Tarikh (al-Tabari) 36
Creation of the jinn and the story of Satan
خَلْقِ الْجَانِّ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: خَلَقَ الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ صَلْصَالٍ كَالْفَخَّارِ وَخَلَقَ الْجَانَّ مِنْ مَارِجٍ مِنْ نَارٍ فَبِأَيِ آلَاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ [ الرَّحْمَنِ: 14 - 16 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ صَلْصَالٍ مِنْ حَمَأٍ مَسْنُونٍ وَالْجَانَّ خَلَقْنَاهُ مِنْ قَبْلُ مِنْ نَارِ السَّمُومِ [ الْحِجْرِ: 26 - 27 ]. وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَعِكْرِمَةُ، وَمُجَاهِدٌ، وَالْحَسَنُ، وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ مَارِجٍ مِنْ نَارٍ. قَالُوا: مِنْ طَرَفِ اللَّهَبِ، وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: مِنْ خَالِصِهِ وَأَحْسَنِهِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا آنِفًا مِنْ طَرِيقِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: خُلِقَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ مِنْ نُورٍ، وَخُلِقَ الْجَانُّ مِنْ مَارِجٍ مِنْ نَارٍ، وَخُلِقَ آدَمُ مِمَّا وُصِفَ لَكُمْ. رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ. قَالَ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ عُلَمَاءِ التَّفْسِيرِ: خُلِقَتِ الْجِنُّ قَبْلَ آدَمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَكَانَ قَبْلَهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ الْحِنُّ وَالْبِنُّ، فَسَلَّطَ اللَّهُ الْجِنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ فَقَتَلُوهُمْ، وَأَجْلَوْهُمْ عَنْهَا وَأَبَادُوهُمْ مِنْهَا، وَسَكَنُوهَا بَعْدَهُمْ بِسَبَبِ مَا أَحْدَثُوا. أنواع الجن والْجِنُّ ثَلَاثَةُ أَنْوَاعٍ: جَانٌّ، وَجِنٌّ، وَشَيَاطِينُ، وَلَا خِلَافَ أَنَّ الْكُلَّ خُلِقُوا قَبْلَ آدَمَ . فَأَمَّا الْجَانُّ: فَفِيهِ ثَلَاثَةُ أَقْوَالٍ، أَحَدُهَا: أَنَّهُ أَبُو الْجِنِّ، رَوَاهُ أَبُو صَالِحٍ، وَالضَّحَّاكُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وَهُوَ مَخْلُوقٌ مِنْ نَارٍ. وَرَوَى عِكْرِمَةُ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: كَانَ أَبُو الْجِنِّ اسْمُهُ سَوْمَا، فَقَالَ اللَّهُ لَهُ: تَمَنَّ، فَقَالَ: أَتَمَنَّى أَنْ نَرَى وَلَا نُرَى، وَأَنْ نَغِيبَ فِي الثَّرَى، وَأَنْ يَصِيرَ كَهْلُنَا شَابًّا، فَأُعْطِيَ ذَلِكَ، فَإِنَّ الدَّهْرَ لَيَمُرُ عَلَى إِبْلِيسَ فَيُهْرِمُهُ ثُمَّ يُصْبِحُ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً. وَالثَّانِي: أَنَّ الْجَانَّ هُوَ الِاثْنَيْنِ، قَالَهُ الْحَسَنُ، وَعَطَاءٌ، وَقَتَادَةُ، وَمُقَاتِلٌ. وَالثَّالِثُ: أَنَّ الْجَانَّ مَسِيخُ الْجِنِّ. فعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: الْجَانُّ مَسِيخُ الْجِنِّ، كَمَا أَنَّ الْقِرَدَةَ وَالْخَنَازِيرَ مَسِيخُ الْإِنْسِ. وَأَمَّا الشَّيَاطِينُ: فَكُلُّ مُتَجَبِّرٍ عَاتٍ مِنَ الْجِنِّ . وَهُوَ مَأْخُوذٌ مِنْ شَطَنَ أَيْ بَعُدَ عَنِ الْخَيْرِ وَقِيلَ بَعْدَ غَوْرِهِ فِي الشَّرِّ. وَكَذَلِكَ الْمَارِدُ وَالْعِفْرِيتُ. وَقَدْ رَوَى الضَّحَّاكُ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: الشَّيَاطِينُ وِلْدَانُ إِبْلِيسَ لَا يَمُوتُونَ إِلَّا مَعَ إِبْلِيسَ. وَالْجِنُّ: يَمُوتُونَ، وَمِنْهُمُ الْمُؤْمِنُ وَمِنْهُمُ الْكَافِرُ . وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: فِي الْجِنِّ شِيعَةٌ وَقَدَرِيَّةٌ وَمُرْجِئَةٌ. قَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ: خَلَقَ اللَّهُ الْجِنَّ قَبْلَ آدَمَ بِأَلْفَيْ سَنَةٍ. وَقَدْ رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ الْغِيلَانِ، فَقَالَ: "هِيَ شَجَرَةُ الْجِنِّ". وَقِيلَ عِنْدَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ إِنَّ الْغِيلَانَ تَتَحَوَّلُ عَنْ خَلْقِهَا، فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ شَيْءٌ يَتَحَوَّلُ عَنْ خَلْقِهِ، وَلَكِنْ لَهُمْ سَحَرَةٌ كَسَحَرَتِكُمْ، فَإِذَا أَحْسَسْتُمْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا فَأَذِّنُوا. وَرَوَى أَبُو الدَّرْدَاءِ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، قَالَ: "خَلَقَ اللَّهُ الْجِنَّ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَصْنَافٍ، صِنْفٌ حَيَّاتٌ وَعَقَارِبُ وَخَشَاشُ الْأَرْضِ، وَصِنْفٌ كَالرِّيحِ فِي الْهَوَاءِ، وَصِنْفٌ عَلَيْهِمُ الْحِسَابُ وَالْعِقَابُ. وَخَلَقَ الْإِنْسَ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَصْنَافٍ: صِنْفٌ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا، وَصِنْفٌ أَجْسَادُهُمْ أَجْسَادُ بَنِي آَدَمَ وَأَرْوَاحُهُمْ أَرْوَاحُ الشَّيَاطِينِ، وَصِنْفٌ فِي ظِلِ اللَّهِ يَوْمَ لَا ظِلَ إِلَّا ظِلُّهِ". وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ الْجَانَّ خُلِقُوا مِنَ النَّارِ ، وَهُمْ كَبَنِي آدَمَ يَأْكُلُونَ وَيَشْرَبُونَ وَيَتَنَاسَلُونَ، وَمِنْهُمُ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ وَمِنْهُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ كَمَا أَخْبَرَ تَعَالَى عَنْهُمْ فِي سُورَةِ الْجِنِّ، وَفِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ صَرَفْنَا إِلَيْكَ نَفَرًا مِنَ الْجِنِّ يَسْتَمِعُونَ الْقُرْآنَ فَلَمَّا حَضَرُوهُ قَالُوا أَنْصِتُوا فَلَمَّا قُضِيَ وَلَّوْا إِلَى