Tarikh (al-Tabari) 3780
Then the Year 317 AH Began
ذِكْرُ خَلْعِ الْمُقْتَدِرِ فِي سَنَةُ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ وَثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ خُلِعَ الْمُقْتَدِرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ الْخِلَافَةِ، وَبُويِعَ أَخُوهُ الْقَاهِرُ بِاللَّهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُعْتَضِدِ ، فَبَقِيَ يَوْمَيْنِ ثُمَّ أُعِيدَ الْمُقْتَدِرُ. وَكَانَ سَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ مُؤْنِسًا الْمُظَفَّرَ دَخَلَ بَغْدَادَ بَعْدَ أَنْ لَقِيَهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ حَمْدَانَ، ثُمَّ مَنْ يُرَادُ لِلْإِمَارَةِ، وَأَحْكَمَ مَعَهُ مَا أَرَادَ، فَدَخَلَ بَيْتَهُ وَلَمْ يَمْضِ إِلَى دَارِ السُّلْطَانِ، فَمَضَى إِلَيْهِ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ ابْنُ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْوَزِيرُ، وَعَرَّفَاهُ شَوْقَ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِلَيْهِ، فَاعْتَذَرَ مِنْ تَخَلُّفِهِ بِعِلَّةٍ شَكَاهَا، فَأَرْجَفَ النَّاسُ بِتَنَكُّرِهِ وَوَثَبَ الرَّجَّالَةُ بِبَعْضِ حَاشِيَتِهِ، فَوَاثَبَهُمْ أَصْحَابُهُ، فَوَقَعَ فِي نَفْسِ مُؤْنِسٍ أَنَّ هَذَا بِأَمْرِ السُّلْطَانِ، فَجَلَسَ فِي طَيَّارِهِ وَصَارَ إِلَى بَابِ الشَّمَّاسِيَّةِ، وَتَلَاحَقَ بِهِ أَصْحَابُهُ، وَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ نَازُوكُ فِي جَيْشِهِ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ الْمُقْتَدِرَ ذَلِكَ صَرَفَ الْجَيْشَ عَنْ بَابِهِ، وَكَاتَبَ مُؤْنِسًا وَسَائِرَ الْجَيْشِ بِإِزَاحَةِ عِلَلِهِمْ فِي الْأَمْوَالِ، وَخَاطَبَ مُؤْنِسًا بِأَجْمَلِ خِطَابٍ، وَقَالَ: وَأَمَّا نَازُوكُ فَلَسْتُ أَدْرَى مَا سَبَبُ عَتْبِهِ وَاسْتِيحَاشِهِ، وَاللَّهُ يَغْفِرُ لَهُ سَيِّئَ ظَنِّهِ وَأَمَّا ابْنُ حَمْدَانَ فَلَسْتُ أَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا أَحْفَظُ لَهُ إِلَّا عَزْلَهُ عَنِ الدِّينَوَرِ، وَإِنَّمَا أَرَدْنَا نَقْلَهُ إِلَى مَا هُوَ أَجَلُّ مِنْهُ وَمَا لِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الْجَمَاعَةِ عِنْدِي إِلَّا مَا يُحِبُّ، وَاسْتَظْهَرَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ لِنَفْسِهِ بَعْدُ أَنْ لَا يَخْلَعَ الطَّاعَةَ وَلَا يَنْقُضَ بَيْعَةً فَإِنِّي مُسْتَسْلِمٌ لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ غَيْرُ مُسَلِّمٍ حَقًّا خَصَّنِي اللَّهُ بِهِ، فَاعِلٌ مَا فَعَلَهُ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ ؓ، وَلَا آتِي فِي سَفْكِ الدِّمَاءِ مَا نَهَى اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ عَنْهُ، وَلَسْتُ أَنْتَصِرُ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ. فَسَمِعَ الْعَسْكَرُ هَذَا فَقَالُوا: نَمْضِي فَنَسْمَعُ مَا يَقُولُ، فَأَخْرَجَ الْمُقْتَدِرُ جَمِيعَ مَنْ كَانَ يَحْمِلُ سِلَاحًا وَجَلَسَ عَلَى سَرِيرِهِ فِي حِجْرِهِ مُصْحَفٌ يَقْرَأُ فِيهِ، وَأَمَرَ بِفَتْحِ الْأَبْوَابِ وَأَحْضَرَ بَنِيهِ، فَأَقَامَهُمْ حَوْلَ سَرِيرِهِ، فَصَارَ الْمُظَفَّرُ إِلَى بَابِ الْخَاصَّةِ، ثُمَّ صَرَفَ النَّاسَ عَلَى حَالَةٍ جَمِيلَةٍ، فَسُرُّوا بِالسَّلَامَةِ، وَرَجَعَ الْمُظَفَّرُ إِلَى دَارِهِ وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ أَوَائِلَ الْمُحَرَّمِ. ثُمَّ كَتَبَ مُؤْنِسٌ إِلَى الْمُقْتَدِرِ رُقْعَةً يَذْكُرُ فِيهَا أَنَّ الْجَيْشَ عَاتِبٌ مُنْكِرٌ لِلسَّرَفِ فِيمَا يُطْلَقُ بِاسْمِ الْخَدَمِ وَالْحُرَمِ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ وَالضِّيَاعِ، وَلِدُخُولِهِمْ فِي الرَّأْيِ وَتَدْبِيرِ الْمَمْلَكَةِ، وَيُطَالِبُونَ بِإِخْرَاجِهِمْ مِنَ الدَّارِ، وَأَخْذِ مَا فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ وَالْأَمْلَاكِ، وَإِخْرَاجِ هَارُونَ بْنِ غَرِيبٍ مِنَ الدَّارِ. فَأَجَابَهُ الْمُقْتَدِرُ أَنَّهُ يَفْعَلُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا يُمْكِنُهُ فِعْلُهُ، وَيَقْتَصِرُ عَلَى مَا لَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْهُ، وَاسْتَعْطَفَهُمْ، وَذَكَّرَهُمْ بَيْعَتَهُ فِي أَعْنَاقِهِمْ مَرَّةً بَعْدَ أُخْرَى، وَخَوَّفَهُمْ عَاقِبَةَ النَّكْثِ، وَأَمَرَ هَارُونَ بِالْخُرُوجِ مِنْ بَغْدَاذَ، وَأَقْطَعَهُ الثُّغُورَ الشَّامِيَّةَ وَالْجُزُرِيَّةَ، وَخَرَجَ مِنْ بَغْدَاذَ تَاسِعَ الْمُحَرَّمِ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ، ( وَرَاسَلَهُمُ الْمُقْتَدِرُ )، وَذَكَّرَهُمْ نِعَمَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَإِحْسَانَهُ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَحَذَّرَهُمْ كُفْرَ إِحْسَانِهِ، وَالسَّعْيَ فِي الشَّرِّ وَالْفِتْنَةِ. فَلَمَّا أَجَابَهُمْ إِلَى ذَلِكَ دَخَلَ مُؤْنِسٌ وَابْنُ حَمْدَانَ وَنَازُوكُ إِلَى بَغْدَاذَ، وَأَرْجَفَ النَّاسُ بِأَنَّ مُؤْنِسًا وَمَنْ مَعَهُ قَدْ عَزَمُوا عَلَى خَلْعِ الْمُقْتَدِرِ وَتَوْلِيَةِ غَيْرِهِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الثَّانِيَ عَشَرَ مِنَ الْمُحَرَّمِ خَرَجَ مُؤْنِسٌ وَالْجَيْشُ إِلَى بَابِ الشَّمَّاسِيَّةِ، فَتَشَاوَرُوا سَاعَةً، ثُمَّ رَجَعُوا إِلَى دَارِ الْخَلِيفَةِ بِأَسْرِهِمْ، فَلَمَّا ( زَحَفُوا إِلَيْهَا )، وَقَرُبُوا مِنْهَا، هَرَبَ الْمُظَفَّرُ بْنُ يَاقُوتٍ، وَسَائِرُ الْحُجَّابِ وَالْخَدَمِ وَغَيْرُهُمْ، وَالْفَرَّاشُونَ، وَكُلُّ مَنْ فِي الدَّارِ، وَكَانَ الْوَزِيرُ أَبُو عَلِيِّ بْنُ مُقْلَةَ حَاضِرًا، فَهَرَبَ وَدَخَلَ مُؤْنِسٌ وَالْجَيْشُ دَارَ الْخَلِيفَةِ، وَأَخْرَجَ الْمُقْتَدِرَ، وَوَالِدَتَهُ، وَخَالَتَهُ، وَخَوَاصَّ جَوَارِيهِ، وَأَوْلَادَهُ، مِنْ دَارِ الْخِلَافَةِ، وَحُمِلُوا إِلَى دَارِ مُؤْنِسٍ، فَاعْتُقِلُوا بِهَا. وَبَلَغَ الْخَبَرُ هَارُونَ بْنَ غَرِيبٍ، وَهُوَ بِقُطْرُبُّلَ، فَدَخَلَ بَغْدَاذَ وَاسْتَتَرَ، وَمَضَى ابْنُ حَمْدَانَ إِلَى دَارِ ابْنِ طَاهِرٍ، فَأَحْضَرَ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ الْمُعْتَضِدِ، وَبَايَعُوهُ بِالْخِلَافَةِ، وَلَقَّبُوهُ الْقَاهِرَ بِاللَّهِ، وَأَحْضَرُوا الْقَاضِيَ أَبَا عُمَرَ عِنْدَ الْمُقْتَدِرِ لِيَشْهَدَ عَلَيْهِ بِالْخَلْعِ، وَعِنْدَهُ مُؤْنِسٌ، وَنَازُوكُ، وَابْنُ حَمْدَانَ، وَبُنِّيُّ بْنُ نَفِيسٍ، فَقَالَ مُؤْنِسٌ لِلْمُقْتَدِرِ لِيَخْلَعَ نَفْسَهُ مِنَ الْخِلَافَةِ، فَأَشْهَدَ عَلَيْهِ الْقَاضِيَ بِالْخَلْعِ، فَقَامَ ابْنُ حَمْدَانَ، وَقَالَ لِلْمُقْتَدِرِ: يَا سَيِّدِي يَعِزُّ عَلَيَّ أَنْ أَرَاكَ عَلَى هَذِهِ الْحَالِ، وَقَدْ كُنْتُ أَخَافُهَا عَلَيْكَ، وَأَحْذَرُهَا، وَأَنْصَحُ لَكَ، وَأُحَذِّرُكَ عَاقِبَةَ الْقَبُولِ مِنَ الْخَدَمِ، وَالنِّسَاءِ، فَتُؤْثِرُ أَقْوَالَهُمْ عَلَى قَوْلِي، وَكَأَنِّي كُنْتُ أَرَى هَذَا، وَبَعْدُ فَنَحْنُ عَبِيدُكَ وَخَدَمُكَ. وَدَمَعَتْ عَيْنَاهُ وَعَيْنَا الْمُقْتَدِرِ، وَشَهِدَ الْجَمَاعَةُ عَلَى الْمُقْتَدِرِ بِالْخَلْعِ، وَأَوْدَعُوا الْكِتَابَ بِذَلِكَ عِنْدَ الْقَاضِي أَبِي عُمَرَ، فَكَتَمَهُ وَلَمْ يُظْهِرْ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدًا، فَلَمَّا عَادَ الْمُقْتَدِرُ إِلَى الْخِلَافَةِ سَلَّمَهُ إِلَيْهِ، وَأَعْلَمَهُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُطْلِعْ عَلَيْهِ غَيْرَهُ، فَاسْتَحْسَنَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ، وَوَلَّاهُ قَضَاءَ الْقُضَاةِ. وَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ الْأَمْرُ لِلْقَاهِرِ أَخْرَجَ مُؤْنِسٌ الْمُظَفَّرُ عَلِيَّ بْنَ عِيسَى مِنَ الْحَبْسِ، وَرَتَّبَ أَبَا عَلِيِّ بْنَ مُقْلَةَ فِي الْوِزَارَةِ، وَأَضَافَ إِلَى نَازُوكَ مَعَ الشُّرْطَةِ حَجْبَ الْخَلِيفَةِ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى الْبِلَادِ بِذَلِكَ، وَأَقْطَعَ ابْنَ حَمْدَانَ، مُضَافًا إِلَى مَا بِيَدِهِ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ طَرِيقِ خُرَاسَانَ، حُلْوَانَ، وَالدِّينَوَرَ، وَهَمَذَانَ، وَكَنْكُورَ، وَكَرْمَانَ، وَشَاهَانَ، وَالرَّاذَنَاتِ، وَدَقُوقًا، وَخَانِيجَارَ، وَنَهَاوَنْدَ، وَالصَّيْمَرَةَ، وَالسَّيْرَوَانَ، وَمَاسَبَذَانَ وَغَيْرَهَا، وَنُهِبَتْ دَارُ الْخَلِيفَةِ، وَمَضَى بُنِّيُّ بْنُ نَفِيسٍ إِلَى تُرْبَةٍ لِوَالِدَةِ الْمُقْتَدِرِ، فَأَخْرَجَ مِنْ قَبْرٍ فِيهَا سِتَّمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ، وَحَمَلَهَا إِلَى دَارِ الْخَلِيفَةِ. وَكَانَ خَلْعُ الْمُقْتَدِرِ النِّصْفَ مِنَ الْمُحَرَّمِ، ثُمَّ سَكَنَ النَّهْبُ، وَانْقَطَعَتِ الْفِتْنَةُ، وَلَمَّا تَقَلَّدَ نَازُوكُ حَجْبَةَ الْخَلِيفَةِ أَمَرَ الرَّجَّالَةَ الْمُصَافِيَّةَ بِقَلْعِ خِيَامِهِمْ مِنْ دَارِ الْخَلِيفَةِ، وَأَمَرَ رِجَالَهُ وَأَصْحَابَهُ أَنْ يُقِيمُوا بِمَكَانِ الْمُصَافِيَّةِ، فَعَظُمَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَتَقَدَّمَ إِلَى خُلَفَاءِ الْحُجَّابِ أَنْ لَا يُمَكِّنُوا أَحَدًا مِنَ الدُّخُولِ إِلَى دَارِ الْخَلِيفَةِ، إِلَّا مَنْ لَهُ مَرْتَبَةٌ، فَاضْطَرَبَتِ الْحَجْبَةُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ.
Translation
✧ Mention of the Deposition of al-Muqtadir In the year three hundred and seventeen, al-Muqtadir billāh was deposed from the caliphate, and his brother al-Qāhir billāh Muḥammad b. al-Muʿtaḍid was given allegiance. He remained for two days, then al-Muqtadir was restored. The reason for that was that Muʾnis al-Muẓaffar entered Baghdad after ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥamdān, then whoever was desired for the emirate, met him, and he made firm with him what he wanted. He entered his house and did not go to the sultan's palace. Abū al-ʿAbbās, son of the Commander of the Faithful, and Muḥammad b. ʿAlī the vizier went to him and informed him of the Commander of the Faithful's longing for him. He excused his delay by an illness he complained of, so the people spread rumors of his disaffection, and the infantry