Tarikh (al-Tabari) 44
The story of the creation of Adam (peace be upon him)
مُلَخَّصُ خَلْقِ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مَلَائِكَتَهُ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّنْوِيهِ بِخَلْقِ آدَمَ وَذُرِّيَّتِهِ، كَمَا يُخْبِرُ بِالْأَمْرِ الْعَظِيمِ قَبْلَ كَوْنِهِ. فَقَالَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ سَائِلِينَ عَلَى وَجْهِ الِاسْتِكْشَافِ وَالِاسْتِعْلَامِ عَنْ وَجْهِ الْحِكْمَةِ لَا عَلَى وَجْهِ الِاعْتِرَاضِ وَالتَّنَقُّصِ لِبَنِي آدَمَ وَالْحَسَدِ لَهُمْ، أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَنْ يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاءَ فَقِيلَ: عَلِمُوا أَنَّ ذَلِكَ كَائِنٌ بِمَا رَأَوْا مِمَّنْ كَانَ قَبْلَ آدَمَ مِنَ قَبَائِلَ يُقَالُ لَهَا الْحِنُّ وَالْبِنُّ قَبْلَ آدَمَ بِأَلْفَيْ عَامٍ، فَسَفَكُوا الدِّمَاءَ فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْهِمْ جُنْدًا مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ فَطَرَدُوهُمْ إِلَى جَزَائِرِ الْبُحُورِ. وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَهُمُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَنَّ ثَمَّةَ حِكْمَةٌ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَأَنَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ يَعْلَمُ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ. فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ يَخْلُقَ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَخَذَ قَبْضَةً مِنَ الْأَرْضِ مِنْ سَهْلِهَا وَحَزَنِهَا أَسْوَدِهَا وَأَبْيَضِهَا وَأَحْمَرِهَا فَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ فَجَاءَ الْخَلْقُ عَلَى أَلْوَانِهَا مِنْهُمُ الْأَبْيَضُ وَالْأَسْوَدُ وَالْأَحْمَرُ وَمِنْهُمُ السَّهْلُ وَالْحَزَنُ. فَخَلَقَهُ وَصَوَّرَهُ وَتَرَكَهُ قِيلَ: أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا، وَقِيلَ: أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً مِنْ أَعْمَارِنَا طِينًا طُولُهُ سِتُّونَ ذِرَاعًا فِي السَّمَاءِ، ثُمَّ نُفِخَ فِيهِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ رَأْسِهِ، فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّتْ فِي الْجَسَدِ عَطَسَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى فَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لَهُ: يَرْحَمُكَ اللَّهُ. فَلَمَّا خَلَقَهُ قَالَ لَهُ: اذْهَبْ فَسَلِّمْ عَلَى أُولَئِكَ النَّفَرِ - وَهُمْ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ جُلُوسٌ فَاسْتَمِعْ مَا يُحَيُّونَكَ فَإِنَّهَا تَحِيَّتُكَ وَتَحِيَّةُ ذَرِّيَّتِكَ، فَقَالَ: السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ، فَقَالُوا: السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ، فَزَادُوهُ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ. فَلَمَّا تَمَّ خَلْقُ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ الْمَلَائِكَةَ بِالسُّجُودِ لَهُ، فَسَجَدُوا امْتِثَالًا لِأَمْرِهِ سُبْحَانَهُ، وَأَمَّا إِبْلِيسُ فَأَبَى وَاسْتَكْبَرَ وَكَانَ مِنَ الْغَاوِينَ، وَجَنَحَ إِلَى الْقِيَاسِ الْفَاسِدِ فَقَالَ أَأَسْجَدُ لِمَنْ خَلَقْتَ طِينًا، وَقَالَ: أَنَا خَيْرٌ مِنْهُ خَلَقْتَنِي مِنْ نَارٍ وَخَلَقْتَهُ مِنْ طِينٍ. فَلَمَّا أَظْهَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ خَبِيئَةَ إِبْلِيسَ وَكِبْرَهُ وَعُجْبَهُ بِنَفْسِهِ لَعَنَهُ وَطَرَدَهُ مِنْ رَحْمَتِهِ. وَعَلَّمَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ آدَمَ أَسْمَاءَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ، عَلَّمَهُ هَذِهِ: الْخَيْلَ، وَالْبِغَالَ، وَالْإِبِلَ، وَالْجِنَّ، وَالْوَحْشَ، ثُمَّ عَرَضَ هَذِهِ الْأَشْيَاءَ عَلَى الْمَلَائِكَةِ طَالِبًا سُبْحَانَهُ إِيَّاهُمْ عَلَى وَجْهِ الِاخْتِبَارِ أَنْ يَذْكُرُوا أَسْمَاءَهَا قَالُوا سُبْحَانَكَ لَا عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلَّا مَا عَلَّمْتِنَا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ، فَأَمَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى آدَمَ أَنْ يُنْبِئَ الْمَلَائِكَةَ بِأَسْمَاءِ هَذِهِ الْأَشْيَاءِ فَعَلِمُوا حِينَئِذٍ فَضْلَهُ وَمَا أَكْرَمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِهِ. وَأَسْكَنَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى آدَمَ الْجَنَّةَ كَانَ يَمْشِي فِيهَا وَحْشًا لَيْسَ لَهُ زَوْجٌ، فَنَامَ نَوْمَةً فَاسْتَيْقَظَ فَإِذَا عِنْدَ رَأْسِهِ امْرَأَةٌ قَاعِدَةٌ خَلَقَهَا اللَّهُ مِنْ ضِلْعِهِ، فَسَأَلَهَا: مَا أَنْتِ؟ قَالَتِ امْرَأَةٌ، قَالَ: وَلِمَ خُلِقْتِ؟ قَالَتْ: تَسْكُنُ إِلَيَّ، قَالَتْ لَهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ يَنْظُرُونَ مَا بَلَغَ عِلْمُهُ: مَا اسْمُهَا يَا آدَمُ ؟ قَالَ: حَوَّاءُ، قَالُوا: وَلِمَ سُمَّتْ حَوَّاءَ ؟ قَالَ: لِأَنَّهَا خُلِقَتْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ، فَقَالَ اللَّهُ: يَا آدَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنْتَ وَزَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ. وَقَدْ أَبَاحَ اللَّهُ لَهُمَا فِي الْجَنَّةِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ إِلَّا الشَّجَرَةَ الَّتِي نَهَاهُمْ عَنْهَا سُبْحَانَهُ وَاخْتَلَفَ الْمُفَسِّرُونَ فِي مَاهِيَّةِ هَذِهِ الشَّجَرَةِ وَقَدْ أَبْهَمَ اللَّهُ ذِكْرَهَا وَتَعْيِينَهَا، وَلَوْ كَانَ فِي ذِكْرِهَا مَصْلَحَةٌ تَعُودُ إِلَيْنَا لَعَيَّنَهَا لَنَا. كَمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي الْجَنَّةِ الَّتِي أَسْكَنَهَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لِآدَمَ هَلْ هِيَ فِي الْأَرْضِ بِاعْتِبَارِ أَنَّهَا مَحَلُّ الِابْتِلَاءِ أَوْ فِي السَّمَاءِ وَلَكِنْ غَيْرَ جَنَّةِ الْخُلْدِ، أَمْ هِيَ جَنَّةُ الْخُلْدِ. فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ آدَمُ وَزَوْجَتُهُ فِي الْجَنَّةِ لَمْ يُقِرَّ لِإِبْلِيسَ قَرَارٌ حَتَّى احْتَالَ فَدَخَلَهَا عَلَيْهِمَا وَقَبْلُ بَلْ وَسْوَسَ لَهُمَا مِنْ خَارِجِهَا بِأَكْلِ الشَّجَرَةِ وَأَخْبَرَهُمَا أَنَّكُمَا مَيِّتَانِ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ سُبْحَانَهُ إِنَّمَا نَهَاكُمَا عَنْ تِلْكُمَا الشَّجَرَةِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَا مَلَكَيْنِ أَوْ تَكُونَا مِنَ الْخَالِدِينَ، فَدَلَّاهُمَا بِغُرُورٍ، فَأَكَلَا مِنْهَا وَبَدَتْ لَهُمَا سَوْآتُهُمَا، ثُمَّ كَانَ مَا قَصَّ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي كِتَابِهِ الْعَزِيزِ مِنْ تَوْبَتِهِ عَلَى آدَمَ وَلَعْنِهِ إِبْلِيسَ ثُمَّ أَهْبَطَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى آدَمَ وَزَوْجَهُ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ وَأَهْبَطَ إِبْلِيسَ مَعَهُمَا وَجَعَلَ بَعْضَهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوًّا، وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَرًا مَقْدُورًا، قَدَّرَهُ اللَّهُ فِي عِلْمِهِ عَلَى آدَمَ وَذُرِّيَّتِهِ فَقَدَّرَ لَهُمُ الْهُبُوطَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ وَلَكِنْ لَمْ يُقَدِّرْ لَهُمُ الْمَعْصِيَةَ وَلَمْ يَأْمُرْهُمْ بِهَا وَإِنَّمَا قَدَّرَ لَهُمْ مَا تَرَتَّبَ عَلَيْهَا، وَهَذَا مَا قَرَّرَهُ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِي مَعْنَى حَدِيثِ مُحَاجَّاتِ آدَمَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ، فَقَالَ ابْنُ كَثِيرٍ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: أَنَّهُ لَامَهُ عَلَى إِخْرَاجِهِ نَفْسَهُ وَذُرِّيَّتَهُ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ. فَقَالَ لَهُ آدَمُ: أَنَا لَمْ أُخْرِجْكُمْ، وَإِنَّمَا أَخْرَجَكُمُ الَّذِي رَتَّبَ الْإِخْرَاجَ عَلَى