Tarikh (al-Tabari) 716
The first Companions to embrace Islam ᴿᴬ
إسْلَامُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ ؓ وَشَأْنُهُ [ نَسَبُهُ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ، وَاسْمُهُ عَتِيقٌ، وَاسْمُ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَامِرِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ تَيْمِ بْنِ مُرَّةَ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيِّ بْنِ غَالِبِ بْنِ فِهْرٍ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَاسْمُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ: عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، وَعَتِيقٌ: لَقَبٌ لِحَسَنٍ وَجْهُهُ وَعِتْقُهُ [ إِسْلَامُهُ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: فَلَمَّا أَسْلَمَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ: أَظْهَرَ إسْلَامَهُ، وَدَعَا إلَى اللَّهِ وَإِلَى رَسُولِهِ. [ مَنْزِلَتُهُ فِي قُرَيْشٍ وَدَعْوَتُهُ لِلْإِسْلَامِ ] وَكَانَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَجُلًا مَأْلَفًا لِقَوْمِهِ، مُحَبَّبًا سَهْلًا، وَكَانَ أَنْسَبَ قُرَيْشٍ لِقُرَيْشٍ، وَأَعْلَمَ قُرَيْشٍ بِهَا، وَبِمَا كَانَ فِيهَا مِنْ خَيْرٍ وَشَرٍّ؛ وَكَانَ رَجُلًا تَاجِرًا، ذَا خُلُقٍ وَمَعْرُوفٍ، وَكَانَ رِجَالُ قَوْمِهِ يَأْتُونَهُ وَيَأْلَفُونَهُ لِغَيْرِ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ الْأَمْرِ، لِعِلْمِهِ وَتِجَارَتِهِ وَحُسْنِ مُجَالَسَتِهِ، فَجَعَلَ يَدْعُو إلَى اللَّهِ وَإِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ مَنْ وَثِقَ بِهِ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ، مِمَّنْ يَغْشَاهُ وَيَجْلِسُ إلَيْهِ. عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ ثُمَّ إِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقَ لَقِيَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ: أَحَقٌّ مَا تَقُولُ قُرَيْشٌ يَا مُحَمَّدُ مِنْ تَرْكِكَ آلِهَتَنَا، وَتَسْفِيهِكَ عُقُولَنَا، وَتَكْفِيرِكَ آبَاءَنَا ؟ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " بَلَى، إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَنَبِيُّهُ بَعَثَنِي ; لِأُبَلِّغَ رِسَالَتَهُ، وَأَدْعُوَكَ إِلَى اللَّهِ بِالْحَقِّ، فَوَاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ لَلْحَقُّ، أَدْعُوكَ يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَلَا تَعْبُدْ غَيْرَهُ، وَالْمُوَالَاةِ عَلَى طَاعَتِهِ. وَقَرَأَ عَلَيْهِ الْقُرْآنَ. فَلَمْ يُقِرَّ، وَلَمْ يُنْكِرْ، فَأَسْلَمَ وَكَفَرَ بِالْأَصْنَامِ، وَخَلَعَ الْأَنْدَادَ، وَأَقَرَّ بِحَقِّ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَرَجَعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ مُصَدِّقٌ. قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْحُصَيْنِ التَّمِيمِيُّ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: " مَا دَعَوْتُ أَحَدًا إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَّا كَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ كَبْوَةٌ وَتَرَدُّدٌ وَنَظَرٌ، إِلَّا أَبَا بَكْرٍ مَا عَكَمَ عَنْهُ حِينَ ذَكَرْتُهُ، وَلَا تَرَدَّدَ فِيهِ ". عَكَمَ، أَيْ تَلَبَّثَ. وَهَذَا الَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ فِي قَوْلِهِ: فَلَمْ يُقِرَّ وَلَمْ يُنْكِرْ، مُنْكَرٌ ; فَإِنَّ ابْنَ إِسْحَاقَ وَغَيْرَهُ ذَكَرُوا أَنَّهُ كَانَ صَاحِبَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ الْبَعْثَةِ، وَكَانَ يَعْلَمُ مِنْ صِدْقِهِ، وَأَمَانَتِهِ، وَحُسْنِ سَجِيَّتِهِ، وَكَرْمِ أَخْلَاقِهِ، مَا يَمْنَعُهُ مِنَ الْكَذِبِ عَلَى الْخَلْقِ، فَكَيْفَ يَكْذِبُ عَلَى اللَّهِ ؟ ! وَلِهَذَا بِمُجَرَّدِ مَا ذَكَرَ لَهُ أَنَّ اللَّهَ أَرْسَلَهُ بَادَرَ إِلَى تَصْدِيقِهِ، وَلَمْ يَتَلَعْثَمْ، وَلَا عَكَمَ عَنِ الْحَارِثِ سَمِعْتُ عَلِيًّا يَقُولُ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ صَلَّى مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ. وَقَالَ شُعْبَةُ: عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُرَّةَ عَنْ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَرْقَمَ قَالَ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ صَلَّى مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ شعر حسان في مدح أبي بكر ؓ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ مِغْوَلٍ عَنْ رَجُلٍ، قَالَ سُئِلَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ مَنْ أَوَّلُ مَنْ آمَنَ، فَقَالَ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ أَمَا سَمِعْتَ قَوْلَ حَسَّانَ إِذَا تَذَكَّرْتَ شَجْوًا مِنْ أَخِي ثِقَةٍ فَاذْكُرْ أَخَاكَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ بِمَا فَعَلَا خَيْرَ الْبَرِيَّةِ أَوْفَاهَا وَأَعْدَلَهَا بَعْدَ النَّبِيِّ وَأَوْلَاهَا بِمَا حَمَلَا وَالتَّالِيَ الثَّانِيَ الْمَحْمُودَ مَشْهَدُهُ وَأَوَّلَ النَّاسِ مِنْهُمْ صَدَّقَ الرُّسُلَا عَاشَ حَمِيدًا لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ مُتَّبِعًا بِأَمْرِ صَاحِبِهِ الْمَاضِي وَمَا انْتَقَلَا وعن يُوسُفُ بْنُ الْمَاجِشُونِ قَالَ: أَدْرَكْتُ مَشْيَخَتَنَا مِنْهُمْ ; مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُنْكَدِرِ وَرَبِيعَةُ بْنُ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ وَصَالِحُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ لَا يَشُكُّونَ أَنَّ أَوَّلَ الْقَوْمِ إِسْلَامًا أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ. قُلْتُ: وَهَكَذَا قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ النَّخَعِيُّ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِيرِينَ وَسَعْدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَهُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ عَنْ جُمْهُورِ أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ. وعَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ: لَمَّا اجْتَمَعَ أَصْحَابُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَكَانُوا ثَمَانِيَةً وَثَلَاثِينَ رَجُلًا، أَلَحَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الظُّهُورِ، فَقَالَ: " يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ إِنَّا قَلِيلٌ ". فَلَمْ يَزَلْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ يُلِحُّ حَتَّى ظَهَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَتَفَرَّقَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي نَوَاحِي الْمَسْجِدِ، كُلُّ رَجُلٍ فِي عَشِيرَتِهِ، وَقَامَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فِي النَّاسِ خَطِيبًا، وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ جَالِسٌ، فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ خَطِيبٍ دَعَا إِلَى اللَّهِ وَإِلَى رَسُولِهِ ﷺ وَثَارَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَضُرِبُوا فِي نَوَاحِي الْمَسْجِدِ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا، وَوُطِئَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَضُرِبَ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا، وَدَنَا مِنْهُ الْفَاسِقُ عُتْبَةُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ فَجَعَلَ يَضْرِبُهُ بِنَعْلَيْنِ مَخْصُوفَيْنِ وَيُحَرِّفُهُمَا لِوَجْهِهِ، وَنَزَا عَلَى بَطْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ حَتَّى مَا يُعْرَفُ وَجْهُهُ مِنْ أَنْفِهِ، وَجَاءَ بَنُو تَيْمٍ يَتَعَادَوْنَ، فَأَجْلَتِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَحَمَلَتْ بَنُو تَيْمٍ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فِي ثَوْبٍ حَتَّى أَدْخَلُوهُ مَنْزِلَهُ، وَلَا يَشُكُّونَ فِي مَوْتِهِ، ثُمَّ رَجَعَتْ بَنُو تَيْمٍ فَدَخَلُوا الْمَسْجِدَ، وَقَالُوا: وَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ مَاتَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ لَنَقْتُلَنَّ عُتْبَةَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ. فَرَجَعُوا إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَجَعَلَ أَبُو قُحَافَةَ وَبَنُو تَيْمٍ يُكَلِّمُونَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ حَتَّى أَجَابَ، فَتَكَلَّمَ آخِرَ النَّهَارِ، فَقَالَ: مَا فَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ فَمَسُّوا مِنْهُ بِأَلْسِنَتِهِمْ وَعَذَلُوهُ، ثُمَّ قَامُوا، وَقَالُوا لِأُمِّهِ أُمِّ الْخَيْرِ: انْظُرِي أَنْ تُطْعِمِيهِ شَيْئًا، أَوْ تَسْقِيهِ إِيَّاهُ. فَلَمَّا خَلَتْ بِهِ أَلَحَّتْ عَلَيْهِ وَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ: مَا فَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَقَالَتْ: وَاللَّهِ مَا لِي عَلْمٌ بِصَاحِبِكَ. فَقَالَ: اذْهَبِي إِلَى أُمِّ جَمِيلِ بِنْتِ الْخَطَّابِ فَاسْأَلِيهَا عَنْهُ. فَخَرَجَتْ حَتَّى جَاءَتْ أُمَّ جَمِيلٍ، فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ يَسْأَلُكِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ. فَقَالَتْ: مَا أَعْرِفُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَلَا مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، وَإِنْ كُنْتِ تُحِبِّينَ أَنْ أَذْهَبَ مَعَكِ إِلَى ابْنِكِ ؟ قَالَتْ: نَعَمْ، فَمَضَتْ مَعَهَا حَتَّى وَجَدَتْ أَبَا بَكْرٍ صَرِيعًا دَنِفًا، فَدَنَتْ أُمُّ جَمِيلٍ وَأَعْلَنَتْ بِالصِّيَاحِ، وَقَالَتْ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ قَوْمَا نَالُوا هَذَا مِنْكَ لَأَهْلُ فِسْقٍ وَكُفْرٍ، وَإِنِّي لَأَرْجُو أَنْ يَنْتَقِمَ اللَّهُ لَكَ. قَالَ: فَمَا فَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ قَالَتْ: هَذِهِ أَمُّكَ تَسْمَعُ. قَالَ: فَلَا شَيْءَ عَلَيْكِ مِنْهَا. قَالَتْ: سَالِمٌ صَالِحٌ. قَالَ: أَيْنَ هُوَ ؟ قَالَتْ: فِي دَارِ ابْنِ الْأَرْقَمِ. قَالَ: فَإِنَّ لِلَّهِ عَلَيَّ أَنْ لَا أَذُوقَ طَعَامًا وَلَا أَشْرَبَ شَرَابًا أَوْ آتِيَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَأَمْهَلَتَا حَتَّى إِذَا هَدَأَتِ الرِّجْلُ وَسَكَنَ النَّاسُ، خَرَجَتَا بِهِ يَتَّكِئُ عَلَيْهِمَا حَتَّى أَدْخَلَتَاهُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: فَأَكَبَّ عَلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَبَّلَهُ، وَأَكَبَّ عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ، وَرَقَّ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ رِقَّةً شَدِيدَةً. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: بِأَبِي وَأُمِّي يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، لَيْسَ بِي بَأْسٌ إِلَّا مَا نَالَ الْفَاسِقُ مِنْ وَجْهِي، وَهَذِهِ أُمِّي بَرَّةٌ بِوَلَدِهَا، وَأَنْتَ مُبَارَكٌ، فَادْعُهَا إِلَى اللَّهِ، وَادْعُ اللَّهَ لَهَا عَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَسْتَنْقِذَهَا بِكَ مِنَ النَّارِ. قَالَ: فَدَعَا لَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَدَعَاهَا إِلَى اللَّهِ، فَأَسْلَمَتْ، وَأَقَامُوا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الدَّارِ شَهْرًا، وَهُمْ تِسْعَةٌ وَثَلَاثُونَ رَجُلًا.
