Tarikh (al-Tabari) 45
The story of the creation of Adam (peace be upon him)
خَلْقِ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ لَمَّا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَنْ يُطْلِعَ مَلَائِكَتَهُ عَلَى مَا عَلِمَ مِنَ انْطِوَاءِ إِبْلِيسَ عَلَى الْكِبْرِ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ حَتَّى دَنَا أَمْرُهُ مِنَ الْبَوَارِ وَمُلْكُهُ مِنَ الزَّوَالِ، فَقَالَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ: إِنِّي جَاعِلٌ فِي الْأَرْضِ خَلِيفَةً. أَعْلَمَ بِمَا يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَخْلُقَ مِنْ آدَمَ وَذُرِّيَّتِهِ الَّذِينَ يُخْلِفُ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا، كَمَا قَالَ: وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَكُمْ خَلَائِفَ الْأَرْضِ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 165 ]. وَقَالَ: وَيَجْعَلُكُمْ خُلَفَاءَ الْأَرْضِ [ النَّمْلِ: 62 ]. فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّنْوِيهِ بِخَلْقِ آدَمَ وَذُرِّيَّتِهِ، كَمَا يُخْبِرُ بِالْأَمْرِ الْعَظِيمِ قَبْلَ كَوْنِهِ. فَقَالَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ سَائِلِينَ عَلَى وَجْهِ الِاسْتِكْشَافِ وَالِاسْتِعْلَامِ عَنْ وَجْهِ الْحِكْمَةِ لَا عَلَى وَجْهِ الِاعْتِرَاضِ وَالتَّنَقُّصِ لِبَنِي آدَمَ وَالْحَسَدِ لَهُمْ، كَمَا قَدْ يَتَوَهَّمُهُ بَعْضُ جَهَلَةِ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ: قَالُوا أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَنْ يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاءَ. قِيلَ: عَلِمُوا أَنَّ ذَلِكَ كَائِنٌ بِمَا رَأَوْا مِمَّنْ كَانَ قَبْلَ آدَمَ مِنَ الْحِنِّ وَالْبِنِّ. قَالَهُ قَتَادَةُ. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ كَانَتِ الْحِنُّ وَالْبِنُّ قَبْلَ آدَمَ بِأَلْفَيْ عَامٍ، فَسَفَكُوا الدِّمَاءَ فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْهِمْ جُنْدًا مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ فَطَرَدُوهُمْ إِلَى جَزَائِرِ الْبُحُورِ ورُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ قَالَتْ ذَلِكَ لِلَّذِي كَانُوا عَهِدُوا مِنْ أَمْرِهِ وَأَمْرِ الْجِنِّ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا سُكَّانَ الْأَرْضِ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالُوا لِرَبِّهِمْ تَعَالَى: أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَنْ يَكُونُ مِثْلَ الْجِنِّ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يَسْفِكُونَ الدِّمَاءَ فِيهَا وَيُفْسِدُونَ وَيَعْصُونَكَ وَنَحْنُ نُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِكَ وَنُقَدِّسُ لَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ اللَّهُ لَهُمْ: إِنِّي أَعْلَمُ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ، يَعْنِي مِنَ انْطِوَاءِ إِبْلِيسَ عَلَى الْكِبْرِ وَالْعَزْمِ عَلَى خِلَافِ أَمْرِي وَاغْتِرَارِهِ، وَأَنَا مُبْدٍ ذَلِكَ لَكُمْ مِنْهُ لِتَرَوْهُ عِيَانًا. خلق آدم عليه السلام فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَخْلُقَ آدَمَ بَعَثَ اللَّهُ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- جِبْرَئِيلَ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ لِيَأْتِيَهُ بِطِينٍ مِنْهَا، قَالَتِ الْأَرْضُ: إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنْكَ أَنْ تَنْقُصَ مِنِّي أَوْ تَشِينَنِي، فَرَجَعَ وَلَمْ يَأْخُذْ، وَقَالَ: رَبِّ إِنَّهَا عَاذَتْ بِكَ فَأَعَذْتُهَا. فَبَعَثَ مِيكَائِيلَ فَعَاذَتْ مِنْهُ فَأَعَاذَهَا، فَبَعَثَ مَلَكَ الْمَوْتِ فَعَاذَتْ مِنْهُ، فَقَالَ: وَأَنَا أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ أَنْ أَرْجِعَ، وَلَمْ أُنَفِّذْ أَمْرَهُ، فَأَخَذَ مِنْ وَجْهِ الْأَرْضِ وَخَلَطَ، فَلَمْ يَأْخُذْ مِنْ مَكَانٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَأَخَذَ مِنْ تُرْبَةٍ حَمْرَاءَ وَبَيْضَاءَ وَسَوْدَاءَ، فَلِذَلِكَ خَرَجَ بَنُو آدَمَ مُخْتَلِفِينَ . فَصَعِدَ بِهِ، فَبَلَّ التُّرَابَ حَتَّى عَادَ طِينًا، ثُمَّ تُرِكَ حَتَّى تَغَيَّرَ وَأَنْتَنَ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ: مِنْ حَمَإٍ مَسْنُونٍ ، قَالَ: مُنْتِنٌ. وَقَدْ رَوَى سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: بَعَثَ رَبُّ الْعِزَّةِ إِبْلِيسَ فَأَخَذَ مِنْ أَدِيمِ الْأَرْضِ، وَمِنْ عَذْبِهَا وَمِنْ مِلْحِهَا، فَخَلَقَ آدَمَ، فَمِنْ ثَمَّ سُمِّيَ آدَمُ، لِأَنَّهُ خَلَقَ مِنْ أَدِيمِ الْأَرْضِ، وَمِنْ ثَمَّ قَالَ إِبْلِيسُ: أَأَسْجُدُ لِمَنْ خَلَقْتَ طِينًا ، أَيْ هَذِهِ الطِّينَةُ أَنَا جِئْتُ بِهَا. وعَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، قَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ بَعَثَ إِبْلِيسَ فَأَخَذَ مِنْ أَدِيمِ الْأَرْضِ مِنْ عَذْبِهَا وَمَالِحِهَا، فَخَلَقَ مِنْهُ آدَمَ، فَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقَهُ مِنْ عَذْبِهَا فَهُوَ صَائِرٌ إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ وَإِنْ كَانَ ابْنَ كَافِرٍ، وَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقَهُ مِنْ مَالِحِهَا فَهُوَ صَائِرٌ إِلَى النَّارِ وَإِنْ كَانَ ابْنَ نَبِيٍّ. قَالَ: فَمِنْ ثَمَّ قَالَ إِبْلِيسُ: أَأَسْجُدُ لِمَنْ خَلَقْتَ طِينًا، لِأَنَّهُ جَاءِ بِالطِّينَةِ، وَسُمِّيَ آَدَمُ لِأَنَّهُ خُلِقَ مِنْ أَدِيمِ الْأَرْضِ . وعَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، قَالَ: "إِنَّ اللَّهَ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- خَلَقَ آدَمَ مِنْ قَبْضَةٍ قَبَضَهَا مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْأَرْضِ، فَجَاءَ بَنُو آَدَمَ عَلَى قَدْرِ الْأَرْضِ، جَاءَ مِنْهُمُ الْأَبْيَضُ، وَالْأَحْمَرُ، وَالْأَسْوَدُ، وَبَيْنَ ذَلِكَ، وَالْخَبِيثُ، وَالطَّيِّبُ، وَالسَّهْلُ، وَالْحَزَنُ وَبَيْنَ ذَلِكَ". وعَنْ أَبِي لُبَابَةَ الْبَدْرِيِّ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، قَالَ: " سَيِّدُ الْأَيَّامِ يَوْمُ الْجُمُعَةِ ، وَأَعْظَمُهَا عِنْدَهُ، وَأَعْظَمُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- مِنْ يَوْمِ الْفِطْرِ وَيَوْمِ الْأَضْحَى، وَفِيهِ خَمْسُ خِلَالٍ: خَلَقَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى فِيهِ آَدَمَ، وَأَهْبَطَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ آَدَمَ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ، وَفِيهِ تُوُفِّيَ آَدَمُ، وَفِيهِ سَاعَةٌ لَا يَسْأَلُ الْعَبْدُ فِيهَا شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَتَاهُ اللَّهُ إِيَّاهُ مَا لَمْ يَسْأَلْ حَرَامًا، وَفِيهِ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ، مَا مِنْ مَلَكٍ مُقَرَّبٍ فِي السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَلَا رِيَاحٍ وَلَا جِبَالٍ وَلَا بَحْرٍ إِلَّا وَهُنَّ يَسْتَغْفِرُونَ مِنْ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ". . ترك آدم أربعين ليلة جسدا لا روح فيه فَلَمَّا صَوَّرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى آدَمَ تَرَكَهُ أَرْبَعِينَ لَيْلَةً جَسَدًا مُلْقًى لَا رُوحَ فِيهِ، هَكَذَا رَوَاهُ الضَّحَّاكُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ. وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ عَنْ أَشْيَاخِهِ: بَقِيَ جَسَدًا بَيْنَ طِينٍ وَمَاءٍ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً. وَالْمُرَادُ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ أَعْوَامِنَا. وَقَدْ رَوَى أَبُو عُثْمَانَ النَّهْدِيُّ، عَنْ سَلْمَانَ الْفَارِسِيِّ، قَالَ: خَمَّرَ اللَّهُ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- طِينَةَ آدَمَ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا. فَعَلَى هَذَا يَكُونُ التَّخْمِيرُ قَبْلَ التَّصْوِيرِ. وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: "فِي يَوْمِ الْجُمْعَةِ خُلِقَ آدَمُ". وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: خُلِقَ بَعْدَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ آخِرَ النَّهَارِ مِنْ يَوْمِ الْجُمْعَةِ. ورَوَى السُّدِّيُّ عَنْ أَشْيَاخِهِ، قَالَ: لَمَّا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- أَنْ يَنْفُخَ فِيهِ الرُّوحَ، قَالَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ: فَإِذَا نَفَخْتُ فِيهِ مِنْ رُوحِي فَقَعُوا لَهُ سَاجِدِينَ. فَنَفَخَ فِيهِ الرُّوحَ فَدَخَلَ فِيهِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ رَأْسِهِ فَعَطَسَ ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ: قُلِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ، فَقَالَ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ، فَقَالَ اللَّهُ: رَحِمَكَ رَبُّكَ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ الرُّوحُ فِي عَيْنَيْهِ نَظَرَ إِلَى ثِمَارِ الْجَنَّةِ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ فِي جَوْفِهِ اشْتَهَى الطَّعَامَ، فَوَثَبَ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَبْلُغَ الرُّوحُ رِجْلَيْهِ عَجْلَانَ، فَذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ: خُلِقَ الإِنْسَانُ مِنْ عَجَلٍ . فَسَجَدَ الْمَلَائِكَةُ كُلُّهُمْ أَجْمَعُونَ إِلَّا إِبْلِيسَ. وَرَوَى الضَّحَّاكُ، فَقَالَ: أَتَتْهُ النَّفْخَةُ مِنْ قِبَلِ رَأْسِهِ، فَجَعَلَ لَا يَجْرِي فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ جَسَدِهِ إِلَّا صَارَ لَحْمًا وَدَمًا، فَلَمَّا انْتَهَتِ النَّفْخَةُ إِلَى سُرَّتِهِ فَنَظَرَ إِلَى جَسَدِهِ فَأَعْجَبَهُ، فَذَهَبَ لِيَنْهَضَ فَلَمْ يَقْدِرْ، فَلَمَّا تَمَّتِ النَّفْخَةُ عَطَسَ، فَقَالَ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَبُّهُ: يَرْحَمُكَ رَبُّكَ . وعَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "إِنَّ اللَّهَ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- لَمَّا صَوَّرَ آَدَمَ تَرَكَهُ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَتْرُكَهُ فَجَعَلَ إِبْلِيسُ يَطِيفُ بِهِ فَلَمَّا رَآَهُ أَجْوَفَ عَرَفَ أَنَّهُ خَلْقٌ لَا يَتَمَالَكُ". وعن أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " خَلَقَ اللَّهُ -عَزَّ وَجَلَّ- آَدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ، طُولُهُ سِتُّونَ ذِرَاعًا ، فَلَمَّا خَلَقَهُ قَالَ لَهُ: اذْهَبْ فَسَلِّمْ عَلَى أُولَئِكَ النَّفَرِ - وَهُمْ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ جُلُوسٌ فَاسْتَمِعْ مَا يُحَيُّونَكَ فَإِنَّهَا تَحِيَّتُكَ وَتَحِيَّةُ ذَرِّيَّتكَ ، فَقَالَ: السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ، فَقَالُوا: السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ، فَزَادُوهُ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ، فَكُلُّ مَنْ يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ عَلَى صُورَةِ آَدَمَ وَطُولِهِ فَلَمْ يَزَلِ الْخَلْقُ يَنْقُصُ بَعْدُ". هَذَا حَدِيثٌ مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ،
Translation
✧ The creation of Adam ﷺ When God Almighty wished to acquaint His angels with what He knew of Iblis's harboring of arrogance, which the angels did not know, until his matter drew near to perdition and his kingship to removal, He said to the angels: 'I am placing on the earth a vicegerent.' He informed them of what He intended to create of Adam and his offspring, who succeed one another, as He said: 'And it is He who has made you vicegerents of the earth' [al-An'ām: 165]. And He said: 'And will make you vicegerents of the earth' [al-Naml: 62]. So He told them of that by way of announcing the creation of Adam and his offspring, as He announces a great matter before it comes to be. The angels said, asking by way of inquiry and seeking knowledge of the wisdom, not by way of objection and disparagement of the children of Adam and envy of them, as some ignorant exegetes might imagine: 'They said, "Will You place therein one who will cause corruption therein and shed blood?"' It is said: They knew that this would occur from what they had seen of the jinn and the binn who were before Adam. Qatādah said this. 