أَكْلِي مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ، وَالَّذِي رَتَّبَ ذَلِكَ، وَقَدَّرَهُ وَكَتَبَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ أُخْلَقَ هُوَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَأَنْتَ تَلُومُنِي عَلَى أَمْرٍ لَيْسَ لَهُ نِسْبَةٌ إِلَيَّ أَكْثَرَ مَا أَنِّي نُهِيتُ عَنِ الْأَكْلِ مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَأَكَلْتُ مِنْهَا، وَكَوْنُ الْإِخْرَاجِ مُتَرَتِّبًا عَلَى ذَلِكَ لَيْسَ مِنْ فِعْلِي، فَأَنَا لَمْ أُخْرِجْكُمْ وَلَا نَفْسِي مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ، وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا مِنْ قَدَرِ اللَّهِ وَصُنْعِهِ، وَلَهُ الْحِكْمَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ فَلِهَذَا حَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى. هَذَا وَقَدْ تَكَلَّمَ الْعُلَمَاءُ عَلَى الْمِقْدَارِ الَّذِي مَكَثَهُ آدَمُ فِي الْجَنَّةِ وَعَنِ السَّاعَةِ الَّتِي أُهْبِطَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ وَاخْتَلَفُوا حَوْلَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي الْمَكَانِ الَّذِي أُهْبِطَ فِيهَا هَلْ هُوَ فِي مَكَانٍ بَيْنَ مَكَّةَ وَالطَّائِفِ يُقَالُ لَهُ دَحْنَا أَمْ عَلَى جَبَلِ نُودٍ فِي الْهِنْدِ، كَمَا ذَكَرَ الْعُلَمَاءُ أَنَّ حَوَّاءَ لَمْ تَهْبِطْ مَعَهُ فِي نَفْسِ الْمَوْضِعِ وَإِنَّمَا أُهْبِطَ فِي مَكَّةَ وَهُوَ فِي الْهِنْدِ، كَمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي الْمَكَانِ الَّذِي أُهْبِطَ فِيهِ إِبْلِيسُ أَيْضًا. ثُمَّ تَكَلَّمَ الْعُلَمَاءُ عَمَّا أُهْبِطَ مَعَ آدَمَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ مِنْ ثِمَارِهَا لِتَزْرَعَ فِي الْأَرْضِ، وَقَدْ نَزَلَ مَعَهُ جِبْرِيلُ فَعَلَّمَهُ كَيْفَ يَحْرُثُ وَيَزْرَعُ كَمَا عَلَّمَهُ صَنْعَةَ الْحَدِيدِ وَكَيْفَ يُوقِدُ النَّارَ لِيَبْدَأَ رِحْلَةَ الْعَمَلِ الشَّاقِّ. هَذَا وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ الْعُلَمَاءُ مِنْ بُكَاءِ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَنَدَمِهِ عَلَى نُزُولِهِ الْأَرْضَ وَكَيْفَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقْرَبْ حَوَّاءَ مُدَّةً كَبِيرَةً وَلَمْ يَأْكُلْ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا إِلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ رَجَاءَ أَنْ يَتُوبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَيُعِيدَهُ إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ. وَقَدْ أَوْحَى اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِلَى آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِبِنَاءِ الْكَعْبَةِ فَقَالَ لَهُ إِنَّ لِي حَرَمًا حِيَالَ عَرْشِي فَانْطَلِقْ، وَابْنِ لِي بَيْتًا فِيهِ، ثُمَّ حُفَّ بِهِ كَمَا رَأَيْتَ مَلَائِكَتِي يَحُفُّونَ بِعَرْشِي، فَهُنَالِكَ أَسْتَجِيبُ لَكَ، وَلِوَلَدِكَ مَنْ كَانَ مِنْهُمْ فِي طَاعَتِي. فَقَالَ آدَمُ يَا رَبِّ، وَكَيْفَ لِي بِذَلِكَ ! لَسْتُ أَقْوَى عَلَيْهِ وَلَا أَهْتَدِي إِلَيْهِ. فَقَيَّضَ اللَّهُ مَلَكًا فَانْطَلَقَ بِهِ نَحْوَ مَكَّةَ حَتَّى قَدِمَ مَكَّةَ فَبَنَى الْبَيْتَ مِنْ خَمْسَةِ أَجْبُلٍ: مِنْ طُورِ سِينَا، وَطُورِ زَيْتُونٍ، وَلُبْنَانَ، وَالْجُودِيِّ، وَبَنَى قَوَاعِدَهُ مِنْ حِرَاءٍ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ بِنَائِهِ خَرَجَ بِهِ الْمَلَكُ إِلَى عَرَفَاتٍ، فَأَرَاهُ الْمَنَاسِكَ الَّتِي يَفَعَلُهَا النَّاسُ الْيَوْمَ. وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي كِتَابِهِ أَنَّهُ أَخَذَ عَلَى بَنِي آدَمَ الْعَهْدَ وَالْمِيثَاقَ بِرُبُوبِيَّتِهِ وَأُلُوهِيَّتِهِ، وَإِقْرَارِهِمْ بِذَلِكَ فَقَالَ سُبْحَانَهُ: وَإِذْ أَخَذَ رَبُّكَ مِنْ بَنِي آدَمَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّتَهُمْ وَأَشْهَدَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ أَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ قَالُوا بَلَى شَهِدْنَا أَنْ تَقُولُوا يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ إِنَّا كُنَّا عَنْ هَذَا غَافِلِينَ [الْأَعْرَافِ: 172]. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ الْعُلَمَاءُ أَنَّ آدَمَ قَدْ وُلِدَ لَهُ أَرْبَعُونَ وَلَدًا مِنْ ذِكْرٍ وَأُنْثَى فِي عِشْرِينَ بَطْنًا ذَكَرَ الْعُلَمَاءُ أَسْمَاءَهُمْ وَمِنْهُمْ قَابِيلُ وَهَابِيلُ وَشِيثُ...إِلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَسْمَائِهِمْ وَأَسْمَاءِ تَوْأَمِهِمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ. وَاخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ هَلْ وُلِدَ لَهُمَا بِالْجَنَّةِ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْأَوْلَادِ؟ فَقِيلَ: لَمْ يُولَدْ لَهُمَا إِلَّا فِي الْأَرْضِ. وَقِيلَ: بَلْ وُلِدَ لَهُمَا فِيهَا. فَكَانَ قَابِيلُ وَأُخْتُهُ مِمَّنْ وُلِدَ بِهَا. وَقَدِ احْتَالَ إِبْلِيسُ عَلَى حَوَّاءَ وَمَا زَالَ بِهَا حَتَّى سَمَّتْ وَلَدَهَا بِمَا أَمْلَاهُ عَلَيْهَا فَسَمَّتْهُ عَبْدَ الْحَارِثِ وَهُوَ اسْمُ إِبْلِيسَ، وَكَانَ لَا يَعِيشُ لَهَا وَلَدٌ فَعَاشَ هَذَا بِقَدَرِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى سُبْحَانَهُ. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْعُلَمَاءُ مَا قَصَّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنْ قَتْلِ أَحَدِ وَلَدَيْ آدَمَ أَخَاهُ فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ دَمٍ وَقَعَ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَكَانَ عَلَى ابْنِ آدَمَ الْأَوَّلِ كِفْلٌ مِنْ كُلِّ دَمٍ يَقَعُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَكَيْفَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى إِكْرَامًا لِلْمَقْتُولِ أَرْسَلَ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْأَةَ أَخِيهِ، وَقَدْ عَاجَلَ اللَّهُ لَهُ الْعُقُوبَةَ فِي الدُّنْيَا بِأَنْ أَعَاقَهُ مَعَ مَا يَنْتَظِرُهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ. وَقَدْ مَنَّ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَلَى آدَمَ بِالنُّبُوَّةِ فَكَانَ نَبِيًّا مُكَلِّمًا مَعَ مَا أَعْطَاهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنْ مُلْكِ الْأَرْضِ. هَذَا وَقَدْ أَوْصَى آدَمُ ابْنَهُ شِيثَ وَجَعَلَ الْأَمْرَ لَهُ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ، وَذَلِكَ لَمَّا حَضَرَتْهُ الْوَفَاةُ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ فِي وَفَاةِ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَنَّهُ رَاجَعَ مَلَكَ الْمَوْتِ بِأَنَّهُ بَقِيَ مِنْ عُمْرِهِ سِتُّونَ سَنَةً فَأَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّهُ سَأَلَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى أَنْ يَكْتُبَهَا لِابْنِهِ دَاوُدَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، فَقَالَ: مَا فَعَلْتُ ! " فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: فَنَسِيَ آدَمُ فَنَسِيَتْ ذُرِّيَّتُهُ، وَجَحَدَ فَجَحَدَتْ ذُرِّيَّتُهُ فَحِينَئِذٍ وَضَعَ اللَّهُ الْكِتَابَ وَأَمَرَ بِالشُّهُودِ وَأَكْمَلَ لِآدَمَ عُمْرَهُ وِلِدَاوُدَ عُمْرَهُ عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ، وَلَمَّا مَاتَ آدَمُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ نَزَلَ جِبْرِيلُ وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ فَغَسَّلُوهُ وَحَنَّطُوهُ وَكَفَّنُوهُ وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ جِبْرِيلُ وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ وَكَبَّرُوا عَلَيْهِ أَرْبَعًا وَدَفَنُوهُ وَقَالُوا: هَذِهِ سُنَّتُكُمْ يَا بَنِي آدَمَ، وَقَدْ مَاتَ يَوْمَ الْجُمْعَةِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ.
Translation