Translation
✧ The Islam of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ and his affair [His lineage] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa embraced Islam. His name was ʿAtīq, and the name of Abū Quḥāfa was ʿUthmān b. ʿĀmir b. ʿAmr b. Kaʿb b. Saʿd b. Taym b. Murra b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. Ghālib b. Fihr. Ibn Hishām said: The name of Abū Bakr was ʿAbd Allāh, and ʿAtīq was a nickname given because of the beauty of his face and his noble origin. [His embracing of Islam] Ibn Isḥāq said: When Abū Bakr ؓ embraced Islam, he made his Islam public and called to God and to His Messenger. [His standing among Quraysh and his call to Islam] Abū Bakr was a man beloved by his people, endearing and easy-going. He was the most knowledgeable of Quraysh about their genealogies, and the most learned of them about the good and evil that had occurred among them. He was a merchant, possessed of excellent character and kindness. The men of his people would come to him and keep his company for more than one reason: because of his knowledge, his trade, and the pleasantness of his company. He began to call to God and to Islam those of his people whom he trusted, among those who visited him and sat with him. From Ibn Isḥāq: Then Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq met the Messenger of God ﷺ and said: "Is it true what Quraysh say, O Muḥammad, that you have abandoned our gods, belittled our minds, and declared our forefathers to be unbelievers?" The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Yes. I am the Messenger of God and His Prophet. He sent me to convey His message, and I invite you to God in truth. By God, it is indeed the truth. I call you, O Abū Bakr, to God alone, Who has no partner, and that you worship none other than Him, and to allegiance upon obedience to Him." And he recited the Qurʾān to him. He neither affirmed nor denied, but he embraced Islam, rejected the idols, renounced the rivals, acknowledged the truth of Islam, and Abū Bakr returned as a believer, affirming the truth. Ibn Isḥāq said: Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥuṣayn al-Tamīmī related to me that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: "I never called anyone to Islam but that he had a stumble, hesitation, and consideration, except Abū Bakr. He did not delay from it when I mentioned it to him, nor did he hesitate in it." ʿAkama means he tarried. What Ibn Isḥāq mentioned in his saying "he neither affirmed nor denied" is objectionable, for Ibn Isḥāq and others mentioned that he was the companion of the Messenger of God ﷺ before the sending, and he knew of his truthfulness, trustworthiness, good nature, and noble character what would prevent him from lying to people, so how could he lie against God?! Therefore, as soon as he mentioned to him that God had sent him, he hastened to believe him and did not stammer or delay. From al-Ḥārith: I heard ʿAlī say: "The first of the men to embrace Islam was Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, and the first of the men to pray with the Prophet ﷺ was ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib." Shuʿba said, from ʿAmr b. Murra, from Abū Ḥamza, from Zayd b. Arqam, who said: "The first to pray with the Prophet ﷺ was Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq." Poetry of Ḥassān in praise of Abū Bakr ؓ From Mālik b. Mighwal, from a man, who said: Ibn ʿAbbās was asked, "Who was the first to believe?" He said: "Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. Have you not heard the saying of Ḥassān: If you remember a grief from a trusted brother, then remember your brother Abū Bakr for what he did, the best of creation, the most faithful and most just of them, after the Prophet, and the most deserving of them for what he bore, and the second of the two, the praised one whose presence was witnessed, and the first of the people among them to believe the messengers. He lived praiseworthy, following the command of God, by the command of his companion who passed away, and they did not depart from it." From Yūsuf