Tarikh (al-Tabari) 3657
The year 294 AH
أَخْبَارِ الْقَرَامِطَةِ وَأَخْذِهِمُ الْحَاجَّ فِي سَنَةُ أَرْبَعٍ وَتِسْعِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ، فِي الْمُحَرَّمِ، ارْتَحَلَ زَكْرَوَيْهِ مِنْ نَهْرِ الْمُثْنِيَةِ يُرِيدُ الْحَاجَّ، فَبَلَغَ السَّلْمَانَ، وَأَقَامَ يَنْتَظِرُهُمْ، فَبَلَغَتِ الْقَافِلَةُ الْأَوْلَى وَاقِصَةَ سَابِعَ الْمُحَرَّمِ، فَأَنْذَرَهُمْ أَهْلُهَا وَأَخْبَرُوهُمْ بِقُرْبِ الْقَرَامِطَةِ، فَارْتَحَلُوا لِسَاعَتِهِمْ. وَسَارَ الْقَرَامِطَةُ إِلَى وَاقِصَةَ، فَسَأَلُوا أَهْلَهَا عَنِ الْحَاجِّ، فَأَخْبَرُوهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ سَارُوا، فَاتَّهَمَهُمْ زَكْرَوَيْهِ، فَقَتَلَ الْعَلَّافَةَ، وَأَحْرَقَ الْعَلَفَ، وَتَحَصَّنَ أَهْلُ وَاقِصَةَ فِي حِصْنِهِمْ، فَحَصَرَهُمْ أَيَّامًا، ثُمَّ ارْتَحَلَ عَنْهُمْ نَحْوَ زُبَالَةَ، وَأَغَارَ فِي طَرِيقِهِ عَلَى جَمَاعَةٍ مِنْ بَنِي أَسَدٍ. وَوَصَلَتِ الْعَسَاكِرُ الْمُنْفَذَةُ مِنْ بَغْدَاذَ إِلَى عُيُونِ الطَّفِّ، فَبَلَغَهُمْ مَسِيرُ زَكْرَوَيْهِ مِنَ السَّلْمَانِ، فَانْصَرَفُوا، وَسَارَ عَلَّانُ بْنُ كُشْمُرْدَ جَرِيدَةً، فَنَزَلَ وَاقِصَةَ بَعْدَ أَنْ جَازَتِ الْقَافِلَةُ الْأُولَى. وَلَقِيَ زَكْرَوَيْهِ الْقَرْمَطِيُّ قَافِلَةَ الْخُرَاسَانِيَّةِ بِعَقَبَةِ الشَّيْطَانِ رَاجِعِينَ مِنْ مَكَّةَ، فَحَارَبَهُمْ حَرْبًا شَدِيدَةً، فَلَمَّا رَأَى شِدَّةَ حَرْبِهِمْ سَأَلَهُمْ: هَلْ فِيكُمْ نَائِبٌ لِلسُّلْطَانِ ؟ فَقَالُوا: مَا مَعَنَا أَحَدٌ، قَالَ: فَلَسْتُ أُرِيدُكُمْ. فَاطْمَأَنُّوا وَسَارُوا، فَلَمَّا سَارُوا أَوْقَعَ بِهِمْ، وَقَتَلَهُمْ عَنْ آخِرِهِمْ، وَلَمْ يَنْجُ إِلَّا الشَّرِيدُ، وَسَبَوْا مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مَا أَرَادُوا، وَقَتَلُوا مِنْهُنَّ. وَكَانَتْ نِسَاءُ الْقَرَامِطَةِ يَطُفْنَ بَيْنَ الْقَتْلَى مِنَ الْحُجَّاجِ بِالْمَاءِ صِفَةَ أَنَّهُنَّ يَسْقِينَ الْجَرْحَى فَمَنْ كَلَّمَهُنَّ مِنَ الْجَرْحَى قَتَلْنَهُ وَأَجْهَزْنَ عَلَيْهِ لَعَنَهُنَّ اللَّهُ وَقَبَّحَ أَزْوَاجَهُنَّ. وَلَقِيَ بَعْضُ الْمُنْهَزِمِينَ عَلَّانَ بْنَ كُشْمُرْدَ، فَأَخْبَرُوهُ خَبَرَهُمْ، وَقَالُوا لَهُ: مَا بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُمْ إِلَّا الْقَلِيلُ، وَلَوْ رَأَوْكَ لَقَوِيَتْ نُفُوسُهُمْ، فَاللَّهَ اللَّهَ فِيهِمْ ! فَقَالَ: لَا أُعَرِّضُ أَصْحَابَ السُّلْطَانِ لِلْقَتْلِ، وَرَجَعَ هُوَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ. وَكَتَبَ مَنْ نَجَا مِنَ الْحُجَّاجِ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْقَافِلَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ إِلَى رُؤَسَاءِ الْقَافِلَةِ الثَّالِثَةِ مِنَ الْحُجَّاجِ يُعْلِمُونَهُمْ مَا جَرَى مِنَ الْقَرَامِطَةِ، وَيَأْمُرُونَهُمْ بِالتَّحَذُّرِ، وَالْعُدُولِ عَنِ الْجَادَّةِ نَحْوَ وَاسِطَ وَالْبَصْرَةِ، وَالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى فَيْدَ وَالْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى أَنْ تَأْتِيَهُمْ جُيُوشُ السُّلْطَانِ، فَلَمْ يَسْمَعُوا، وَلَمْ يُقِيمُوا. وَسَارَتِ الْقَرَامِطَةُ مِنَ الْعَقَبَةِ بَعْدَ أَخْذِ الْحَاجِّ، وَقَدْ طَمَّوُا الْآبَارَ وَالْبِرَكَ بِالْجِيَفِ، وَالتُّرَابِ، بِوَاقِصَةَ، وَالثَّعْلَبِيَّةِ، وَالْعَقَبَةِ، وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْمَنَاهِلِ فِي جَمِيعِ طَرِيقِهِمْ. وَأَقَامَ [ زَكْرَوَيْهِ ] بِالْهَبِيرِ يَنْتَظِرُ الْقَافِلَةَ الثَّالِثَةَ، فَسَارُوا فَصَادَفُوهُ هُنَاكَ، فَقَاتَلَهُمْ زَكْرَوَيْهِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ، وَهُمْ عَلَى غَيْرِ مَاءٍ، فَاسْتَسْلَمُوا لِشِدَّةِ الْعَطَشِ، فَوَضَعَ فِيهِمُ السَّيْفَ وَقَتَلَهُمْ عَنْ آخِرِهِمْ، وَجَمَعَ الْقَتْلَى كَالتَّلِّ، وَأَرْسَلَ خَلْفَ الْمُنْهَزِمِينَ مَنْ يَبْذُلُ لَهُمُ الْأَمَانَ، فَلَمَّا رَجَعُوا قَتَلَهُمْ، وَكَانَ فِي الْقَتْلَى مُبَارَكٌ الْقُمِّيُّ، وَوَلَدُهُ أَبُو الْعَشَائِرِ بْنُ حَمْدَانَ. وَقِيلَ إِنَّ عِدَّةَ الْقَتْلَى بَلَغَتْ عِشْرِينَ أَلْفًا، وَلَمْ يَنْجُ إِلَّا مَنْ كَانَ بَيْنَ الْقَتْلَى فَلَمْ يُفْطَنْ لَهُ فَنَجَا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَمَنْ هَرَبَ عِنْدَ اشْتِغَالِ الْقَرَامِطَةِ بِالْقَتْلِ وَالنَّهْبِ، فَكَانَ مَنْ مَاتَ مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّنْ سَلِمَ وَمَنِ اسْتَعْبَدُوهُ، وَكَانَ مَبْلَغُ مَا أَخَذُوهُ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْقَافِلَةِ أَلْفَيْ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ. وَكَانَ فِي جُمْلَةِ مَا أَخَذُوا فِيهَا أَمْوَالُ الطُّولُونِيَّةِ وَأَسْبَابُهُمْ، فَإِنَّهُمْ لَمَّا عَزَمُوا عَلَى الِانْتِقَالِ مِنْ مِصْرَ إِلَى بَغْدَاذَ خَافُوا أَنْ يَسْتَصْحِبُوهَا فَتُؤْخَذَ مِنْهُمْ، فَعَمِلُوا الذَّهَبَ وَالنَّقْرَةَ سَبَائِكَ، وَجَعَلُوهَا فِي حَدَائِجِ الْجِمَالِ، وَجَمِيعَ مَا لَهُمْ مِنَ الْحُلِيِّ وَالْجَوْهَرِ، وَسَيَّرُوا الْجَمِيعَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ سِرًّا، وَسَارَ مِنْ مَكَّةَ فِي هَذِهِ الْقَافِلَةِ فَأُخِذَتْ. وَبَثَّ زَكْرَوَيْهِ الطَّلَائِعَ خَوْفًا مِنْ عَسْكَرِ الْخَلِيفَةِ الَّذِي كَانَ بِالْقَادِسِيَّةِ، وَأَقَامَ يَنْتَظِرُ وُصُولَ مَنْ كَانَ فِي الْحَجِّ مِنْ عَسْكَرِ الْخَلِيفَةِ وَأَصْحَابِهِ، فَكَانُوا بِفَيْدَ يَنْتَظِرُونَ هَلْ تَعْرِضُ الْقَرَامِطَةُ لِلْحَاجِّ أَمْ لَا، فَكَانَ مَعَهُمْ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ التُّجَّارِ أَرْبَابِ الْأَمْوَالِ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهُمْ مَا صَنَعَ الْقَرَامِطَةُ أَقَامُوا يَنْتَظِرُونَ وُصُولَ عَسْكَرٍ مِنْ عِنْدِ الْخَلِيفَةِ، فَسَارَ زَكْرَوَيْهِ إِلَيْهِمْ وَغَوَّرَ الْآبَارَ، وَالْمَصَانِعَ، وَالْمِيَاهَ إِلَى فَيْدَ، فَاحْتَمَى أَهْلُ فَيْدَ وَمَنْ بِهَا مِنَ الْحُجَّاجِ بِالْحِصْنَيْنِ اللَّذَيْنِ بِفَيْدَ وَحَصَرَهُمْ فِيهِمَا الْقَرَامِطَةُ، وَأَرْسَلَ زَكْرَوَيْهِ إِلَى أَهْلِ فَيْدَ يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِإِخْرَاجِهِمْ أَوْ بِتَسْلِيمِ الْحِصْنَيْنِ إِلَيْهِ، وَبَذَلَ لَهُمُ الْأَمَانَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَلَمْ يُجِيبُوهُ، فَتَهَدَّدَهُمْ بِالنَّهْبِ وَالْقَتْلِ، فَازْدَادَ امْتِنَاعُهُمْ، وَأَقَامَ عَلَيْهِمْ عِدَّةَ أَيَّامٍ، ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى النِّبَاجِ ثُمَّ إِلَى حُفَيْرِ أَبِي مُوسَى. مقتل زكرويه قَتْلِ زَكْرَوَيْهِ لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ لَمَّا فَعَلَ زَكْرَوَيْهِ بِالْحُجَّاجِ مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ عَظُمَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى الْخَلِيفَةِ خَاصَّةً، وَعَلَى جَمِيعِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَامَّةً، فَجَهَّزَ الْمُكْتَفِي الْجُيُوشَ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ أَوَّلُ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ سَيَّرَ وَصِيفَ بْنَ صُوَارِتِكِينَ مَعَ جَمَاعَةٍ مِنَ الْقُوَّادِ وَالْعَسَاكِرِ إِلَى الْقَرَامِطَةِ، فَسَارَ عَلَى طَرِيقِ حِفَّانَ، فَلَقِيَهُمْ زَكْرَوَيْهِ، وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مَنِ الْقَرَامِطَةِ، ثَامِنَ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا يَوْمَهُمْ، ( ثُمَّ حَجَزَ بَيْنَهُمُ اللَّيْلُ، وَبَاتُوا يَتَحَارَسُونَ، ثُمَّ بَكَّرُوا لِلْقِتَالِ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا )، فَقُتِلَ مِنَ الْقَرَامِطَةِ مَقْتَلَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ. وَوَصَلَ عَسْكَرُ الْخَلِيفَةِ إِلَى عَدُوِّ اللَّهِ زَكْرَوَيْهِ، فَضَرَبَهُ بَعْضُ الْجُنْدِ وَهُوَ مُوَلٍّ بِالسَّيْفِ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ، فَبَلَغَتِ الضَّرْبَةُ دِمَاغَهُ، وَأَخَذَهُ أَسِيرًا، وَأُخِذَ خَلِيفَتُهُ وَجَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ خَوَاصِّهِ وَأَقْرِبَائِهِ، وَفِيهِمُ ابْنُهُ، وَكَاتِبُهُ، وَزَوْجَتُهُ، وَاحْتَوَى الْجُنْدُ عَلَى مَا فِي الْعَسْكَرِ. وَعَاشَ زَكْرَوَيْهِ خَمْسَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَمَاتَ، فَسُيِّرَتْ جِيفَتُهُ وَالْأَسْرَى إِلَى بَغْدَاذَ، وَانْهَزَمَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، فَأَوْقَعَ بِهِمُ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ حَمْدَانَ، فَقَتَلُوهُمْ جَمِيعًا، وَأَخَذُوا جَمَاعَةً مِنَ النِّسَاءِ وَالصِّبْيَانِ، وَحُمِلَ رَأْسُ زَكْرَوَيْهِ إِلَى خُرَاسَانَ، لِئَلَّا يَنْقَطِعَ الْحُجَّاجُ، وَأَخَذَ الْأَعْرَابُ رَجُلَيْنِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ زَكْرَوَيْهِ يُعْرَفُ أَحَدَهُمَا بِالْحَدَّادِ، وَالْآخَرُ بِالْمُنْتَقِمِ، وَهُوَ أَخُو امْرَأَةِ زَكْرَوَيْهِ، كَانَا قَدْ سَارَا إِلَيْهِمْ يَدْعُوَانِهِمْ إِلَى الْخُرُوجِ مَعَهُمْ، فَلَمَّا أَخَذُوهُمَا سَيَّرُوهُمَا إِلَى بَغْدَاذَ، وَتَتَبَّعَ الْخَلِيفَةُ الْقَرَامِطَةَ بِالْعِرَاقِ، فَقَتَلَ بَعْضَهُمْ، وَحَبَسَ بَعْضَهُمْ، وَمَاتَ بَعْضُهُمْ فِي الْحَبْسِ.
Translation
✧ Reports of the Qarāmiṭa and their seizing of the pilgrims In the year two hundred and ninety-four, in Muḥarram, Zakrawayh set out from Nahr al-Muthannā seeking the pilgrims, and reached al-Salmān, and stayed waiting for them. The first caravan reached Wāqiṣa on the seventh of Muḥarram, and its people warned them and informed them of the nearness of the Qarāmiṭa, so they departed immediately. The Qarāmiṭa marched to Wāqiṣa and asked its people about the pilgrims, and they told them that they had departed. Zakrawayh suspected them, so he killed the fodder merchant and burned the fodder. The people of Wāqiṣa fortified themselves in their fortress, and he besieged them for some days, then departed from them toward Zubāla, and raided on his way a group of Banū Asad. The armies sent from Baghdādh reached ʿUyūn al-Ṭaff, and news of