيصِهِ ] وَكَانَ بَلَالٌ، مَوْلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ، لِبَعْضِ بَنِي جُمَحٍ، مُوَلَّدًا مِنْ مُوَلَّدِيهِمْ، وَهُوَ بَلَالُ بْنُ رَبَاحٍ، وَكَانَ اسْمُ أُمِّهِ حَمَامَةَ، وَكَانَ صَادِقَ الْإِسْلَامِ طَاهِرَ الْقَلْبِ، وَكَانَ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ خَلَفِ بْنِ وَهْبِ بْنِ حُذَافَةَ بْنِ جُمَحٍ يُخْرِجُهُ إذَا حَمِيَتْ الظَّهِيرَةُ، فَيَطْرَحَهُ عَلَى ظَهْرِهِ فِي بَطْحَاءِ مَكَّةَ، ثُمَّ يَأْمُرُ بِالصَّخْرَةِ الْعَظِيمَةِ فَتُوضَعَ عَلَى صَدْرِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقُولُ لَهُ: ( لَا وَاَللَّهِ ) لَا تَزَالُ هَكَذَا حَتَّى تَمُوتَ، أَوْ تَكْفُرَ بِمُحَمَّدِ، وَتَعْبُدَ اللَّاتَ وَالْعُزَّى، فَيَقُولُ وَهُوَ فِي ذَلِكَ الْبَلَاءِ: أَحَدٌ أَحَدٌ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: كَانَ وَرَقَةُ بْنُ نَوْفَلٍ يَمُرُّ بِهِ وَهُوَ يُعَذَّبُ بِذَلِكَ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: أَحَدٌ أَحَدٌ؛ فَيَقُولُ: أَحَدٌ أَحَدٌ وَاَللَّهِ يَا بِلَالُ، ثُمَّ يُقْبِلُ عَلَى أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ خَلَفٍ، وَمَنْ يَصْنَعُ ذَلِكَ بِهِ مِنْ بَنِي جُمَحٍ، فَيَقُولُ أَحْلِفُ بِاَللَّهِ لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ عَلَى هَذَا لَأَتَّخِذَنَّهُ حَنَانًا، حَتَّى مَرَّ بِهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ( ابْنُ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ ) ؓ يَوْمًا، وَهُمْ يَصْنَعُونَ ذَلِكَ بِهِ، وَكَانَتْ دَارُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي بَنِي جُمَحٍ، فَقَالَ لِأُمَيَّةِ بْنِ خَلَفٍ: أَلَا تَتَّقِي اللَّهَ فِي هَذَا الْمِسْكِينِ ؟ حَتَّى مَتَى ؟ قَالَ: أَنْتَ الَّذِي أَفْسَدْتَهُ فَأَنْقِذْهُ مِمَّا تَرَى؛ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ. أَفْعَلُ، عِنْدِي غُلَامٌ أَسْوَدُ أَجْلَدُ مِنْهُ وَأَقْوَى، عَلَى دِينِكَ، أُعْطِيكَهُ بِهِ؛ قَالَ: قَدْ قَبِلْتُ فَقَالَ: هُوَ لَكَ. فَأَعْطَاهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ غُلَامَهُ ذَلِكَ، وَأَخَذَهُ فَأَعْتَقَهُ وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ حَسَّانَ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ ؓ قَالَ: حَجَجْتُ- أَوْ قَالَ اعْتَمَرْتُ- فَرَأَيْتُ بِلَالًا فِي حَبْلٍ طَوِيلٍ يَمُدُّهُ الصِّبْيَانُ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: أَحَدٌ أَحَدٌ أَنَا أَكْفُرُ بِاللَّاتِ وَالْعُزَّى وَهُبَلٍ وَنَائِلَةَ وَبُوَانَةَ، فَأَضْجَعَهُ أُمَيَّةُ فِي الرَّمْضَاءِ. وَقَالَ وَرَقَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ شِعْرًا وَهُوَ: لَقَدْ نَصَحْتُ لِأَقْوَامٍ وَقُلْتُ لَهُمْ أَنَا النَّذِيرُ فَلَا يَغْرُرْكُمُ أَحَدُ لَا تَعْبُدُنَّ إِلَهًا غَيْرَ خَالِقِكُمْ فَإِنْ دَعَوْكُمْ فَقُولُوا بَيْنَنَا حَدَدُ سُبْحَانَ ذِي الْعَرْشِ سُبْحَانًا نَعُودُ لَهُ رَبُّ الْبَرِيَّةِ فَرْدٌ وَاحِدٌ صَمَدُ سُبْحَانَهُ ثُمَّ سُبْحَانًا نَعُودُ لَهُ وَقَبْلُ سَبَّحَهُ الْجُودِيُّ وَالْحَمَدُ مُسَخَّرٌ كُلُّ مَا تَحْتَ السَّمَاءِ لَهُ لَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُسَاوِيَ مُلْكَهُ أَحَدُ لَا شَيْءَ مِمَّا تَرَى تَبْقَى بَشَاشَتُهُ يَبْقَى الْإِلَهُ وَيُودِي الْمَالُ وَالْوَلَدُ لَمْ تُغْنِ عَنْ هُرْمُزٍ يَوْمًا خَزَائِنُهُ وَالْخُلْدَ قَدْ حَاوَلَتْ عَادٌ فَمَا خَلَدُوا وَلَا سُلَيْمَانُ إِذْ تَجْرِي الرِّيَاحُ لَهُ وَالْإِنْسُ وَالْجِنُّ فِيمَا بَيْنَهَا بَرَدُ أَيْنَ الْمُلُوكُ الَّتِي كَانَتْ لِعِزَّتِهَا مِنْ كُلِّ أَوْبٍ إِلَيْهَا وَافِدٌ يَفِدُ حَوْضٌ هُنَالِكَ مَوْرُودٌ بِلَا كَذِبٍ لَا بُدَّ مِنْ وِرْدِهِ يَوْمًا كَمَا وَرَدُوا. [ مَنْ أَعْتَقَهُمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مَعَ بِلَالٍ ] ثُمَّ أَعْتَقَ مَعَهُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُهَاجِرَ إلَى الْمَدِينَةِ سِتَّ رِقَابٍ، بِلَالٌ سَابِعُهُمْ عَامِرُ بْنُ فُهَيْرَةَ، شَهِدَ بَدْرًا وَأُحُدًا، وَقُتِلَ يَوْمَ بِئْرِ مَعُونَةَ شَهِيدًا؛ وَأُمُّ عُبَيْسٍ وَزِنِّيرَةُ، وَأُصِيبَ بَصَرُهَا حِينَ أَعْتَقَهَا، فَقَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ: مَا أَذْهَبَ بَصَرَهَا إلَّا اللَّاتُ وَالْعُزَّى؛ فَقَالَتْ: كَذَبُوا وَبَيْتِ اللَّهِ مَا تَضُرُّ اللَّاتُ وَالْعُزَّى وَمَا تَنْفَعَانِ، فَرَدَّ اللَّهُ بَصَرَهَا. وَأَعْتَقَ النَّهْدِيَّةَ وَبِنْتَهَا، وَكَانَتَا لِامْرَأَةِ مِنْ بَنِي عَبْدِ الدَّارِ، فَمَرَّ بِهِمَا وَقَدْ بَعَثَتْهُمَا سَيِّدَتُهُمَا بِطَحِينٍ لَهَا، وَهِيَ تَقُولُ: وَاَللَّهِ لَا أُعْتِقُكُمَا أَبَدًا، فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ: حِلِّ يَا أُمَّ فُلَانٍ؛ فَقَالَتْ: حِلَّ، أَنْتَ أَفْسَدْتَهُمَا فَأَعْتِقْهُمَا، قَالَ: فَبِكَمْ هُمَا ؟ قَالَتْ: بِكَذَا وَكَذَا، قَالَ: قَدْ أَخَذْتُهُمَا وَهُمَا حُرَّتَانِ، أَرْجِعَا إلَيْهَا طَحِينَهَا، قَالَتَا: أَوَنَفْرُغُ مِنْهُ يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ ثُمَّ نَرُدُّهُ إلَيْهَا ؟ قَالَ: وَذَلِكَ إنْ شِئْتُمَا. وَمَرَّ بِجَارِيَةِ بَنِي مُؤَمِّلٍ، حَيٌّ مِنْ بَنِي عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ، وَكَانَتْ مُسْلِمَةً، وَعُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ يُعَذِّبُهَا لِتَتْرُكَ الْإِسْلَامَ، وَهُوَ يَوْمَئِذٍ مُشْرِكٌ وَهُوَ يَضْرِبُهَا، حَتَّى إذَا مَلَّ قَالَ: إنِّي أَعْتَذِرُ إلَيْكَ، إنِّي لَمْ أَتْرُكْ إلَّا مَلَالَةً، فَتَقُولُ: كَذَلِكَ فَعَلَ اللَّهُ بِكَ. فَابْتَاعَهَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ، فَأَعْتَقَهَا. [ لَامَ أَبُو قُحَافَةَ ابْنَهُ لِعِتْقِهِ مِنْ أَعْتَقَ فَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي عَتِيقٍ، عَنْ عَامِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ بَعْضِ أَهْلِهِ، قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو قُحَافَةَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ: يَا بُنَيَّ، إنِّي أَرَاكَ تُعْتِقُ رِقَابًا ضِعَافًا، فَلَوْ أَنَّكَ إذْ فَعَلْتَ مَا فَعَلْتَ أَعْتَقْتَ رِجَالًا جُلْدًا يَمْنَعُونَكَ وَيَقُومُونَ دُونَكَ ؟ قَالَ: فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ: يَا أَبَتْ، إنِّي إنَّمَا أُرِيدُ مَا أُرِيدُ، لِلَّهِ ( عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ) قَالَ: فَيُتَحَدَّثُ أَنَّهُ مَا نَزَلَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْآيَاتِ إلَّا فِيهِ، وَفِيمَا قَالَ لَهُ أَبُوهُ: فَأَمَّا مَنْ أَعْطَى وَاتَّقَى وَصَدَّقَ بِالْحُسْنَى إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَمَا لِأَحَدٍ عِنْدَهُ مِنْ نِعْمَةٍ تُجْزَى إِلَّا ابْتِغَاءَ وَجْهِ رَبِّهِ الْأَعْلَى وَلَسَوْفَ يَرْضَى قَالَ عَمَّارُ بْنُ يَاسِرٍ ؓ يَذْكُرُ بِلَالًا وَأَصْحَابَهُ الَّذِينَ أَعْتَقَهُمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مِمَّا كَانُوا فِيهِ مِنَ الْبَلَاءِ وَكَانَ اسْمُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ عَتِيقًا: جَزَى اللَّهُ خَيْرًا عَنْ بِلَالِ وَصَحْبِهِ عَتِيقًا وَأَخْزَى فَاكِهًا وَأَبَا جَهْلِ عَشِيَّةَ هَمَّا فِي بِلَالٍ وَصَحْبِهِ وَلَمْ يَحْذَرَا مَا يَحْذَرُ الْمَرْءُ ذُو الْعَقْلِ بِتَوْحِيدِهِ رَبَّ الْأَنَامِ وَقَوْلِهِ شَهِدْتُ بِأَنَّ اللَّهَ رَبِّي عَلَى مَهْلِ فَإِنْ تَقْتُلُونِي تَقْتُلُونِي وَلَمْ أَكُنْ لِأُشْرِكَ بِالرَّحْمَنِ مِنْ خِيفَةِ الْقَتْلِ فَيَا رَبَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَالْعَبْدِ يُونُسَ وَمُوسَى وَعِيسَى نَجِّنِي ثُمَّ لَا تُمْلِ لِمَنْ ظَلَّ يَهْوَى الْعِزَّ مِنْ آلِ غَالِبٍ عَلَى غَيْرِ حَقٍّ كَانَ مِنْهُ وَلَا عَدْلِ
Translation