قَوْمِهِمْ مُنْذِرِينَ قَالُوا يَا قَوْمَنَا إِنَّا سَمِعْنَا كِتَابًا أُنْزِلَ مِنْ بَعْدِ مُوسَى مُصَدِّقًا لِمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ يَهْدِي إِلَى الْحَقِّ وَإِلَى طَرِيقٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ يَا قَوْمَنَا أَجِيبُوا دَاعِيَ اللَّهِ وَآمِنُوا بِهِ يَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ مِنْ ذُنُوبِكُمْ وَيُجِرْكُمْ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ وَمَنْ لَا يُجِبْ دَاعِيَ اللَّهِ فَلَيْسَ بِمُعْجِزٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مِنْ دُونِهِ أَوْلِيَاءُ أُولَئِكَ فِي ضَلَالٍ مُبِينٍ [ الْأَحْقَافِ: 29 - 32 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: قُلْ أُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ أَنَّهُ اسْتَمَعَ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْجِنِّ فَقَالُوا إِنَّا سَمِعْنَا قُرْآنًا عَجَبًا يَهْدِي إِلَى الرُّشْدِ فَآمَنَّا بِهِ وَلَنْ نُشْرِكَ بِرَبِّنَا أَحَدًا وَأَنَّهُ تَعَالَى جَدُّ رَبِّنَا مَا اتَّخَذَ صَاحِبَةً وَلَا وَلَدًا وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ سَفِيهُنَا عَلَى اللَّهِ شَطَطًا وَأَنَّا ظَنَنَّا أَنْ لَنْ تَقُولَ الْإِنْسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ رِجَالٌ مِنَ الْإِنْسِ يَعُوذُونَ بِرِجَالٍ مِنَ الْجِنِّ فَزَادُوهُمْ رَهَقًا وَأَنَّهُمْ ظَنُّوا كَمَا ظَنَنْتُمْ أَنْ لَنْ يَبْعَثَ اللَّهُ أَحَدًا وَأَنَّا لَمَسْنَا السَّمَاءَ فَوَجَدْنَاهَا مُلِئَتْ حَرَسًا شَدِيدًا وَشُهُبًا وَأَنَّا كُنَّا نَقْعُدُ مِنْهَا مَقَاعِدَ لِلسَّمْعِ فَمَنْ يَسْتَمِعِ الْآنَ يَجِدْ لَهُ شِهَابًا رَصَدًا وَأَنَّا لَا نَدْرِي أَشَرٌّ أُرِيدَ بِمَنْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَمْ أَرَادَ بِهِمْ رَبُّهُمْ رَشَدًا وَأَنَّا مِنَّا الصَّالِحُونَ وَمِنَّا دُونَ ذَلِكَ كُنَّا طَرَائِقَ قِدَدًا وَأَنَّا ظَنَنَّا أَنْ لَنْ نُعْجِزَ اللَّهَ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَلَنْ نُعْجِزَهُ هَرَبًا وَأَنَّا لَمَّا سَمِعْنَا الْهُدَى آمَنَّا بِهِ فَمَنْ يُؤْمِنْ بِرَبِّهِ فَلَا يَخَافُ بَخْسًا وَلَا رَهَقًا وَأَنَّا مِنَّا الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَمِنَّا الْقَاسِطُونَ فَمَنْ أَسْلَمَ فَأُولَئِكَ تَحَرَّوْا رَشَدًا وَأَمَّا الْقَاسِطُونَ فَكَانُوا لِجَهَنَّمَ حَطَبًا وَأَنْ لَوِ اسْتَقَامُوا عَلَى الطَّرِيقَةِ لَأَسْقَيْنَاهُمْ مَاءً غَدَقًا لِنَفْتِنَهُمْ فِيهِ وَمَنْ يُعْرِضْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ رَبِّهِ يَسْلُكْهُ عَذَابًا صَعَدًا [ الْجِنِّ: 1 - 17 ].