attacked some of his retinue; his companions fought them, and it occurred to Muʾnis that this was by the sultan's order. He boarded his skiff and went to the Gate of al-Shammāsiyya, and his companions caught up with him, and Nāzūk went out to him with his army. When that reached al-Muqtadir, he dismissed the army from his gate, wrote to Muʾnis and the rest of the army about removing their grievances regarding funds, and addressed Muʾnis with the finest address, saying: "As for Nāzūk, I do not know the reason for his resentment and alienation—may God forgive his ill opinion. As for Ibn Ḥamdān, I know nothing I hold against him except his dismissal from al-Dīnawar; I only intended to transfer him to something greater. None of the group has anything from me but what he loves." Each of them then sought assurance for himself that he would not renounce obedience or break an oath of allegiance, for "I am submissive to the command of God, mighty and glorious, not surrendering a right God has singled me out for, doing what ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān ؓ did, and I will not commit in shedding blood what God, mighty and glorious, has forbidden, and I seek help only from God." The army heard this and said, "Let us go and hear what he says." Al-Muqtadir brought out all who bore arms and sat on his throne with a muṣḥaf in his lap, reading it, and ordered the doors opened and brought his sons and stood them around his throne. Al-Muẓaffar proceeded to the private gate, then dismissed the people in a gracious manner, so they rejoiced at the safety, and al-Muẓaffar returned to his house. That was in early Muḥarram. Then Muʾnis wrote to al-Muqtadir a note mentioning that the army was resentful and denouncing the extravagance in what was spent under the name of servants and women of the palace from funds and estates, and their interference in opinion and the administration of the kingdom, and demanding their expulsion from the palace and the seizure of what was in their hands of funds and properties, and the expulsion of Hārūn b. Gharīb from the palace. Al-Muqtadir answered him that he would do what he could of that and confine himself to what was necessary, and he sought to win their affection, reminded them of his oath of allegiance on their necks time after time, and warned them of the consequence of breaking it. He ordered Hārūn to leave Baghdad and granted him the Syrian and Jazīran frontier districts. He left Baghdad on the ninth of Muḥarram of this year, and al-Muqtadir corresponded with them, reminding them of his favors to them and his kindness toward them, and warning them against ingratitude for his kindness and endeavoring in evil and strife. When he answered them to that, Muʾnis, Ibn Ḥamdān, and Nāzūk entered Baghdad, and the people spread rumors that Muʾnis and those with him had resolved to depose al-Muqtadir and appoint someone else. On the twelfth of Muḥarram, Muʾnis and the army went out to the Gate of