'Abd Allāh b. 'Umar said: The jinn and the binn were before Adam by two thousand years, and they shed blood, so God sent against them an army of angels and drove them to the islands of the seas. It was narrated from Ibn 'Abbās that the angels said that because of what they had experienced of his affair and the affair of the jinn who were the inhabitants of the earth before that, so they said to their Lord, Exalted is He: 'Will You place therein one who will be like the jinn who shed blood therein and cause corruption and disobey You, while we glorify Your praise and declare Your holiness?' God said to them: 'Indeed, I know what you do not know,' meaning of Iblis's harboring of arrogance and his resolve to oppose My command and his delusion, and that I will show you that from him so you may see it plainly. The creation of Adam, ﷺ. When God wished to create Adam, God – Mighty and Majestic – sent Gabriel to the earth to bring Him clay from it. The earth said: 'I seek refuge in God from you, lest you diminish me or disfigure me.' So he returned without taking anything and said: 'Lord, she sought refuge in You, so I granted her refuge.' Then He sent Michael, and she sought refuge from him, so he granted her refuge. Then He sent the Angel of Death, and she sought refuge from him, and he said: 'And I seek refuge in God from returning without carrying out His command.' So he took from the face of the earth and mixed it, and did not take from one place only, and he took from red, white, and black soil, and therefore the children of Adam came out differing. Then he ascended with it, and he moistened the dust until it became clay, then it was left until it changed and stank, and that is His saying: 'from altered black mud' (min ḥama'in masnūn). He said: stinking. Sa'īd b. Jubayr narrated from Ibn 'Abbās, who said: The Lord of Might sent Iblis, and he took from the surface of the earth, from its sweet and its salty parts, and created Adam. Hence he was named Adam, because he was created from the surface of the earth (adīm al-arḍ). Hence Iblis said: 'Shall I prostrate to one You created from clay?' – meaning: this clay, I brought it. From Ibn Mas'ūd, who said: God sent Iblis, and he took from the surface of the earth, from its sweet and salty parts, and created Adam from it. Everything He created from its sweet part will go to Paradise even if he is the son of a disbeliever, and everything He created from its salty part will go to the Fire even if he is the son of a prophet. He said: Hence Iblis said: 'Shall I prostrate to one You created from clay?' because he brought the clay, and Adam was named because he was created from the surface of the earth. From Abū Mūsā, from the Prophet ﷺ, who said: 'God – Mighty and Majestic – created Adam from a handful He took from all the earth, and the children of Adam came according to the earth: among them came the white, the red, the black, and in between; the wicked, the good, the soft, the rough, and in between.' From Abū Lubābah