Tarikh (al-Tabari) 3589
The Year 279 AH
عَزْلِ رَافِعِ بْنِ هَرْثَمَةَ مِنْ خُرَاسَانَ وَقَتْلِهِ وَفِي سنة تسع وسبعين ومائتين عَزَلَ الْمُعْتَضِدُ رَافِعَ بْنَ هَرْثَمَةَ عَنْ خُرَاسَانَ. وَسَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُعْتَضِدَ كَتَبَ إِلَى رَافِعٍ بِتَخْلِيَةِ قُرَى السُّلْطَانِ بِالرَّيِّ، فَلَمْ يَقْبَلْ، فَأَشَارَ عَلَى رَافِعٍ أَصْحَابُهُ بِرَدِّ الْقُرَى لِئَلَّا يَفْسُدَ حَالُهُ بِكِتَابٍ، فَلَمْ يَقْبَلْ أَيْضًا، وَكَتَبَ الْمُعْتَضِدُ إِلَى أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ أَبِي دُلَفَ بِأَمْرِهِ بِمُحَارَبَةِ رَافِعٍ وَإِخْرَاجِهِ عَنِ الرَّيِّ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ اللَّيْثِ بِتَوْلِيَتِهِ خُرَاسَانَ. ثُمَّ إِنَّ أَحْمَدَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ لَقِيَ رَافِعًا فَقَاتَلَهُ، فَانْهَزَمَ رَافِعٌ عَنِ الرَّيِّ، وَسَارَ إِلَى جُرْجَانَ، وَمَاتَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ سَنَةَ ثَمَانِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ، فَعَادَ رَافِعٌ إِلَى الرَّيِّ، فَلَاقَاهُ عَمْرٌو، وَبَكْرٌ ابْنَا عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَانْهَزَمَ عَمْرٌو وَبَكْرٌ، وَقُتِلَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِمَا مَقْتَلَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ، وَوَصَلُوا إِلَى أَصْبَهَانَ، وَذَلِكَ فِي جُمَادَى الْأُولَى سَنَةَ ثَمَانِينَ [ وَمِائَتَيْنِ ]. وَأَقَامَ رَافِعٌ بِالرَّيِّ بَاقِيَ سَنَتِهِ، وَمَاتَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ اللَّيْثِ مَعَهُ فِي الرَّيِّ. ثُمَّ إِنَّ عَمْرَو بْنَ اللَّيْثِ وَافَى نَيْسَابُورَ فِي جُمَادَى الْأُولَى سَنَةَ ثَمَانِينَ [ وَمِائَتَيْنِ ]، وَاسْتَوْلَى عَلَيْهَا، وَعَلَى خُرَاسَانَ، فَبَلَغَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى رَافِعٍ، فَجَمَعَ أَصْحَابَهُ، وَاسْتَشَارَهُمْ فِيمَا يَفْعَلُ، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: إِنَّ الْأَعْدَاءَ قَدْ أَحْدَقُوا بِنَا، وَلَا آمَنُ أَنْ يَتَّفِقُوا عَلَيْنَا ; هَذَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ بِالدَّيْلَمِ يَنْتَظِرُ فُرْصَةً لِيَنْتَهِزَهَا ; وَهَذَا عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ قَدْ فَعَلْتُ بِهِ مَا فَعَلْتُ، فَهُوَ يَتَرَبَّصُ الدَّوَائِرَ ; وَهَذَا عَمْرُو بْنُ اللَّيْثِ قَدْ وَافَى خُرَاسَانَ بِجُمُوعِهِ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ أَنْ أُصَالِحَ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ، وَأُعِيدَ إِلَيْهِ طَبَرِسْتَانَ، وَأُصَالِحَ ابْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، ثُمَّ أَسِيرَ إِلَى عَمْرٍو، فَأُخْرِجَهُ عَنْ خُرَاسَانَ، فَوَافَقُوهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى ابْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فَصَالَحَهُ، وَاسْتَقَرَّ الْأَمْرُ بَيْنَهُمَا فِي شَعْبَانَ سَنَةَ ثَمَانِينَ [ وَمِائَتَيْنِ ]. ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى طَبَرِسْتَانَ، فَوَرَدَهَا فِي شَعْبَانَ سَنَةَ إِحْدَى وَثَمَانِينَ [ وَمِائَتَيْنِ ]، وَكَانَ قَدْ أَقَامَ بِجُرْجَانَ، فَأَحْكَمَ أُمُورَهَا، وَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ بِطَبَرِسْتَانَ رَاسَلَ مُحَمَّدَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، وَصَالَحَهُ، وَوَعَدَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ أَنْ يُنْجِدَهُ بِأَرْبَعَةِ آلَافِ رَجُلٍ مِنْ شُجْعَانِ الدَّيْلَمِ. وَخُطِبَ لِمُحَمَّدٍ بِطَبَرِسْتَانَ، وَجُرْجَانَ فِي رَبِيعٍ الْآخِرِ سَنَةَ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَثَمَانِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ. وَبَلَغَ خَبَرُ مُصَالَحَةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ وَرَافِعٍ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ اللَّيْثِ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى مُحَمَّدٍ يُذَكِّرُهُ مَا فَعَلَ بِهِ، وَيُحَذِّرُهُ مِنْهُ وَ [ مِنْ ] غَدْرِهِ إِنِ اسْتَقَامَ أَمْرُهُ، فَعَادَ عَنْ إِنْجَادِهِ بِعَسْكَرٍ. فَلَمَّا قَوِيَ عَمْرٌو عَرَفَ لِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ ذَلِكَ، وَخَلَّى عَلَيْهِ طَبَرِسْتَانَ ; وَلَمَّا أَحْكَمَ رَافِعٌ أَمْرَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ سَارَ إِلَى خُرَاسَانَ، فَوَرَدَ نَيْسَابُورَ فِي رَبِيعٍ الْآخِرِ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ وَثَمَانِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ، وَجَرَى بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ عَمْرٍو حَرْبٌ شَدِيدَةٌ انْهَزَمَ فِيهَا رَافِعٌ إِلَى أَبْيُورْدَ، وَأَخَذَ عَمْرٌو مِنْهُ الْمُعَدَّلَ، وَاللَّيْثَ وَلَدَيْ أَخِيهِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اللَّيْثِ، وَكَانَا عِنْدَهُ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ أَخِيهِ عَلِيٍّ. وَلَمَّا وَرَدَ رَافِعٌ أَبْيُورْدَ أَرَادَ الْمَسِيرَ إِلَى هَرَاةَ ( أَوْ مَرْوٍ )، فَعَلِمَ عَمْرٌو بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخَذَ عَلَيْهِ الطَّرِيقَ بِسَرَخْسَ، فَلَمَّا عَلِمَ رَافِعٌ بِمَسِيرِ عَمْرٍو عَنْ نَيْسَابُورَ سَارَ عَلَى مَضَايِقَ، وَطُرُقٍ غَامِضَةٍ غَيْرَ طَرِيقِ الْجَيْشِ إِلَى نَيْسَابُورَ، فَدَخَلَهَا، وَعَادَ إِلَيْهِ عَمْرٌو مِنْ سَرَخْسَ فَحَصَرَهُ فِيهَا، وَتَلَاقَيَا، وَاسْتَأْمَنَ بَعْضُ قُوَّادِ رَافِعٍ إِلَى عَمْرٍو، فَانْهَزَمَ رَافِعٌ، وَأَصْحَابُهُ، وَسَيَّرَ أَخَاهُ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ هَرْثَمَةَ إِلَى مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ يَسْتَمِدُّهُ، وَيَطْلُبُ مَا وَعَدَهُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ، فَلَمْ يَفْعَلْ، وَلَمْ يُمِدَّهُ بِرَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَتَفَرَّقَ عَنْ رَافِعٍ أَصْحَابُهُ وَغِلْمَانُهُ، وَكَانَ لَهُ أَرْبَعَةُ آلَافِ غُلَامٍ، وَلَمْ يَمْلِكْ أَحَدٌ مِنْ وُلَاةِ خُرَاسَانَ قَبْلَهُ مِثْلَهُ، وَفَارَقَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ إِلَى إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ السَّامَانِيِّ بِبُخَارَى، وَخَرَجَ رَافِعٌ مُنْهَزِمًا إِلَى خُوَارِزْمَ عَلَى الْجَمَّازَاتِ، وَحَمَلَ مَا بَقِيَ مَعَهُ مِنْ مَالٍ وَآلَةٍ، وَهِيَ فِي شِرْذِمَةٍ قَلِيلَةٍ، وَذَلِكَ فِي رَمَضَانَ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ وَثَمَانِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ. فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ رِبَاطَ جَبْوَهْ وَجَّهَ إِلَيْهِ خُوَارِزْمُشَاهْ أَبَا سَعِيدٍ الدَّرْغَانِيَّ لِيُقِيمَ لَهُ الْأَنْزَالَ، وَيَخْدِمَهُ إِلَى خُوَارِزْمَ، فَرَآهُ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ فِي قِلَّةٍ مِنْ رِجَالِهِ، وَغَدَرَ بِهِ، وَقَتَلَهُ لِسَبْعٍ خَلَوْنَ مِنْ شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثٍ وَثَمَانِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ، وَحَمَلَ رَأْسَهُ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ اللَّيْثِ، وَهُوَ بِنَيْسَابُورَ، وَأَنْفَذَ عَمْرٌو الرَّأْسَ إِلَى الْمُعْتَضِدِ بِاللَّهِ، فَوَصَلَ إِلَيْهِ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَثَمَانِينَ [ وَمِائَتَيْنِ ]، فَنُصِبَ بِبَغْدَاذَ. وَصَفَتْ خُرَاسَانُ إِلَى شَاطِئِ جَيْحُونَ لِعَمْرٍو.
