Tarikh (al-Tabari) 43
Creation of the jinn and the story of Satan
قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمَنْ يَعْشُ عَنْ ذِكْرِ الرَّحْمَنِ نُقَيِّضْ لَهُ شَيْطَانًا فَهُوَ لَهُ قَرِينٌ وَإِنَّهُمْ لَيَصُدُّونَهُمْ عَنِ السَّبِيلِ وَيَحْسَبُونَ أَنَّهُمْ مُهْتَدُونَ حَتَّى إِذَا جَاءَنَا قَالَ يَا لَيْتَ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكَ بُعْدَ الْمَشْرِقَيْنِ فَبِئْسَ الْقَرِينُ [ الزُّخْرُفِ: 36 - 38 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَقَيَّضْنَا لَهُمْ قُرَنَاءَ فَزَيَّنُوا لَهُمْ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ [ فُصِّلَتْ: 25 ]. الْآيَةَ. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: قَالَ قَرِينُهُ رَبَّنَا مَا أَطْغَيْتُهُ وَلَكِنْ كَانَ فِي ضَلَالٍ بَعِيدٍ قَالَ لَا تَخْتَصِمُوا لَدَيَّ وَقَدْ قَدَّمْتُ إِلَيْكُمْ بِالْوَعِيدِ مَا يُبَدَّلُ الْقَوْلُ لَدَيَّ وَمَا أَنَا بِظَلَّامٍ لِلْعَبِيدِ [ ق: 27 - 29 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَكَذَلِكَ جَعَلْنَا لِكُلِّ نَبِيٍّ عَدُوًّا شَيَاطِينَ الْإِنْسِ وَالْجِنِّ يُوحِي بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ زُخْرُفَ الْقَوْلِ غُرُورًا وَلَوْ شَاءَ رَبُّكَ مَا فَعَلُوهُ فَذَرْهُمْ وَمَا يَفْتَرُونَ وَلِتَصْغَى إِلَيْهِ أَفْئِدَةُ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْآخِرَةِ وَلِيَرْضَوْهُ وَلِيَقْتَرِفُوا مَا هُمْ مُقْتَرِفُونَ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 112 - 113 ]. وَقَدْ قَدَّمْنَا فِي صِفَةِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ مَا رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ، وَمُسْلِمٌ مِنْ طَرِيقِ مَنْصُورٍ، بسنديهما عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: مَا مِنْكُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ إِلَّا وَقَدْ وُكِّلَ بِهِ قَرِينُهُ مِنَ الْجِنِّ، وَقَرِينُهُ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ. قَالُوا: وَإِيَّاكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ. قَالَ: وَإِيَّايَ، وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ أَعَانَنِي عَلَيْهِ فَلَا يَأْمُرُنِي إِلَّا بِخَيْرٍ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: لَيْسَ مِنْكُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ إِلَّا وَقَدْ وُكِّلَ بِهِ قَرِينُهُ مِنَ الشَّيَاطِينِ. قَالُوا: وَأَنْتَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ. قَالَ: نَعَمْ، وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ أَعَانَنِي عَلَيْهِ فَأَسْلَمَ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عن عُرْوَةَ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ حَدَّثَهُ أَنَّ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ حَدَّثَتْهُ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ خَرَجَ مِنْ عِنْدِهَا لَيْلًا، قَالَتْ: فَغِرْتُ عَلَيْهِ، قَالَتْ: فَجَاءَ فَرَأَى مَا أَصْنَعُ. فَقَالَ: " مَالَكِ يَا عَائِشَةُ أَغِرْتِ. " قَالَتْ فَقُلْتُ: وَمَالِي أَنْ لَا يَغَارَ مِثْلِي عَلَى مِثْلِكَ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " أَفَأَخَذَكِ شَيْطَانُكِ. " قَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَوَ مَعِي شَيْطَانٌ ؟ قَالَ: " نَعَمْ. " قُلْتُ: وَمَعَ كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ ؟ قَالَ: " نَعَمْ. " قُلْتُ: وَمَعَكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ؟ قَالَ: " نَعَمْ. " وَلَكِنَّ رَبِّي أَعَانَنِي عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى أَسْلَمَ ". وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ: أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: إِنَّ الْمُؤْمِنَ لَيُنْضِي شَيْطَانَهُ كَمَا يُنْضِي أَحَدُكُمْ بِعِيرَهُ فِي السَّفَرِ. وَمَعْنَى لَيُنْضِي شَيْطَانَهُ: لَيَأْخُذُ بِنَاصِيَتِهِ فَيَغْلِبُهُ وَيَقْهَرُهُ، كَمَا يَفْعَلُ بِالْبَعِيرِ إِذَا شَرَدَ ثُمَّ غَلَبَهُ، وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى إِخْبَارًا عَنْ إِبْلِيسَ: قَالَ فَبِمَا أَغْوَيْتَنِي لَأَقْعُدَنَّ لَهُمْ صِرَاطَكَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ثُمَّ لَآتِيَنَّهُمْ مِنْ بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ وَعَنْ أَيْمَانِهِمْ وَعَنْ شَمَائِلِهِمْ وَلَا تَجِدُ أَكْثَرَهُمْ شَاكِرِينَ [ الْأَعْرَافِ: 16 - 17 ]. قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ سَبْرَةَ بْنِ أَبِي فَاكِهٍ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: إِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ قَعَدَ لِابْنِ آدَمَ بِأَطْرُقِهِ ; فَقَعَدَ لَهُ بِطَرِيقِ الْإِسْلَامِ، فَقَالَ: أَتُسْلِمُ وَتَذْرُ دِينَكَ وَدِينَ آبَائِكَ ؟ قَالَ: " فَعَصَاهُ وَأَسْلَمَ " قَالَ: وَقَعَدَ لَهُ بِطَرِيقِ الْهِجْرَةِ، فَقَالَ: أَتُهَاجِرُ وَتَذْرُ أَرْضَكَ وَسَمَاءَكَ ؟ وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُ الْمُهَاجِرِ كَالْفَرَسِ فِي الطُّولِ. فَعَصَاهُ وَهَاجَرَ. ثُمَّ قَعَدَ لَهُ بِطَرِيقِ الْجِهَادِ، وَهُوَ جَهْدُ النَّفْسِ وَالْمَالِ، فَقَالَ: أَتُقَاتِلُ فَتُقْتَلُ فَتُنْكَحُ الْمَرْأَةُ وَيُقَسَّمُ الْمَالُ ؟ قَالَ: " فَعَصَاهُ وَجَاهَدَ " قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " فَمَنْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ كَانَ حَقًّا عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُ الْجَنَّةَ، وَإِنْ قُتِلَ كَانَ حَقًّا عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُ الْجَنَّةَ، وَإِنْ كَانَ غَرِقَ كَانَ حَقًّا عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُ الْجَنَّةَ، وَإِنْ وَقَصَتْهُ دَابَّتُهُ كَانَ حَقًّا عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يَدْخُلَهُ الْجَنَّةَ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده جُبَيْرُ بْنُ أَبِي سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ جُبَيْرِ بْنِ مُطْعِمٍ سَمِعْتُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ يَقُولُ: لَمْ يَكُنْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَدَعُ هَذِهِ الدَّعَوَاتِ حِينَ يُصْبِحُ وَحِينَ يُمْسِي : اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ الْعَافِيَةَ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ الْعَفْوَ وَالْعَافِيَةَ فِي دِينِي وَدُنْيَايَ وَأَهْلِي وَمَالِي اللَّهُمَّ اسْتُرْ عَوْرَاتِي، وَآمِنْ رَوْعَاتِي، اللَّهُمَّ احْفَظْنِي مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيَّ وَمِنْ خَلْفِي وَعَنْ يَمِينِي وَعَنْ شِمَالِي وَمِنْ فَوْقِي، وَأَعُوذُ بِعَظَمَتِكَ أَنْ أُغْتَالَ مِنْ تَحْتِي. قَالَ وَكِيعٌ: يَعْنِي الْخَسْفَ.
