Tarikh (al-Tabari) 322
The story of ʿĪsā b. Maryam (peace be upon him)
وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ قَالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ يَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ مُصَدِّقًا لِمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ مِنَ التَّوْرَاةِ وَمُبَشِّرًا بِرَسُولٍ يَأْتِي مِنْ بَعْدِي اسْمُهُ أَحْمَدُ فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ قَالُوا هَذَا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ وَهُوَ يُدْعَى إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَاللَّهُ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ يُرِيدُونَ لِيُطْفِئُوا نُورَ اللَّهِ بِأَفْوَاهِهِمْ وَاللَّهُ مُتِمُّ نُورِهِ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الْكَافِرُونَ هُوَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدَى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ [ الصَّفِّ: 6 - 9 ]. إِلَى أَنْ قَالَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُونُوا أَنْصَارَ اللَّهِ كَمَا قَالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ لِلْحَوَارِيِّينَ مَنْ أَنْصَارِي إِلَى اللَّهِ قَالَ الْحَوَارِيُّونَ نَحْنُ أَنْصَارُ اللَّهِ فَآمَنَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَكَفَرَتْ طَائِفَةٌ فَأَيَّدْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ فَأَصْبَحُوا ظَاهِرِينَ [ الصَّفِّ: 14 ]. فَعِيسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، هُوَ خَاتَمُ أَنْبِيَاءِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَقَدْ قَامَ فِيهِمْ خَطِيبًا فَبَشَّرَهُمْ بِخَاتَمِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ الْآتِي بَعْدَهُ ، وَنَوَّهَ بِاسْمِهِ، وَذَكَرَ لَهُمْ صِفَتَهُ لِيَعْرِفُوهُ وَيُتَابِعُوهُ إِذَا شَاهَدُوهُ ; إِقَامَةً لِلْحُجَّةِ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَإِحْسَانًا مِنَ اللَّهِ إِلَيْهِمْ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الرَّسُولَ النَّبِيَّ الْأُمِّيَّ الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوبًا عِنْدَهُمْ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَاهُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَيُحَرِّمُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبَائِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالْأَغْلَالَ الَّتِي كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ فَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِهِ وَعَزَّرُوهُ وَنَصَرُوهُ وَاتَّبَعُوا النُّورَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ مَعَهُ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ [ الْأَعْرَافِ: 157 ]. قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: عَنْ خَالِدِ بْنِ مَعْدَانَ، عَنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَخْبِرْنَا عَنْ نَفْسِكَ. قَالَ: دَعْوَةُ أَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَبُشْرَى عِيسَى، وَرَأَتْ أُمِّي حِينَ حَمَلَتْ بِي كَأَنَّهُ خَرَجَ مِنْهَا نُورٌ أَضَاءَتْ لَهُ قُصُورُ بُصْرَى مِنْ أَرْضِ الشَّامِ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ عَنِ الْعِرْبَاضِ بْنِ سَارِيَةَ، وَأَبِي أُمَامَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ نَحْوُ هَذَا، وَفِيهِ: دَعْوَةُ أَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَبُشْرَى عِيسَى وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ لَمَّا بَنَى الْكَعْبَةَ قَالَ: رَبَّنَا وَابْعَثْ فِيهِمْ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 129 ]. الْآيَةَ. وَلَمَّا انْتَهَتِ النُّبُوَّةُ فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ إِلَى عِيسَى، قَامَ فِيهِمْ خَطِيبًا، فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ أَنَّ النُّبُوَّةَ قَدِ انْقَطَعَتْ عَنْهُمْ، وَأَنَّهَا بَعْدَهُ فِي النَّبِيِّ الْعَرَبِيِّ الْأُمِّيِّ، خَاتَمِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ عَلَى الْإِطْلَاقِ، أَحْمَدَ، وَهُوَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ، الَّذِي هُوَ مِنْ سُلَالَةِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْخَلِيلِ، عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلَامُ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ قَالُوا هَذَا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ يُحْتَمَلُ عَوْدُ الضَّمِيرِ إِلَى عِيسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَيُحْتَمَلُ عُودُهُ إِلَى مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ، ثُمَّ حَرَّضَ تَعَالَى عِبَادَهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَى نُصْرَةِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ، وَنُصْرَةِ نَبِيِّهِ وَمُؤَازَرَتِهِ وَمُعَاوَنَتِهِ عَلَى إِقَامَةِ الدِّينِ وَنَشْرِ الدَّعْوَةِ، فَقَالَ: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُونُوا أَنْصَارَ اللَّهِ كَمَا قَالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ لِلْحَوَارِيِّينَ مَنْ أَنْصَارِي إِلَى اللَّهِ أَيْ: مَنْ يُسَاعِدُنِي فِي الدَّعْوَةِ إِلَى اللَّهِ قَالَ الْحَوَارِيُّونَ نَحْنُ أَنْصَارُ اللَّهِ وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي قَرْيَةٍ يُقَالُ لَهَا: النَّاصِرَةُ. فَسُمُّوا النَّصَارَى بِذَلِكَ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: فَآمَنَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَكَفَرَتْ طَائِفَةٌ يَعْنِي، لَمَّا دَعَا عِيسَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَغَيْرَهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، مِنْهُمْ مَنْ آمَنَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ كَفَرَ، فَكَانَ مِمَّنْ آمَنَ بِهِ أَهْلُ أَنْطَاكِيَةَ بِكَمَالِهِمْ، فِيمَا ذَكَرَهُ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ السِّيَرِ وَالتَّوَارِيخِ وَالتَّفْسِيرِ، بَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ رُسُلًا ثَلَاثَةً، أَحَدُهُمْ شَمْعُونُ الصَّفَا، فَآمَنُوا وَاسْتَجَابُوا، وَلَيْسَ هَؤُلَاءِ هُمُ الْمَذْكُورِينَ فِي سُورَةِ " يس " لِمَا تَقَدَّمَ تَقْرِيرُهُ فِي قِصَّةِ أَصْحَابِ الْقَرْيَةِ، وَكَفَرَ آخَرُونَ مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَهْمُ جُمْهُورُ الْيَهُودِ، فَأَيَّدَ اللَّهُ مَنْ آمَنَ بِهِ عَلَى مَنْ كَفَرَ فِيمَا بَعْدُ، وَأَصْبَحُوا ظَاهِرِينَ عَلَيْهِمْ قَاهِرِينَ لَهُمْ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: إِذْ قَالَ اللَّهُ يَا عِيسَى إِنِّي مُتَوَفِّيكَ وَرَافِعُكَ إِلَيَّ وَمُطَهِّرُكَ مِنَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَجَاعِلُ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوكَ فَوْقَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 55 ]. الْآيَةَ. فَكُلُّ مَنْ كَانَ إِلَيْهِ أَقْرَبَ، كَانَ غَالِبًا لِمَنْ دُونَهُ، وَلَمَّا كَانَ قَوْلُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِيهِ هُوَ الْحَقَّ الَّذِي لَا شَكَّ فِيهِ، مِنْ أَنَّهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولُهُ، كَانُوا ظَاهِرِينَ عَلَى النَّصَارَى الَّذِينَ غَلَوْا فِيهِ وَأَطْرَوْهُ، وَأَنْزَلُوهُ فَوْقَ مَا أَنْزَلَهُ اللَّهُ بِهِ، وَلَمَّا كَانَ النَّصَارَى أَقْرَبَ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ مِمَّا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ الْيَهُودُ فِيهِ، عَلَيْهِمْ لِعَائِنُ اللَّهِ، كَانَ النَّصَارَى قَاهِرِينَ لِلْيَهُودِ فِي أَزْمَانِ الْفَتْرَةِ إِلَى زَمَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ. وَاللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ And He, Exalted is He, said: And when ʿĪsā the son of Maryam said, “O Children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you, confirming what was before me of the Torah and bringing good news of a messenger who will come after me, whose name is Aḥmad.” But when he came to them with clear proofs, they said, “This is obvious magic.” And who is more unjust than one who invents a lie against Allah while he is being invited to Islam? And Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people. They want to extinguish the light of Allah with their mouths, but Allah will perfect His light, even if the disbelievers dislike it. It is He who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all religion, even if the polytheists dislike it [al-Ṣaff: 6–9]. Until He said after that: O you who have believed, be helpers of Allah, as when ʿĪsā the son of Maryam said to the disciples, “Who are my helpers for Allah?” The disciples said, “We are helpers of Allah.” And a group of the Children of Israel believed, and a group disbelieved. So We supported those who believed against their enemy, and they became dominant [al-Ṣaff: 14]. Thus ʿĪsā ﷺ is the seal of the prophets of the Children of Israel. He stood among them as a preacher and gave them good news of the seal of the prophets who would come after him, and he made his name known, and mentioned his description to them so that they would recognize him and follow him when they saw him; as an establishment of the proof against them, and as a