Tarikh (al-Tabari) 50
The story of the creation of Adam (peace be upon him)
إِخْرَاجُ آدَمَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ : قَالَ الْعُلَمَاءُ: لَمَّا وَاقَعَ آدَمُ وَحَوَّاءُ الْخَطِيئَةَ أَخْرَجَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ وَسَلَبَهُمَا مَا كَانَا فِيهِ مِنَ النِّعْمَةِ، وَأَهْبَطَهُمَا وَعَدُوَّيْهِمَا إِبْلِيسَ وَالْحَيَّةَ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ. قَالَ اهْبِطُوا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ وَلَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُسْتَقَرٌّ وَمَتَاعٌ إِلَى حِينٍ [ الْأَعْرَافِ: 24 ]. وَهَذَا خِطَابٌ لِآدَمَ وَحَوَّاءَ وَإِبْلِيسَ. قِيلَ: وَالْحَيَّةُ مَعَهُمْ. أُمِرُوا أَنْ يَهْبِطُوا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ فِي حَالِ كَوْنِهِمْ مُتَعَادِينَ مُتَحَارِبِينَ، وَقَدْ يُسْتَشْهَدُ لِذِكْرِ الْحَيَّةِ مَعَهُمَا بِمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِ الْحَيَّاتِ. وَقَالَ مَا سَالَمْنَاهُنَّ مُنْذُ حَارَبْنَاهُنَّ. وَقَوْلُهُ فِي سُورَةِ طه: قَالَ اهْبِطَا مِنْهَا جَمِيعًا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ [ طه: 123 ]. هُوَ أَمْرٌ لِآدَمَ وَإِبْلِيسَ وَمَا تَنَاسَلَ مِنْهُمَا عَدَاوَةٌ مُسْتَمِرَّةٌ، وَاسْتَتْبَعَ آدَمَ حَوَّاءُ، وَإِبْلِيسَ الْحَيَّةُ. وَقِيلَ: هُوَ أَمْرٌ لَهُمْ بِصِيغَةِ التَّثْنِيَةِ. كَمَا فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَدَاوُدَ وَسُلَيْمَانَ إِذْ يَحْكُمَانِ فِي الْحَرْثِ إِذْ نَفَشَتْ فِيهِ غَنَمُ الْقَوْمِ وَكُنَّا لِحُكْمِهِمْ شَاهِدِينَ [ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ: 78 ]. وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّ هَذَا لَمَّا كَانَ الْحَاكِمُ لَا يَحْكُمُ إِلَّا بَيْنَ اثْنَيْنِ مُدَّعٍ وَمُدَّعَى عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ: وَكُنَّا لِحُكْمِهِمْ شَاهِدِينَ. وَأَمَّا تَكْرِيرُهُ الْإِهْبَاطَ فِي سُورَةِ الْبَقَرَةِ فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَقُلْنَا اهْبِطُوا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ وَلَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُسْتَقَرٌّ وَمَتَاعٌ إِلَى حِينٍ فَتَلَقَّى آدَمُ مِنْ رَبِّهِ كَلِمَاتٍ فَتَابَ عَلَيْهِ إِنَّهُ هُوَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ قُلْنَا اهْبِطُوا مِنْهَا جَمِيعًا فَإِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ مِنِّي هُدًى فَمَنْ تَبِعَ هُدَايَ فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَكَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 36 39 ]. فَقَالَ بَعْضُ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ: الْمُرَادُ بِالْإِهْبَاطِ الْأَوَّلِ الْهُبُوطُ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ الدُّنْيَا، وَبِالثَّانِي مِنَ السَّمَاءِ الدُّنْيَا إِلَى الْأَرْضِ. وَهَذَا ضَعِيفٌ لِقَوْلِهِ فِي الْأَوَّلِ: وَقُلْنَا اهْبِطُوا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ وَلَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُسْتَقَرٌّ وَمَتَاعٌ إِلَى حِينٍ. فَدَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّهُمْ أُهْبِطُوا إِلَى الْأَرْضِ بِالْإِهْبَاطِ الْأَوَّلِ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ كَرَّرَهُ لَفْظًا، وَإِنْ كَانَ وَاحِدًا، وَنَاطَ مَعَ كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ حُكْمًا ; فَنَاطَ بِالْأَوَّلِ: عَدَاوَتَهُمْ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمْ، وَبِالثَّانِي: الِاشْتِرَاطَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنَّ مَنْ تَبِعَ هُدَاهُ الَّذِي يُنَزِّلُهُ عَلَيْهِمْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ هُوَ السَّعِيدُ، وَمَنْ خَالَفَهُ فَهُوَ الشَّقِيُّ، وَهَذَا الْأُسْلُوبُ فِي الْكَلَامِ لَهُ نَظَائِرُ فِي الْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ. وَرَوَى الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ قَالَ: أَمَرَ اللَّهُ مَلَكَيْنِ أَنْ يُخْرِجَا آدَمَ وَحَوَّاءَ مِنْ جِوَارِهِ، فَنَزَعَ جِبْرِيلُ التَّاجَ عَنْ رَأْسِهِ، وَحَلَّ مِيكَائِيلُ الْإِكْلِيلَ عَنْ جَبِينِهِ، وَتَعَلَّقَ بِهِ غُصْنٌ فَظَنَّ آدَمُ أَنَّهُ قَدْ عُوجِلَ بِالْعُقُوبَةِ فَنَكَّسَ رَأْسَهُ يَقُولُ: الْعَفْوَ الْعَفْوَ، فَقَالَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ: فِرَارًا مِنِّي يَا آدَمُ. قَالَ: بَلْ حَيَاءً مِنْكَ يَا سَيِّدِي