✧ Summary of the creation of Adam ﷺ God, exalted is He, informed His angels, by way of announcing the creation of Adam and his progeny, just as He announces a great matter before its occurrence. The angels said, asking by way of inquiry and seeking knowledge of the wisdom behind it, not by way of objection, belittling the children of Adam, or envying them, "Will You place therein one who will cause corruption therein and shed blood?" It was said: They knew that this would occur because of what they had seen of tribes before Adam called al-Ḥinn and al-Binn, two thousand years before Adam, who shed blood; so God sent against them an army of angels, and they drove them away to the islands of the seas. God, exalted is He, informed them that there was a wisdom in that and that He, glorified is He, knows what they did not know. When God, glorified is He, willed to create Adam ﷺ, He took a handful of earth from its plain and its rugged, its black, white, and red; and He created from it Adam ﷺ. Thus creation came in accordance with its colors: among them the white, the black, and the red; and among them the plain and the rugged. He created him and fashioned him and left him—it was said: forty days, and it was said: forty years of our years—as clay, his length sixty cubits in the sky; then the spirit was breathed into him from his head. When it settled in the body, he sneezed and praised God, exalted is He, so God, exalted is He, said to him, "May God have mercy on you." When He had created him, He said to him, "Go and greet those people"—a group of angels sitting—"and listen to how they greet you, for it is your greeting and the greeting of your progeny." He said, "Peace be upon you," and they said, "Peace be upon you and the mercy of God and His blessings," thus adding to him "and the mercy of God." When the creation of Adam ﷺ was complete, God, glorified is He, commanded the angels to prostrate to him, and they prostrated in compliance with His command, glorified is He. As for Iblīs, he refused and was arrogant and was among the deviators; he inclined toward corrupt analogy and said, "Shall I prostrate to one You created from clay?" and said, "I am better than him; You created me from fire and created him from clay." When God, glorified is He, exposed Iblīs's hidden intent, his pride and self-conceit, He cursed him and expelled him from His mercy. God, glorified is He, taught Adam the names of all things: He taught him these: horses, mules, camels, jinn, and wild animals. Then He presented these things to the angels, seeking from them, by way of testing, that they mention their names. They said, "Glory be to You, we have no knowledge except what You have taught us; indeed You are the All-Knowing, the All-Wise." Then God, exalted is He, commanded Adam to inform the angels of the names of these things, and then they knew his excellence and what God, exalted is He, had honored him with. God, exalted is He, settled Adam in Paradise; he walked in it alone, without a wife. He slept a sleep, and when he woke, there was at his head a woman sitting, whom God had created from his rib. He asked her, "What are you?" She said, "A woman." He said, "Why were you created?" She said, "That you may find rest in me." The angels said to him, while they looked on to see how far his knowledge had reached, "What is her name, O Adam?" He said, "Ḥawwāʾ." They said, "Why was she named Ḥawwāʾ?" He said, "Because she was created from something living (ḥayy)." Then God said, "O Adam, dwell, you