Tarikh (al-Tabari) 51
The story of the creation of Adam (peace be upon him)
احْتِجَاجِ آدَمَ وَمُوسَى عَلَيْهِمَا الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ بسنده عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: حَاجَّ مُوسَى آدَمَ عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَنْتَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجْتَ النَّاسَ بِذَنْبِكَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ وَأَشْقَيْتَهُمْ ! قَالَ آدَمُ: يَا مُوسَى أَنْتَ الَّذِي اصْطَفَاكَ اللَّهُ بِرِسَالَاتِهِ وَبِكَلَامِهِ ! أَتَلُومُنِي عَلَى أَمْرٍ قَدْ كَتَبَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيَّ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَنِي، أَوْ قَدَّرَهُ عَلَيَّ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَنِي. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى. وعَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: قَالَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ: يَا رَبِّ أَرِنَا آدَمَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجَنَا وَنَفْسَهُ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ. فَأَرَاهُ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، فَقَالَ: أَنْتَ آدَمُ ! فَقَالَ لَهُ آدَمُ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَنْتَ الَّذِي نَفَخَ اللَّهُ فِيكَ مِنْ رُوحِهِ، وَأَسْجَدَ لَكَ مَلَائِكَتَهُ، وَعَلَّمَكَ الْأَسْمَاءَ كُلَّهَا ! قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَمَا حَمَلَكَ عَلَى أَنْ أَخْرَجْتَنَا، وَنَفْسَكَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ ؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ آدَمُ: مَنْ أَنْتَ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَا مُوسَى. قَالَ: أَنْتَ مُوسَى نَبِيُّ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، أَنْتَ الَّذِي كَلَّمَكَ اللَّهُ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْحِجَابِ فَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُ رَسُولًا مِنْ خَلْقِهِ ! قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: تَلُومُنِي عَلَى أَمْرٍ قَدْ سَبَقَ مِنَ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْقَضَاءُ بِهِ قَبْلُ ! قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى، فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى. وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَتْ مَسَالِكُ النَّاسِ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ فَرَدَّهُ قَوْمٌ مِنَ الْقَدَرِيَّةِ لِمَا تَضَمَّنَ مِنْ إِثْبَاتِ الْقَدَرِ السَّابِقِ. وَاحْتَجَّ بِهِ قَوْمٌ مِنَ الْجَبْرِيَّةِ، وَهُوَ ظَاهِرٌ لَهُمْ بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ ; حَيْثُ قَالَ: فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى. لَمَّا احْتَجَّ عَلَيْهِ بِتَقْدِيمِ كِتَابِهِ، وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: إِنَّمَا حَجَّهُ لِأَنَّهُ لَامَهُ عَلَى ذَنْبٍ قَدْ تَابَ مِنْهُ، وَالتَّائِبُ مِنَ الذَّنْبِ كَمَنْ لَا ذَنْبَ لَهُ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّمَا حَجَّهُ لِأَنَّهُ أَكْبَرُ مِنْهُ وَأَقْدَمُ. وَقِيلَ: لِأَنَّهُ أَبُوهُ. وَقِيلَ: لِأَنَّهُمَا فِي شَرِيعَتَيْنِ مُتَغَايِرَتَيْنِ. وَقِيلَ: لِأَنَّهُمَا فِي دَارِ الْبَرْزَخِ، وَقَدِ انْقَطَعَ التَّكْلِيفُ فِيمَا يَزْعُمُونَهُ. وَالتَّحْقِيقُ: إِنَّ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ رُوِيَ بِأَلْفَاظٍ كَثِيرَةٍ بَعْضُهَا مَرْوِيٌّ بِالْمَعْنَى وَفِيهِ نَظَرٌ، وَمَدَارُ مُعْظَمِهَا فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ، وَغَيْرِهِمَا عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَامَهُ عَلَى إِخْرَاجِهِ نَفْسَهُ وَذُرِّيَّتَهُ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ. فَقَالَ لَهُ آدَمُ: أَنَا لَمْ أُخْرِجْكُمْ، وَإِنَّمَا أَخْرَجَكُمُ الَّذِي رَتَّبَ الْإِخْرَاجَ عَلَى أَكْلِي مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ، وَالَّذِي رَتَّبَ ذَلِكَ، وَقَدَّرَهُ وَكَتَبَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ أُخْلَقَ هُوَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَأَنْتَ تَلُومُنِي عَلَى أَمْرٍ لَيْسَ لَهُ نِسْبَةٌ إِلَيَّ أَكْثَرَ مَا أَنِّي نُهِيتُ عَنِ الْأَكْلِ مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَأَكَلْتُ مِنْهَا، وَكَوْنُ الْإِخْرَاجِ مُتَرَتِّبًا عَلَى ذَلِكَ لَيْسَ مِنْ فِعْلِي، فَأَنَا لَمْ أُخْرِجْكُمْ وَلَا نَفْسِي مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ، وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا مِنْ قَدَرِ اللَّهِ وَصُنْعِهِ، وَلَهُ الْحِكْمَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ فَلِهَذَا حَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى. وَمَنْ كَذَّبَ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ فَمُعَانِدٌ لِأَنَّهُ مُتَوَاتِرٌ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ؓ، وَنَاهِيكَ بِهِ عَدَالَةً وَحِفْظًا وَإِتْقَانًا، ثُمَّ هُوَ مَرْوِيٌّ عَنْ غَيْرِهِ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ، كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا. وَمَنْ تَأَوَّلَهُ بِتِلْكَ التَّأْوِيلَاتِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ آنِفًا فَهُوَ بَعِيدٌ مِنَ اللَّفْظِ وَالْمَعْنَى، وَمَا فِيهِمْ مَنْ هُوَ أَقْوَى مَسْلَكًا مِنَ الْجَبْرِيَّةِ. وَفِيمَا قَالُوهُ نَظَرٌ مِنْ وُجُوهٍ ; أَحَدُهَا: أَنَّ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ لَا يَلُومُ عَلَى أَمْرٍ قَدْ تَابَ مِنْهُ فَاعِلُهُ. الثَّانِي: أَنَّهُ قَدْ قَتَلَ نَفْسًا لَمْ يُؤْمَرْ بِقَتْلِهَا، وَقَدْ سَأَلَ اللَّهَ فِي ذَلِكَ بِقَوْلِهِ: رَبِّ إِنِّي ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي فَاغْفِرْ لِي فَغَفَرَ لَهُ [ الْقَصَصِ: 16 ]. الْآيَةَ، الثَّالِثُ: أَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ الْجَوَابُ عَنِ اللَّوْمِ عَلَى الذَّنْبِ بِالْقَدَرِ الْمُتَقَدِّمِ كِتَابَتُهُ عَلَى الْعَبْدِ لَانْفَتَحَ هَذَا لِكُلِّ مَنْ لِيمَ عَلَى أَمْرٍ قَدْ فَعَلَهُ، فَيَحْتَجُّ بِالْقَدَرِ السَّابِقِ، فَيَنْسَدُّ بَابُ الْقِصَاصِ وَالْحُدُودِ، وَلَوْ كَانَ الْقَدَرُ حُجَّةً لَاحْتَجَّ بِهِ كُلُّ أَحَدٍ عَلَى الْأَمْرِ الَّذِي ارْتَكَبَهُ فِي الْأُمُورِ الْكِبَارِ وَالصِّغَارِ، وَهَذَا يُفْضِي إِلَى لَوَازِمَ فَظِيعَةٍ. فَلِهَذَا قَالَ مَنْ قَالَ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ بِأَنَّ جَوَابَ آدَمَ إِنَّمَا كَانَ احْتِجَاجًا بِالْقَدَرِ عَلَى الْمُصِيبَةِ لَا الْمَعْصِيَةِ. وَاللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ بِالصَّوَابِ، وَهُوَ حَسْبِي وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيلُ.