✧ Mention of the polytheists' aggression against the weak among those who embraced Islam through harm and trial [Quraysh's harshness toward those who embraced Islam] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then they aggressed against those who had embraced Islam and followed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ among his companions. Every tribe leapt upon the Muslims among them, so they began to detain them and torment them with beating, hunger, thirst, and the heat of Makkah's burning ground when the heat grew intense, for those who were deemed weak among them, seeking to tempt them away from their religion. Among them were those who were tempted by the severity of the affliction that befell them, and among them were those who remained steadfast for them, and Allah protected them from them. [What Bilāl faced after his Islam, and what Abū Bakr did to free him] Bilāl, the freedman of Abū Bakr ؓ, belonged to some of Banū Jumaḥ, born among their freedmen, and he is Bilāl b. Rabāḥ. His mother's name was Ḥamāmah. He was truthful in Islam and pure of heart. Umayyah b. Khalaf b. Wahb b. Ḥudhāfah b. Jumaḥ would bring him out when the midday heat grew intense, and throw him on his back in the plain of Makkah, then order a great rock to be placed on his chest, then say to him: "No, by Allah, you will remain thus until you die or disbelieve in Muḥammad and worship al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā." He would say while in that affliction: "One, One." Ibn Isḥāq said: Hishām b. ʿUrwah narrated to me from his father, who said: Waraqah b. Nawfal would pass by him while he was being tormented thus, and he was saying: "One, One," and he would say: "One, One, by Allah, O Bilāl." Then he would turn to Umayyah b. Khalaf and those among Banū Jumaḥ who were doing that to him, and say: "I swear by Allah, if you kill him for this, I will take him as a source of mercy," until Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq (son of Abū Quḥāfah) ؓ passed by him one day while they were doing that to him. Abū Bakr's house was among Banū Jumaḥ, so he said to Umayyah b. Khalaf: "Will you not fear Allah regarding this poor man? Until when?" He said: "You are the one who corrupted him, so save him from what you see." Abū Bakr said: "I will do it. I have a black slave who is sturdier and stronger than him, upon your religion; I will give him to you in exchange for him." He said: "I accept." He said: "He is yours." So Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ gave him his slave and took him and freed him. Ibn Saʿd narrated from Ḥassān b. Thābit ؓ who said: I performed Hajj—or he said ʿUmrah—and I saw Bilāl in a long rope that the boys were pulling while he was saying: "One, One, I disbelieve in al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā, and Hubal and Nāʾilah and Buwānah." Umayyah laid him on the burning ground. Waraqah said poetry about that, which is: I have counseled peoples and said to them: I am the warner, so let no one deceive you. Do not worship any god other than your Creator. If they call you, then say: between us is a limit. Glory to the Owner of the Throne, glory we return to Him. Lord of creation, unique, one, eternal. Glory to Him, then glory we return to Him. Before, al-Jūdiyy praised Him, and praise belongs to Him. Everything beneath the sky is subjected to Him. It is not fitting that anyone equal His dominion. Nothing you see will its brightness remain. God remains while wealth and children perish. Khurram's treasures did not avail him one day. And ʿĀd sought immortality, but they did not become immortal. Nor Sulaymān when the