Zakrawayh's march from al-Salmān reached them, so they turned back. ʿAllān b. Kushmurd marched as a light cavalry detachment and halted at Wāqiṣa after the first caravan had passed. Zakrawayh al-Qarmaṭī met the Khurāsānian caravan at ʿAqabat al-Shayṭān as they were returning from Makkah, and fought them a fierce battle. When he saw the severity of their fighting, he asked them: "Is there among you a deputy of the sultan?" They said: "No one is with us." He said: "Then I do not want you." So they felt secure and departed. But when they had departed, he fell upon them and killed them to the last, and none escaped except the fugitive. They took as captives from the women as many as they wished, and killed some of them. The women of the Qarāmiṭa would go about among the slain pilgrims with water, pretending to give drink to the wounded, and whoever of the wounded spoke to them they killed and dispatched—may God curse them and disfigure their husbands! Some of the defeated met ʿAllān b. Kushmurd and told him their news, and said to him: "Between you and them is only a short distance, and if they saw you their spirits would be strengthened. For God's sake, for God's sake, save them!" He said: "I will not expose the companions of the sultan to being killed," and he and his companions returned. Those of the pilgrims of this second caravan who escaped wrote to the leaders of the third caravan of pilgrims, informing them of what had happened from the Qarāmiṭa, and commanding them to be on guard, and to turn aside from the main road toward Wāsiṭ and al-Baṣra, and to return to Fayd and al-Madīna until the armies of the sultan should come to them. But they did not listen and did not remain. The Qarāmiṭa departed from al-ʿAqaba after seizing the pilgrims, having filled up the wells and pools with corpses and earth at Wāqiṣa, al-Thaʿlabiyya, al-ʿAqaba, and other watering places along their entire route. And [Zakrawayh] stayed at al-Habīr waiting for the third caravan. They marched and encountered him there. Zakrawayh fought them for three days while they were without water, and they surrendered from severe thirst. He put the sword to them and killed them to the last, and gathered the slain like a hill. He sent after the fugitives those who offered them safety, and when they returned, he killed them. Among the slain were Mubārak al-Qummī and his son, Abū al-ʿAshāʾir b. Ḥamdān. It is said that the number of those killed reached twenty thousand, and none escaped except those who were among the slain and were not noticed and thus escaped afterwards, and those who fled while the Qarāmiṭa were occupied with killing and plundering. Of these, those who died were more than those who survived and those whom they enslaved. The amount of what they took from this caravan was two million dinars. Among what they took in it were the properties of the Ṭūlūnids and their goods, for when they resolved to move from Miṣr to Baghdādh, they feared to carry them lest they be taken from them. So they made the gold