Translation
✧ Allah, may He be exalted, said: And whoever turns away from the remembrance of the Most Merciful, We assign to him a devil, and he is to him a companion. And indeed they [the devils] avert them from the way while they think that they are guided. Until, when he comes to Us, he says, "Oh, would that between me and you were the distance between the two easts! How wretched a companion!" [al-Zukhruf: 36-38]. And Allah, may He be exalted, said: And We have assigned to them companions who made attractive to them what was before them and what was behind them [Fussilat: 25], to the end of the verse. And Allah, may He be exalted, said: His companion will say, "Our Lord, I did not make him transgress, but he was in far error." He will say, "Do not dispute before Me, while I had already presented to you the warning. The word will not be changed with Me, and I am not unjust to the servants" [Qaf: 27-29]. And Allah, may He be exalted, said: And thus We have made for every prophet an enemy—devils from mankind and jinn, inspiring to one another decorative speech in delusion. But if your Lord had willed, they would not have done it, so leave them and that which they fabricate. And [it is] so the hearts of those who do not believe in the Hereafter may incline to it, and that they may be pleased with it, and that they may commit what they are committing [al-Anʿam: 112-113]. We have previously mentioned in the description of the angels what Ahmad and Muslim narrated by way of Mansur, with their two chains of transmission, from Ibn Masʿud, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "There is none of you but that a companion from the jinn and a companion from the angels has been assigned to him." They said: "And for you, O Messenger of Allah?" He said: "And for me too, but Allah has aided me against him, so he only commands me to good." And Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission from Ibn ʿAbbas, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "There is not one of you but that a companion from the devils has been assigned to him." They said: "And you, O Messenger of Allah?" He said: "Yes, but Allah has aided me against him and he has submitted." And Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission from ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr, that ʿAʾishah, the wife of the Prophet ﷺ, related to him: that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ went out from her at night. She said: "I became jealous over him." She said: "Then he came and saw what I was doing, and said: 'What is with you, O ʿAʾishah? Are you jealous?'" She said: "I said: 'And why should not one like me be jealous over one like you?' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'Has your devil taken hold of you?' She said: 'O Messenger of Allah, is there a devil with me?' He said: 'Yes.' I said: 'And with every human being?' He said: 'Yes.' I said: 'And with you, O Messenger of Allah?' He said: 'Yes, but my Lord has aided me against him until he submitted.'" And Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission from Abu Hurayrah: that the Prophet ﷺ said: "Indeed the believer exhausts his devil just as one of you exhausts his camel during travel." The meaning of "exhausts his devil" is: he seizes him by his forelock and overcomes him and subdues him, as one does with a camel when it bolts and then one overcomes it. And Allah, may He be exalted, said, reporting about Iblis: He said, "Because You have led me astray, I will surely sit in wait for them on Your straight path. Then I will come to them from before them and from behind them and from their right and from their left, and You will not find most of them grateful" [al-Aʿraf: 16-17]. Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission from Sabrah b. Abi Fakih, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: "Indeed the devil sat in wait for the son of Adam on his paths. He sat for him on the path of Islam, and said: 'Will you submit and abandon your religion and the religion of your forefathers?' He said: 'He disobeyed him and submitted.' He said: 'And he sat for him on the path of emigration, and said: 'Will you emigrate and abandon your land and your sky? The example of the emigrant is only like the horse in the tether.' He disobeyed him and emigrated. Then he sat for him on the path of jihad, which is striving of the self and wealth, and said: 'Will you fight and be killed, so that your wife is married and your wealth is divided?' He said: 'He disobeyed him and fought jihad.' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'Whoever does that among them, it is incumbent upon Allah to admit him to Paradise; and if he is killed, it is incumbent upon Allah to admit him to Paradise; and if he drowns, it is incumbent upon Allah to admit him to Paradise; and if his mount throws him and breaks his neck, it is incumbent upon Allah to admit him to Paradise.'" And Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission from Jubayr b. Abi Sulayman b. Jubayr b. Mutʿim, who said: I heard ʿAbd Allah b. ʿUmar say: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not abandon these supplications when he entered upon morning and when he entered upon evening: "O Allah, I ask You for well-being in this world and the Hereafter. O Allah, I ask You for pardon and well-being in my religion, my worldly affairs, my family, and my wealth. O Allah, cover my private parts and secure my fears. O Allah, preserve me from before me and from behind me and from my right and from my left and from above me, and I seek refuge in Your greatness from being swallowed up from beneath me." Wakiʿ said: He means the earth swallowing him up.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.