Translation
✧ THE CREATION OF THE JINN Allah, exalted is He, said: He created man from sounding clay like pottery, and He created the jinn from a smokeless flame of fire. So which of the favors of your Lord will you deny? [Al-Raḥmān: 14–16]. And He, exalted is He, said: And indeed We created man from sounding clay, from black mud altered. And the jinn We created before from scorching fire [Al-Ḥijr: 26–27]. Ibn ʿAbbās, ʿIkrimah, Mujāhid, al-Ḥasan, and more than one said regarding "from a smokeless flame of fire": they said, from the tip of the flame; and in one narration: from its purest and best part. We have mentioned previously by way of al-Zuhrī, from ʿUrwah, from ʿĀʾishah, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: The angels were created from light, the jinn were created from a smokeless flame of fire, and Adam was created from what has been described to you. Muslim narrated it. Many scholars of exegesis said: The jinn were created before Adam ﷺ, and before them in the earth were the ḥinn and the binn, so Allah gave the jinn power over them and they killed them, expelled them from it, and annihilated them from it, and dwelt in it after them because of what they had brought about. Types of jinn: The jinn are of three types: jānn, jinn, and shayāṭīn, and there is no disagreement that all of them were created before Adam. As for the jānn, there are three opinions regarding it. One of them is that he is the father of the jinn, as narrated by Abū Ṣāliḥ and al-Ḍaḥḥāk from Ibn ʿAbbās, and he was created from fire. ʿIkrimah narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The father of the jinn was named Sawmā, so Allah said to him: Wish. He said: I wish that we see but are not seen, that we disappear into the soil, and that our old man becomes a youth. So he was granted that, for time passes over Iblīs and ages him, then he wakes up as a thirty-year-old. The second: that the jānn is the dual, said by al-Ḥasan, ʿAṭāʾ, Qatādah, and Muqātil. The third: that the jānn is the deformed of the jinn. From Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The jānn is the deformed of the jinn, just as apes and pigs are the deformed of humans. As for the shayāṭīn, they are every arrogant, insolent one among the jinn. It is derived from shaṭana, meaning he was distant from good; and it is said: due to the depth of his immersion in evil. Likewise al-mārid and al-ʿifrīt. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The shayāṭīn are the children of Iblīs; they do not die except with Iblīs. And the jinn die, and among them are believers and among them are disbelievers. Al-Suddī said: Among the jinn are Shīʿah, Qadarīyah, and Murjiʾah. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: Allah created the jinn two thousand years before Adam. It has been narrated from the Prophet ﷺ that he was asked about the ghīlān, and he said: "They are the trees of the jinn." It was said in the presence of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ that the ghīlān change from their creation, so he said: Nothing changes from its creation, but they have sorcerers like your sorcerers; so if you sense any of that, call the adhān. Abū al-Dardāʾ narrated from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, who said: "Allah created the jinn in three kinds: a kind that are snakes, scorpions, and creeping things of the earth; a kind like the wind in the air; and a kind upon whom is the reckoning and the punishment. And He created humans in three kinds: a kind who have hearts with which they do not understand; a kind whose bodies are the bodies of the children of Adam and whose spirits are the spirits of the shayāṭīn; and a kind who are in the shade of Allah on a day when there is no shade but His shade." The point is that the jānn were created from fire, and they are like the children of Adam: they eat, drink, and procreate, and among them are believers and among them are disbelievers, as He, exalted is He, informed about them in Sūrat al-Jinn, and in His saying, exalted is He: And when We turned toward you a group of jinn listening to the Qurʾān, and when they attended it they said: Listen attentively. And when it was finished, they returned to their people as warners. They said: O our people, indeed we have heard a Book sent down after Moses, confirming what was before it, guiding to the truth and to a straight path. O our people, respond to the caller of Allah and believe in him; He will forgive you of your sins and protect you from a painful punishment. And whoever does not respond to the caller of Allah will not escape in the earth, and he will have no protectors besides Him. Those are in clear error [Al-Aḥqāf: 29–32]. And He, exalted is He, said: Say: It has been revealed to me that a group of jinn listened and said: Indeed we have heard a wondrous Qurʾān, guiding to right conduct, so we believed in it and we will never associate anyone with our Lord. And that He, exalted be the majesty of our Lord, has not taken a wife or a son. And that our foolish one used to say about Allah an excessive transgression. And we thought that humans and jinn would never speak a lie about Allah. And that there were men among humans who sought refuge with men among the jinn, so they increased them in burden. And they thought, as you thought, that Allah would never send anyone. And we have touched the heaven and found it filled with strong guards and meteors. And we used to sit in positions there for listening, but whoever listens now finds a meteor lying in wait for him. And we do not know whether evil is intended for those on earth or their Lord intends for them right guidance. And among us are the righteous and among us are less than that; we were of differing paths. And we thought that we could never escape Allah in the earth and could never escape Him by flight. And when we heard the guidance, we believed in it; so whoever believes in his Lord will not fear loss or burden. And among us are Muslims and among us are deviators; so whoever submits, those have sought right guidance. And as for the deviators, they will be firewood for Hell. And if they had remained upright on the path, We would have given them abundant water to drink, to test them therein. And whoever turns away from the remembrance of his Lord, He will make him enter an ascending punishment [Al-Jinn: 1–17].
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