and your wife, in Paradise." God made lawful for them both everything in Paradise except the tree from which He, glorified is He, forbade them. The commentators differed concerning the identity of this tree; God has left its mention and specification obscure, and had there been benefit in mentioning it for us, He would have specified it for us. They also differed concerning the Paradise in which God, exalted is He, settled Adam: whether it was on earth, given that it is the place of trial, or in heaven but other than the Garden of Eternity, or whether it was the Garden of Eternity itself. When Adam and his wife were settled in Paradise, Iblīs did not rest until he contrived to enter it upon them—and before that, rather, he whispered to them from outside it—urging them to eat from the tree and telling them that they were mortal and that God, glorified is He, forbade them that tree only lest they become two angels or become among the immortal. Thus he led them on by deception, and they ate from it, and their private parts became visible to them. Then came what God, exalted is He, related in His Mighty Book of His turning to Adam in forgiveness, His cursing of Iblīs, then God's sending down Adam and his wife to earth and sending down Iblīs with them, making some of them enemies to others. God's command was an ordained decree: God decreed it in His knowledge for Adam and his progeny, decreeing for them the descent from Paradise, but He did not decree for them the sin, nor did He command them to it; rather He decreed for them what resulted from it. This is what the scholars affirmed regarding the meaning of the ḥadīth of the disputation between Adam and Moses (peace be upon them both). Ibn Kathīr, may God have mercy on him, said: He blamed him for causing himself and his progeny to be expelled from Paradise. Adam said to him, "I did not expel you; rather the One Who arranged the expulsion upon my eating from the tree expelled you. The One Who arranged, decreed, and wrote that before I was created is God, Mighty and Majestic. So you blame me for a matter that has no relation to me except that I was forbidden to eat from the tree and I ate from it. The fact that expulsion results from that is not from my action; I did not expel you or myself from Paradise. It was from God's decree and making, and He has wisdom in that." Thus Adam confuted Moses. The scholars also spoke about the length of time Adam remained in Paradise and the hour in which he was sent down from it, and they differed about that just as they differed about the place to which he was sent down: whether it was a place between Makkah and al-Ṭāʾif called Daḥnā, or on Mount Nūd in India. The scholars mentioned that Ḥawwāʾ did not descend with him in the same location; rather he was sent down in Makkah while she was in India. They also differed about the place to which Iblīs was sent down. Then the scholars spoke about what was sent down with Adam from Paradise of its fruits to be planted on earth. Jibrīl came down with him and taught him how to plow and plant, just as he taught him the craft of iron and how to kindle fire, that he might begin the journey of hard labor. The scholars also mentioned Adam's weeping ﷺ and his regret at his descent to earth, and how he did not approach Ḥawwāʾ for a long time and did not eat for forty days, and other such things, hoping that God would turn to him in forgiveness and return him to Paradise. God, exalted is He, revealed to Adam ﷺ to build the Kaʿbah, saying