b. al-Mājishūn, who said: "I met our elders, among them Muḥammad b. al-Munkadir, Rabīʿa b. Abī ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Ṣāliḥ b. Kaysān, and ʿUthmān b. Muḥammad; they did not doubt that the first of the people to embrace Islam was Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ." I say: And thus said Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī, Muḥammad b. Kaʿb, Muḥammad b. Sīrīn, and Saʿd b. Ibrāhīm, and this is the well-known view among the majority of the people of the Sunnah. From ʿĀʾisha, who said: "When the Companions of the Prophet ﷺ gathered and they were thirty-eight men, Abū Bakr insisted to the Messenger of God ﷺ about appearing publicly. He said: 'O Abū Bakr, we are few.' Abū Bakr kept insisting until the Messenger of God ﷺ appeared publicly, and the Muslims dispersed in the corners of the mosque, each man among his clan. Abū Bakr stood among the people as a preacher while the Messenger of God ﷺ was sitting. He was the first preacher to call to God and to His Messenger ﷺ. The polytheists rose against Abū Bakr and the Muslims and struck them severely in the corners of the mosque. Abū Bakr was trampled and beaten severely. The wicked ʿUtba b. Rabīʿa approached him and began striking him with a pair of sandals that had been patched, turning them toward his face, and he leapt upon Abū Bakr's belly until his face could not be distinguished from his nose. The Banū Taym came running and drove the polytheists away from Abū Bakr. The Banū Taym carried Abū Bakr in a garment until they brought him into his house, not doubting that he was dead. Then the Banū Taym returned and entered the mosque and said: 'By God, if Abū Bakr dies, we will surely kill ʿUtba b. Rabīʿa.' They went back to Abū Bakr, and Abū Quḥāfa and the Banū Taym began speaking to Abū Bakr until he responded. He spoke at the end of the day and said: 'What has happened to the Messenger of God ﷺ?' They reproached him with their tongues and blamed him, then they got up and said to his mother Umm al-Khayr: 'See that you feed him something or give him something to drink.' When she was alone with him, she urged him, and he kept saying: 'What has happened to the Messenger of God ﷺ?' She said: 'By God, I have no knowledge of your companion.' He said: 'Go to Umm Jamīl bt. al-Khaṭṭāb and ask her about him.' She went out until she came to Umm Jamīl and said: 'Abū Bakr asks you about Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh.' She said: 'I do not know Abū Bakr or Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. But if you wish, I will go with you to your son.' She said: 'Yes.' So she went with her until she found Abū Bakr lying prostrate, severely ill. Umm Jamīl approached and cried out loudly and said: 'By God, a people who have done this to you are people of wickedness and unbelief, and I hope that God will take vengeance for you.' He said: 'What has happened to the Messenger of God ﷺ?' She said: 'This is your mother listening.' He said: 'There is nothing for you to fear from her.' She said: 'He is safe and well.' He said: 'Where is he?' She said: 'In the house of Ibn al-Arqam.' He said: 'I have made a vow to God that I will not taste food or drink until I come to the Messenger of God ﷺ.' They waited until the feet of people had quieted and the people had settled, then they took him out, leaning on them, until they brought him in to the Messenger of God ﷺ. The Messenger of God ﷺ leaned over him and kissed him, and the Muslims leaned over him, and the Messenger of God ﷺ felt great tenderness for him. Abū Bakr said: 'May my father and mother be your ransom, O Messenger of God. There is no harm in me except what the wicked man did to my face. This is my mother, dutiful to her son. You are blessed. Call her to God and supplicate to God for her, that God may save her from the Fire through you.' So the Messenger of God ﷺ supplicated for her and called her to God, and she embraced Islam. They stayed with the Messenger of God ﷺ in the house for a month, and they were thirty-nine men."
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