winds ran for him. Humans and jinn are among what between them is cold. Where are the kings who, for their might, from every direction a delegate came to them? There is a pool there resorted to without falsehood. One must come to it one day as they came. [Those whom Abū Bakr freed along with Bilāl] Then he freed with him upon Islam before he migrated to Madinah six slaves, Bilāl being the seventh of them: ʿĀmir b. Fuhayrah, who witnessed Badr and Uḥud and was killed as a martyr on the day of Biʾr Maʿūnah; and Umm ʿUbays and Zinnīrah, whose sight was afflicted when he freed her. Quraysh said: "Nothing took away her sight except al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā." She said: "They lie, by the House of Allah; al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā neither harm nor benefit." So Allah restored her sight. And he freed al-Nahdiyyah and her daughter, who belonged to a woman of Banū ʿAbd al-Dār. He passed by them when their mistress had sent them with flour of hers, and she was saying: "By Allah, I will never free you two." Abū Bakr ؓ said: "Release, O mother of so-and-so." She said: "Release, you are the one who corrupted them, so free them." He said: "For how much are they?" She said: "For such and such." He said: "I have taken them, and they are free. Return her flour to her." They said: "Should we finish it, O Abū Bakr, then return it to her?" He said: "That is if you wish." And he passed by a slave girl of Banū Muʾammil, a clan of Banū ʿAdī b. Kaʿb, who was a Muslim, while ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb was torturing her to make her abandon Islam, and he was then a polytheist, beating her until when he grew weary he said: "I apologize to you; I only left off out of weariness." She would say: "May Allah do likewise to you." So Abū Bakr bought her and freed her. [Abū Quḥāfah reproached his son for freeing those he freed, and his reply] Ibn Isḥāq said: Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allah b. Abī ʿAtīq narrated to me from ʿĀmir b. ʿAbd Allah b. al-Zubayr, from some of his family, who said: Abū Quḥāfah said to Abū Bakr: "O my son, I see you freeing weak slaves. If, when you do what you do, you freed strong men who would protect you and stand in your defense?" He said: Abū Bakr ؓ said: "O my father, I only desire what I desire for Allah (Mighty and Majestic)." He said: It is related that these verses were not revealed except concerning him and what his father said to him: "As for him who gives and fears and confirms the best, to His saying, Exalted be He: 'And no one has with him any favor to be repaid, except seeking the face of his Lord, the Most High, and he will surely be satisfied.'" ʿAmmār b. Yāsir ؓ said, mentioning Bilāl and his companions whom Abū Bakr freed from the affliction they were in, and Abū Bakr's name was ʿAtīq: May Allah reward with good on behalf of Bilāl and his companions ʿAtīq, and disgrace Fākih and Abū Jahl. On the evening they plotted against Bilāl and his companions, not fearing what a man of reason fears. By his declaring the oneness of the Lord of creation and his saying: I bear witness that Allah is my Lord, deliberately. If you kill me, you kill me, but I was not one to associate partners with the Merciful out of fear of killing. O Lord of Ibrāhīm and the servant Yūnus, and Mūsā and ʿĪsā, deliver me, then do not delay. For one who persists in loving might from the family of Ghālib without any right from him or justice.
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