to him, "I have a sanctuary facing My Throne; go and build for Me a house therein, then encircle it as you saw My angels encircling My Throne. There I will answer you and your children, whoever of them is in obedience to Me." Adam said, "O Lord, how can I do that? I am not able, nor do I know the way to it." So God appointed an angel, and he set out with him toward Makkah until he reached Makkah. He built the House from five mountains: from Mount Sinai, the Mount of Olives, Lebanon, and al-Jūdī, and laid its foundations from Ḥirāʾ. When he finished building it, the angel took him out to ʿArafāt and showed him the rites that people perform today. God, exalted is He, informed in His Book that He took from the children of Adam the covenant and compact of His lordship and divinity and their acknowledgment of that. He, glorified is He, said: "And when your Lord took from the children of Adam, from their loins, their progeny and made them testify concerning themselves, 'Am I not your Lord?' They said, 'Yes, we testify'—lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection, 'Indeed we were unaware of this'" [al-Aʿrāf: 172]. The scholars mentioned that Adam had forty children, male and female, in twenty births, and the scholars mentioned their names, among them Qābīl, Hābīl, and Shīth... and other names of theirs and the names of their twin sisters among the women. The people of knowledge differed as to whether any children were born to them in Paradise. It was said: no children were born to them except on earth. It was said: rather, children were born to them therein, and Qābīl and his sister were among those born therein. Iblīs contrived against Ḥawwāʾ and did not cease until she named her son as he dictated to her, so she named him ʿAbd al-Ḥārith, which is the name of Iblīs. No child had lived for her before, but this one lived by the decree of God, exalted and glorified is He. Then the scholars mentioned what God, exalted is He, related of one of Adam's two sons killing his brother. It was the first blood shed on earth, and upon the first son of Adam was a share of every blood shed thereafter. They mentioned how God, exalted is He, to honor the slain one, sent a crow scratching in the earth to show him how to conceal his brother's nakedness. God hastened punishment for him in this world by afflicting him, along with what awaited him on the Day of Resurrection. God, exalted is He, bestowed prophethood upon Adam, and he was a prophet to whom God spoke, along with the dominion of the earth that God, exalted is He, gave him. Adam bequeathed to his son Shīth and placed the matter with him after him when death came to him. Concerning the death of Adam ﷺ, it is reported that he remonstrated with the angel of death, saying that sixty years remained of his life. The angel told him that he had asked God, exalted is He, to write them for his son Dāwūd ﷺ. Adam said, "I did not do that." The Prophet ﷺ said: "Adam forgot, and his progeny forgot; and he denied, and his progeny denied. Then God established the writing and commanded the witnesses." And God completed for Adam his lifespan and for David his lifespan (peace be upon them both). When Adam died ﷺ, Jibrīl and the angels descended, washed him, embalmed him, shrouded him, and Jibrīl and the angels prayed over him and said the takbīr over him four times, then buried him. They said, "This is your custom, O children of Adam." He died on Friday ﷺ.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.