and silver into ingots, and placed them in the camel litters along with all their jewelry and gems, and sent all of it secretly to Makkah, and it traveled from Makkah in this caravan and was seized. Zakrawayh sent out scouts fearing the caliph's army which was at al-Qādisiyya, and he stayed waiting for the arrival of those of the caliph's army and his companions who had been on the pilgrimage. They were at Fayd waiting to see whether the Qarāmiṭa would confront the pilgrims or not, and with them was a group of merchants of wealth. When news reached them of what the Qarāmiṭa had done, they remained waiting for the arrival of an army from the caliph. So Zakrawayh marched against them and filled up the wells, reservoirs, and waters as far as Fayd. The people of Fayd and the pilgrims there took refuge in the two fortresses at Fayd, and the Qarāmiṭa besieged them in them. Zakrawayh sent to the people of Fayd ordering them to expel them or hand over the two fortresses to him, offering them safety for that. But they did not answer him, so he threatened them with plunder and killing, but their resistance only increased. He stayed against them for several days, then departed to al-Nibāj, then to Ḥufayr Abī Mūsā. The killing of Zakrawayh When Zakrawayh did to the pilgrims what we have mentioned, it weighed heavily upon the caliph in particular and upon all Muslims in general. Al-Muktafī equipped the armies, and at the beginning of Rabīʿ al-Awwal he sent Waṣīf b. Ṣuwāratikīn with a group of commanders and troops against the Qarāmiṭa. He marched by way of Ḥiffān, and Zakrawayh and those of the Qarāmiṭa with him met them on the eighth of Rabīʿ al-Awwal. They fought that day, then night separated them, and they spent the night on guard against each other. Then they rose early for battle and fought a severe fight, and a great slaughter took place among the Qarāmiṭa. The caliph's army reached the enemy of God Zakrawayh, and one of the soldiers struck him with a sword on his head as he was turning away, and the blow reached his brain. He was taken prisoner, and his deputy was taken, along with a group of his close associates and relatives, including his son, his secretary, and his wife. The soldiers seized what was in the camp. Zakrawayh lived five days and died. His corpse and the prisoners were sent to Baghdādh, and a group of his companions fled to al-Shām, but al-Ḥusayn b. Ḥamdān fell upon them, and they were all killed, and a group of women and children were taken. The head of Zakrawayh was carried to Khurāsān so that the pilgrims would not be cut off. The Bedouin seized two men of Zakrawayh's companions, one known as al-Ḥaddād and the other as al-Muntaqim, who was the brother of Zakrawayh's wife. They had gone to them calling them to join the revolt with them. When they seized them, they sent them to Baghdādh. The caliph pursued the Qarāmiṭa in al-ʿIrāq, killing some of them, imprisoning others, and some of them died in prison.
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