Translation
✧ THE ARGUMENT BETWEEN ADAM AND MOSES (PEACE BE UPON THEM) Al-Bukhārī said with his chain of transmission from Abū Hurayrah, from the Prophet ﷺ, who said: “Moses argued with Adam (peace be upon them) and said to him: ‘You are the one who brought mankind out of Paradise by your sin and made them wretched!’ Adam said: ‘O Moses, you are the one whom God chose by His messages and by His speech! Do you blame me for a matter which God had written upon me before He created me, or which He had decreed upon me before He created me?’ The Messenger of God ﷺ said: ‘So Adam prevailed over Moses in argument.’ And from ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, from the Prophet ﷺ, who said: “Moses ﷺ said: ‘O Lord, show us Adam who brought us and himself out of Paradise.’ So He showed him Adam ﷺ, and he said: ‘Are you Adam?’ Adam said to him: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘Are you the one into whom God breathed of His spirit, to whom He made His angels prostrate, and whom He taught all the names?’ He said: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘What induced you to bring us and yourself out of Paradise?’ Adam said to him: ‘Who are you?’ He said: ‘I am Moses.’ He said: ‘Are you Moses, the prophet of the Children of Israel? Are you the one whom God spoke to from behind a veil, and did not appoint between you and Him any messenger from His creation?’ He said: ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘Do you blame me for a matter in which the decree of God, Mighty and Majestic, had preceded before?’ The Messenger of God ﷺ said: ‘So Adam prevailed over Moses in argument; so Adam prevailed over Moses in argument.’ The ways of people have differed concerning this ḥadīth. A group of the Qadarites rejected it because of what it contains of affirming the prior decree. Another group of the Jabrites used it as evidence, and it appears to them at first glance due to his saying: ‘So Adam prevailed over Moses in argument,’ when he argued against him by the prior writing. Others said: He only prevailed over him because he blamed him for a sin from which he had repented, and the one who repents from a sin is like one who has no sin. It was said: He only prevailed over him because he was older and more ancient than him. It was said: Because he was his father. It was said: Because they were in two different religious laws. It was said: Because they were in the abode of the barzakh, and religious obligation had ceased according to what they claim. The verification is that this ḥadīth has been narrated in many wordings, some of which are narrated by meaning and are open to examination. The main versions in the two Ṣaḥīḥs and elsewhere revolve around his blaming him for bringing himself and his descendants out of Paradise. Adam said to him: ‘I did not bring you out; rather the One who arranged the departure upon my eating from the tree brought you out. The One who arranged that, decreed it, and wrote it before I was created is God, Mighty and Majestic. So you blame me for a matter that has no more connection to me than that I was forbidden to eat from the tree and I ate from it. The resulting departure from that is not my action. I did not bring you or myself out of Paradise; rather this was from God’s decree and His doing, and He has wisdom in that. Therefore Adam prevailed over Moses in argument.’ Whoever declares this ḥadīth false is obstinate, because it is mutawātir from Abū Hurayrah ؓ, and his integrity, memory, and precision are sufficient. Furthermore, it is narrated from other Companions, as we have mentioned. Whoever interprets it with those aforementioned interpretations is far from the wording and the meaning. Among them there is no stronger approach than that of the Jabrites, and in what they say there are objections from several aspects: First, that Moses ﷺ would not blame a person for a matter from which its doer has repented. Second, he himself had killed a soul that he was not commanded to kill, and he asked God about that with his saying: ‘My Lord, I have wronged myself, so forgive me,’ and He forgave him [al-Qaṣaṣ: 16], and the rest of the verse. Third, if the answer to blame for a sin were by the prior decree whose writing upon the servant preceded, this would be an opening for everyone who is blamed for a deed he has done to argue by the prior decree, and the door of retaliation and prescribed punishments would be closed. If the decree were a valid argument, everyone would use it for every matter he committed, whether great or small, and this leads to terrible consequences. Therefore some scholars said that Adam’s answer was only arguing by the decree concerning the affliction, not the sin. And God, Exalted is He, knows best what is correct. He is sufficient for me, and what an excellent Guardian.”
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