al-Shammāsiyya, consulted for a while, then returned to the caliph's palace in full force. When they advanced toward it and drew near, al-Muẓaffar b. Yāqūt fled, along with the rest of the chamberlains, servants, and others, the furnishers, and everyone in the palace. The vizier Abū ʿAlī b. Muqla was present and fled. Muʾnis and the army entered the caliph's palace and brought out al-Muqtadir, his mother, his maternal aunt, his favored concubines, and his children from the caliphal palace, and they were carried to Muʾnis's house and detained there. The news reached Hārūn b. Gharīb while he was at Quṭrubbul, so he entered Baghdad and hid. Ibn Ḥamdān went to the house of Ibn Ṭāhir, brought Muḥammad b. al-Muʿtaḍid, and they gave him allegiance as caliph, titling him al-Qāhir billāh. They brought the qāḍī Abū ʿUmar to al-Muqtadir to witness his deposition, with Muʾnis, Nāzūk, Ibn Ḥamdān, and Bunnī b. Nafīs present. Muʾnis told al-Muqtadir to abdicate the caliphate, so the qāḍī witnessed his deposition. Ibn Ḥamdān stood and said to al-Muqtadir, "My lord, it grieves me to see you in this state, which I feared for you and warned you of, giving you sincere counsel and cautioning you against the consequence of heeding servants and women, preferring their words to mine—as if I foresaw this. But still, we are your slaves and servants." His eyes and al-Muqtadir's eyes shed tears. The group witnessed al-Muqtadir's deposition and deposited the document with the qāḍī Abū ʿUmar, who kept it secret and showed it to no one. When al-Muqtadir returned to the caliphate, he handed it to him and informed him that no one else had seen it, so al-Muqtadir commended that and appointed him chief qāḍī. When matters settled for al-Qāhir, Muʾnis al-Muẓaffar released ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā from prison and installed Abū ʿAlī b. Muqla in the vizierate. He added to Nāzūk, along with the police, the post of chamberlain to the caliph, and wrote to the provinces about that. He granted Ibn Ḥamdān, in addition to what he held of the Khurasan road districts, Ḥulwān, al-Dīnawar, Hamadhān, Kankar, Kirmān, Shāhān, al-Rādhanāt, Daqūqā, Khānījār, Nahāwand, al-Ṣaymara, al-Sayrawān, Māsabadhān, and others. The caliph's palace was plundered, and Bunnī b. Nafīs went to a tomb of al-Muqtadir's mother and took out from a grave in it six hundred thousand dinars and carried them to the caliph's palace. The deposition of al-Muqtadir was in the middle of Muḥarram. Then the plundering subsided and the strife ceased. When Nāzūk assumed the chamberlainship of the caliph, he ordered the al-Muṣāffiyya infantry to remove their tents from the caliph's palace and ordered his men and companions to occupy the place of the al-Muṣāffiyya. That was hard on them, and he ordered the deputies of the chamberlains not to permit anyone to enter the caliph's palace except those of rank, so the chamberlains were disturbed by that.
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