Translation
✧ THE EXPULSION OF ĀDAM FROM THE GARDEN: The scholars said: When Ādam and Ḥawwāʾ committed the sin, Allah Almighty expelled them from the Garden and stripped them of the blessing they had been in, and He cast them down together with their two enemies, Iblīs and the serpent, to the earth. He said: “Go down, one of you an enemy to the other; and for you on the earth there shall be a dwelling place and provision for a while” [al-Aʿrāf: 24]. This address is to Ādam, Ḥawwāʾ, and Iblīs. It is said: and the serpent was with them. They were commanded to descend from the Garden in a state of mutual enmity and warfare. The mention of the serpent with them may be supported by what is established in the ḥadīth from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, that he commanded the killing of serpents. And he said: “We have not made peace with them since we have been at war with them.” His statement in Sūrat Ṭā Hā: He said: “Go down from it, both of you together, one of you an enemy to the other” [Ṭā Hā: 123]. It is a command to Ādam and Iblīs, and the enmity that multiplied from the two of them is continuous; Ḥawwāʾ followed Ādam, and the serpent followed Iblīs. It is also said: It is a command to them in the dual form. As in His statement, the Almighty: “And Dāwūd and Sulaymān, when they gave judgment concerning the field, when the people’s sheep strayed into it by night; and We were witnesses to their judgment” [al-Anbiyāʾ: 78]. The correct view is that this is because a judge only judges between two parties, a claimant and a defendant. He said: “And We were witnesses to their judgment.” As for His repeating the sending down in Sūrat al-Baqarah in His statement: “And We said: Go down, one of you an enemy to the other; and for you on the earth there shall be a dwelling place and provision for a while. Then Ādam received from his Lord words, and He turned to him; indeed, He is the Relenting, the Merciful. We said: Go down from it, all of you; and if guidance comes to you from Me, then whoever follows My guidance shall have no fear upon them, nor shall they grieve. And those who disbelieve and deny Our signs—those are the companions of the Fire; they shall abide therein forever” [al-Baqarah: 36–39]. Some of the exegetes said: The first sending down means the descent from the Garden to the lowest heaven, and the second from the lowest heaven to the earth. This is weak because of His statement in the first: “And We said: Go down, one of you an enemy to the other; and for you on the earth there shall be a dwelling place and provision for a while.” This indicates that they were sent down to the earth by the first sending down. And Allah knows best. The correct view is that He repeated it in wording, even though it was one event, and attached a ruling with each time; for with the first He attached their mutual enmity, and with the second the condition upon them that whoever follows His guidance which He sends down upon them thereafter is the felicitous, and whoever opposes it is the wretched. This style of speech has parallels in the Wise Qurʾān. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir related from Mujāhid, who said: Allah commanded two angels to expel Ādam and Ḥawwāʾ from His vicinity. Jibrīl removed the crown from his head, and Mīkāʾīl loosened the diadem from his forehead. A branch caught hold of him, and Ādam thought that he was being hastened to punishment; so he bowed his head, saying: “Pardon, pardon.” Allah, Glorified be He, said: “Fleeing from Me, O Ādam?” He said: “Rather, out of shyness before You, O my Master.”
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.