Translation
✧ The dismissal of Rāfiʿ b. Harthama from Khurāsān and his killing In the year two hundred and seventy-nine, al-Muʿtaḍid dismissed Rāfiʿ b. Harthama from Khurāsān. The reason for that was that al-Muʿtaḍid wrote to Rāfiʿ ordering him to vacate the sultan's villages in al-Rayy, but he refused. Rāfiʿ's companions advised him to return the villages lest his situation be spoiled by a letter, but he also refused. Al-Muʿtaḍid wrote to Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Abī Dulaf commanding him to fight Rāfiʿ and expel him from al-Rayy, and he wrote to ʿAmr b. al-Layth appointing him to Khurāsān. Then Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz met Rāfiʿ and fought him. Rāfiʿ was defeated at al-Rayy and went to Jurjān. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz died in the year two hundred and eighty, so Rāfiʿ returned to al-Rayy. ʿAmr and Bakr, the two sons of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, met him, and they fought a fierce battle. ʿAmr and Bakr were defeated, and a great slaughter befell their companions. They reached Iṣbahān, and that was in Jumādā al-Ūlā of the year two hundred and eighty. Rāfiʿ remained in al-Rayy for the rest of his year, and ʿAlī b. al-Layth died with him in al-Rayy. Then ʿAmr b. al-Layth arrived in Naysābūr in Jumādā al-Ūlā of the year two hundred and eighty, and took possession of it and of Khurāsān. The news reached Rāfiʿ, so he gathered his companions and consulted them about what to do. He said to them: "The enemies have surrounded us, and I do not feel safe that they may unite against us. This is Muḥammad b. Zayd in al-Daylam waiting for an opportunity to seize it; and this is ʿAmr b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, to whom I did what I did, so he awaits misfortunes; and this is ʿAmr b. al-Layth, who has arrived in Khurāsān with his forces. I have decided to make peace with Muḥammad b. Zayd and restore Ṭabaristān to him, and to make peace with Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, then march against ʿAmr and expel him from Khurāsān." They agreed with him on that. He sent to Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and made peace with him, and the matter was settled between them in Shaʿbān of the year two hundred and eighty. Then he marched to Ṭabaristān and arrived there in Shaʿbān of the year two hundred and eighty-one. He had stayed in Jurjān and put its affairs in order. When he settled in Ṭabaristān, he exchanged messages with Muḥammad b. Zayd and made peace with him. Muḥammad b. Zayd promised to support him with four thousand men from the brave of al-Daylam. The khuṭbah was delivered in the name of Muḥammad in Ṭabaristān and Jurjān in Rabīʿ al-Ākhir of the year two hundred and eighty-two. The news of the peace between Muḥammad b. Zayd and Rāfiʿ reached ʿAmr b. al-Layth, so he sent to Muḥammad reminding him of what he had done to him and warning him against him and his treachery if his affairs became established. So he went back on supporting him with an army. When ʿAmr became strong, he acknowledged that to Muḥammad b. Zayd and left Ṭabaristān to him. When Rāfiʿ had settled the matter of Muḥammad b. Zayd, he marched to Khurāsān and arrived in Naysābūr in Rabīʿ al-Ākhir of the year two hundred and eighty-three. A fierce war took place between him and ʿAmr, in which Rāfiʿ was defeated at Abīward. ʿAmr took from him al-Muʿaddal and al-Layth, the two sons of his brother ʿAlī b. al-Layth, who were with him after the death of his brother ʿAlī. When Rāfiʿ arrived at Abīward, he wanted to march to Herat (or Marw). ʿAmr learned of that, so he blocked the road at Sarakhs. When Rāfiʿ learned of ʿAmr's march from Naysābūr, he traveled by narrow defiles and obscure routes other than the army's route to Naysābūr. He entered it, and ʿAmr returned to him from Sarakhs and besieged him there. They met, and some of Rāfiʿ's commanders sought safe-conduct from ʿAmr. Rāfiʿ and his companions were defeated. He sent his brother Muḥammad b. Harthama to Muḥammad b. Zayd seeking reinforcement and requesting the men he had promised him, but he did not do it and did not reinforce him with a single man. Rāfiʿ's companions and his ghulāms scattered. He had four thousand ghulāms, and no one among the governors of Khurāsān before him had possessed their like. Muḥammad b. Hārūn left him and joined Ismāʿīl b. Aḥmad al-Sāmānī in Bukhārā. Rāfiʿ departed defeated to Khwārizm on camels, carrying what remained with him of money and equipment, and they were in a small band. That was in Ramaḍān of the year two hundred and eighty-three. When he reached the ribāṭ of Jabwah, Khwārizm Shāh Abū Saʿīd al-Darghānī came to him to arrange lodging and serve him until Khwārizm. Abū Saʿīd saw him with few men, so he betrayed him and killed him on the seventh of Shawwāl in the year two hundred and eighty-three. He carried his head to ʿAmr b. al-Layth, who was in Naysābūr. ʿAmr sent the head to al-Muʿtaḍid bi-llāh, and it reached him in the year two hundred and eighty-four. It was set up in Baghdad. Khurāsān to the bank of the Jayḥūn became clear for ʿAmr.
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