kindness from Allah to them, as He, Exalted is He, said: Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered Prophet, whom they find written with them in the Torah and the Gospel, who commands them to what is right and forbids them from what is wrong, and makes lawful for them the good things and prohibits for them the evil things, and relieves them of their burden and the shackles which were upon them. So those who believe in him, honor him, support him and follow the light which has been sent down with him—it is those who will be the successful [al-Aʿrāf: 157]. Muḥammad b. Isḥāq said: From Khālid b. Maʿdān, from the companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ that they said: “O Messenger of Allah, tell us about yourself.” He said: “The supplication of my father Ibrāhīm, and the good news of ʿĪsā, and my mother saw when she was pregnant with me as if a light came out of her that illuminated for it the palaces of Buṣrā in the land of Syria.” And it has been narrated from al-ʿIrbāḍ b. Sāriyah and Abū Umāmah, from the Prophet ﷺ, something like this, and in it: “The supplication of my father Ibrāhīm, and the good news of ʿĪsā.” That is because when Ibrāhīm built the Kaʿbah he said: Our Lord, and send among them a messenger from among themselves [al-Baqarah: 129], the verse. And when prophethood among the Children of Israel ended with ʿĪsā, he stood among them as a preacher and informed them that prophethood had been cut off from them, and that it would be after him in the Arab, unlettered prophet, the seal of the prophets absolutely, Aḥmad, who is Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim, who is from the lineage of Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm al-Khalīl (peace be upon them). Allah, Exalted is He, said: But when he came to them with clear proofs, they said, “This is obvious magic.” The pronoun may return to ʿĪsā ﷺ, or it may return to Muḥammad ﷺ. Then He, Exalted is He, urged His believing servants to support Islam and its people, and to support His Prophet and assist him and help him in establishing the religion and spreading the call. He said: O you who have believed, be helpers of Allah, as when ʿĪsā the son of Maryam said to the disciples, “Who are my helpers for Allah?” meaning: who will assist me in calling to Allah? The disciples said, “We are helpers of Allah.” That was in a village called al-Nāṣirah, and so they were called al-Naṣārā because of that. Allah, Exalted is He, said: And a group of the Children of Israel believed, and a group disbelieved, meaning: when ʿĪsā called the Children of Israel and others to Allah, Exalted is He, some of them believed and some of them disbelieved. Among those who believed in him were the people of Antioch completely, as mentioned by more than one of the people of biographies, histories, and exegesis. He sent to them three messengers, one of whom was Shamʿūn al-Ṣafā, and they believed and responded. These are not the ones mentioned in Sūrat Yā Sīn, because of what has been established previously in the story of the companions of the town. And others of the Children of Israel disbelieved—they are the majority of the Jews. So Allah supported those who believed in him against those who disbelieved afterwards, and they became dominant over them, overpowering them, as He, Exalted is He, said: When Allah said, “O ʿĪsā, indeed I will take you and raise you to Myself and purify you from those who disbelieve, and I will make those who follow you above those who disbelieve until the Day of Resurrection” [Āl ʿImrān: 55], the verse. Thus everyone who was closer to him was dominant over those below him. And since the Muslims' saying about him is the truth in which there is no doubt, that he is the servant of Allah and His messenger, they were dominant over the Christians who went to extremes about him and praised him excessively, and placed him above what Allah placed him. And since the Christians were in general closer than what the Jews went to about him, upon them be the curse of Allah, the Christians were overpowering the Jews in the times of the interval until the time of Islam and its people. And Allah, Exalted is He, knows best.
Grades by grader
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