al-Badrī, that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'The master of days is Friday, and the greatest of them with Him, and it is greater with God – Mighty and Majestic – than the day of Fiṭr and the day of Aḍḥā. In it are five qualities: God, Blessed and Exalted, created Adam in it; God sent Adam down to the earth in it; in it Adam died; in it there is an hour in which a servant does not ask for anything but God gives it to him as long as he does not ask for something forbidden; and in it the Hour will rise. There is no angel brought near in heaven or earth, nor winds, nor mountains, nor sea, but they seek forgiveness on Friday.' Adam was left for forty nights as a body without a soul. When God Almighty fashioned Adam, He left him for forty nights as a body cast down with no soul in him. Thus al-Ḍaḥḥāk narrated from Ibn 'Abbās. Al-Suddī said from his teachers: He remained a body between clay and water for forty years. The meaning of that is of our years. Abū 'Uthmān al-Nahdī narrated from Salmān al-Fārisī, who said: God – Mighty and Majestic – fermented the clay of Adam for forty days. According to this, the fermentation was before the fashioning. We have narrated from the Prophet ﷺ that he said: 'On Friday Adam was created.' Mujāhid said: He was created after everything, at the end of the day of Friday. Al-Suddī narrated from his teachers, who said: When God – Mighty and Majestic – wished to breathe into him the soul, He said to the angels: 'So when I have breathed into him of My spirit, fall down prostrating to him.' Then He breathed the soul into him, and the soul entered from his head, and he sneezed. The angels said to him: 'Say: Praise be to God.' He said: 'Praise be to God.' God said: 'Your Lord has mercy on you.' When the soul entered his eyes, he looked at the fruits of Paradise, and when it entered his belly, he desired food, and he leaped before the soul reached his legs, in haste. That is His saying: 'Man was created of haste' (khuliqa al-insānu min 'ajal). Then the angels prostrated, all of them together, except Iblis. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk narrated, saying: The breath came to him from the direction of his head, and it did not run through any part of his body but it became flesh and blood. When the breath reached his navel, he looked at his body and admired it, and he tried to rise but could not. When the breath was complete, he sneezed and said: 'Praise be to God.' His Lord said to him: 'Your Lord has mercy on you.' From Anas b. Mālik, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'When God – Mighty and Majestic – fashioned Adam, He left him as long as God willed to leave him, and Iblis began to circle around him. When he saw him hollow, he knew that he was a creature that would not control himself.' From Abū Hurayrah, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'God – Mighty and Majestic – created Adam in His image, his height sixty cubits. When He created him, He said to him: "Go and greet that group" – they were a group of angels sitting – "and listen to how they greet you, for it is your greeting and the greeting of your offspring." He said: "Peace be upon you." They said: "Peace be upon you and the mercy of God and His blessings." So they added: and the mercy of God. Everyone who enters Paradise will be in the image of Adam and his height. Creation has not ceased to diminish since then.' This is a hadith agreed upon.
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