Tarikh (al-Tabari) 3101
The year 196 AH
ذِكْرُ خَلْعِ الْأَمِينِ وَالْمُبَايِعَةِ لِلْمَأْمُونِ وُعَوْدِ الْأَمِينِ إِلَى الْخِلَافَةِ فَلَمَّا مَاتَ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ صَالِحٍ نَادَى الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عِيسَى بْنِ مَاهَانَ فِي الْجُنْدِ، فَجَعَلَ الرَّجَّالَةَ فِي السُّفُنِ، وَسَارَ الْفُرْسَانُ عَلَى الظَّهْرِ فِي رَجَبٍ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ بَغْدَاذَ لَقِيَهُ الْقُوَّادُ وَأَهْلُ بَغْدَاذَ، وَعُمِلَتْ لَهُ الْقِبَابُ، وَدَخَلَ مَنْزِلَهُ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ جَوْفُ اللَّيْلِ بَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ الْأَمِينُ يَأْمُرُهُ بِالرُّكُوبِ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لِلرَّسُولِ: مَا أَنَا بِمُغَنٍّ، وَلَا مُسَامِرٍ، وَلَا مُضْحِكٍ، وَلَا وَلِيتُ لَهُ عَمَلًا وَلَا مَالًا، فَلِأَيِّ شَيْءٍ يُرِيدُنِي هَذِهِ السَّاعَةَ ؟ انْصَرِفْ، فَإِذَا أَصْبَحْتُ غَدَوْتُ إِلَيْهِ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ. وَأَصْبَحَ الْحُسَيْنُ، فَوَافَى بَابَ الْجِسْرِ، وَاجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ النَّاسُ فَقَالَ: يَا مَعْشَرَ الْأَبْنَاءِ، إِنَّ خِلَافَةَ اللَّهِ لَا تُجَاوَرُ بِالْبَطَرِ، وَنِعْمَتَهُ لَا تُسْتَصْحَبُ بِالتَّجَبُّرِ، وَإِنَّ مُحَمَّدًا يُرِيدُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ أَدْيَانَكُمْ، وَيَنْقُلَ عِزَّكُمْ إِلَى غَيْرِكُمْ، وَهُوَ صَاحِبُ الزَّوَاقِيلِ، وَبِاللَّهِ إِنْ طَالَتْ بِهِ مُدَّةٌ لَيَرْجِعَنَّ وَبَالُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْكُمْ، فَاقْطَعُوا أَثَرَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَقْطَعَ آثَارَكُمْ، وَضَعُوا عِزَّهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَضَعَ عِزَّكُمْ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَا يَنْصُرُهُ نَاصِرٌ مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا خُذِلَ، وَمَا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ - عَزَّ وَجَلَّ - لِأَحَدٍ هَوَادَةٌ، وَلَا يُرَاقَبُ عَلَى الِاسْتِخْفَافِ بِعُهُودِهِ، وَالْحِنْثِ بِأَيْمَانِهِ. ثُمَّ أَمَرَ النَّاسَ بِعُبُورِ الْجِسْرِ فَعَبَرُوا، وَصَارُوا إِلَى سِكَّةِ بَابِ خُرَاسَانَ، وَتَسَرَّعَتْ خُيُولُ الْأَمِينِ إِلَى الْحُسَيْنِ، فَقَاتَلُوهُ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَانْهَزَمَ أَصْحَابُ الْأَمِينِ وَتَفَرَّقُوا، فَخَلَعَ الْحُسَيْنُ الْأَمِينَ يَوْمَ الْأَحَدِ لِإِحْدَى عَشْرَةَ لَيْلَةً خَلَتْ مِنْ رَجَبٍ، وَأَخَذَ الْبَيْعَةَ لِلْمَأْمُونِ مِنَ الْغَدِ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ الثُّلَاثَاءِ وَثَبَ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ مُوسَى بْنِ عِيسَى بِالْأَمِينِ، فَأَخْرَجَهُ مِنْ قَصْرِ الْخُلْدِ، وَحَبَسَهُ بِقَصْرِ الْمَنْصُورِ، وَأَخْرَجَ أُمَّهُ زُبَيْدَةَ أَيْضًا، فَجَعَلَهَا مَعَ ابْنِهَا. فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ الْأَرْبِعَاءِ طَالَبَ النَّاسُ الْحُسَيْنَ بِالْأَرْزَاقِ، وَمَاجُوا بَعْضُهُمْ فِي بَعْضٍ، فَقَامَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ بِبَابِ الشَّامِ، فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ ! وَاللَّهِ مَا أَدْرِي بِأَيِّ سَبَبٍ تَأَمَّرَ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ عَلَيْنَا، وَيَتَوَلَّى هَذَا الْأَمْرَ دُونَنَا ؟ مَا هُوَ بِأَكْبَرِنَا سِنًّا، وَمَا هُوَ بِأَكْبَرِنَا حَسَبًا، وَلَا بِأَعْظَمِنَا مَنْزِلَةً وَغِنًى، وَإِنِّي أَوَّلُكُمْ أَنْقُضُ عَهْدَهُ، وَأُظْهِرُ الْإِنْكَارَ لِفِعْلِهِ، فَمَنْ كَانَ عَلَى رَأْيِي فَلْيَعْتَزِلْ مَعِي. وَقَالَ أَسَدٌ الْحَرْبِيُّ: يَا مَعْشَرَ الْحَرْبِيَّةِ ! هَذَا يَوْمٌ لَهُ مَا بَعْدَهُ، إِنَّكُمْ قَدْ نِمْتُمْ فَطَالَ نَوْمُكُمْ، وَتَأَخَّرْتُمْ فَتَقَدَّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ غَيْرُكُمْ، وَقَدْ ذَهَبَ أَقْوَامٌ بِخَلْعِ الْأَمِينِ، فَاذْهَبُوا أَنْتُمْ بِذِكْرِ فَكِّهِ وَإِطْلَاقِهِ. وَأَقْبَلَ شَيْخٌ عَلَى فَرَسٍ فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، هَلْ تَعْتَدُونَ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ بِقَطْعِ أَرْزَاقِهِمْ ؟ قَالُوا: لَا ! قَالَ: فَهَلْ قَصَّرَ بِأَحَدٍ مِنْ رُؤَسَائِكُمْ، وَعَزَلَ أَحَدًا مِنْ قُوَّادِكُمْ ؟ قَالُوا: لَا ! قَالَ: فَمَا بَالُكُمْ خَذَلْتُمُوهُ، وَأَعَنْتُمْ عَدُوَّهُ عَلَى أَسْرِهِ ؟ وَايْمُ اللَّهِ مَا قَتَلَ قَوْمٌ خَلِيفَتَهُمْ إِلَّا سَلَّطَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّيْفَ، انْهَضُوا إِلَى خَلِيفَتِكُمْ فَقَاتِلُوا عَنْهُ مَنْ أَرَادَ خَلْعَهُ. فَنَهَضُوا وَتَبِعَهُمْ أَهْلُ الْأَرْبَاضِ، فَقَاتَلُوا الْحُسَيْنَ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَأُسِرَ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، وَدَخَلَ أَسَدٌ الْحَرْبِيُّ عَلَى الْأَمِينِ، فَكَسَرَ قُيُودَهُ، وَأَقْعَدَهُ فِي مَجْلِسِ الْخِلَافَةِ. وَرَأَى الْأَمِينُ أَقْوَامًا لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِمْ لِبَاسُ الْجُنْدِ، وَأَمَرَهُمْ بِأَخْذِ السِّلَاحِ، فَانْتَهَبَتْهُ الْغَوْغَاءُ، وَنَهَبُوا غَيْرَهُ. وَحُمِلَ إِلَيْهِ الْحُسَيْنُ أَسِيرًا، فَلَامَهُ، فَاعْتَذَرَ لَهُ الْحُسَيْنُ، فَأَطْلَقَهُ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِجَمْعِ الْجُنْدِ، وَمُحَارَبَةِ أَصْحَابِ الْمَأْمُونِ، وَخَلَعَ عَلَيْهِ، وَوَلَّاهُ مَا وَرَاءَ بَابِهِ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِالْمَسِيرِ إِلَى حُلْوَانَ، فَوَقَفَ الْحُسَيْنُ بِبَابِ الْجِسْرِ وَالنَّاسُ يُهَنِّئُونَهُ، فَلَمَّا خَفَّ عَنْهُ النَّاسُ قَطَعَ الْجِسْرَ وَهَرَبَ، فَنَادَى الْأَمِينُ فِي الْجُنْدِ يَطْلُبُهُ، فَرَكِبُوا كُلُّهُمْ، فَأَدْرَكُوهُ بِمَسْجِدِ كَوْثَرٍ عَلَى فَرْسَخٍ مِنْ بَغْدَاذَ، فَقَاتَلَهُمْ فَعَثَرَ بِهِ فَرَسُهُ، فَسَقَطَ عَنْهُ، فَقُتِلَ وَأَخَذُوا رَأْسَهُ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ الْأَمِينَ كَانَ اسْتَوْزَرَهُ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَيْهِ خَاتَمَهُ. وَجَدَّدَ الْجُنْدُ الْبَيْعَةَ لِلْأَمِينِ بَعْدَ قَتْلِ الْحُسَيْنِ بِيَوْمٍ، وَكَانَ قَتْلُهُ خَامِسَ عَشَرَ رَجَبٍ، فَلَمَّا قُتِلَ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ هَرَبَ الْفَضْلُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ وَاخْتَفَى. وَاسْتَحْوَذَ طَاهِرُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ نَائِبُ الْمَأْمُونِ عَلَى أَكْثَرِ الْبِلَادِ، وَاسْتَنَابَ بِهَا النُّوَّابَ، مِنْ جِهَةِ الْمَأْمُونِ وَخَلَعَتْ أَكْثَرُ الْأَقَالِيمِ الْأَمِينَ، وَبَايَعُوا الْمَأْمُونَ وَتَدَنَّى طَاهِرٌ إِلَى الْمَدَائِنِ فَأَخَذَهَا مَعَ وَاسِطٍ وَأَعْمَالِهَا، وَاسْتَنَابَ مِنْ جِهَتِهِ عَلَى الْحِجَازِ وَالْيَمَنِ وَالْجَزِيرَةِ وَالْمَوْصِلِ، وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مَعَ الْأَمِينِ مِنَ الْبِلَادِ إِلَّا الْقَلِيلُ.
Translation
✧ Mention of the deposition of al-Amīn and the oath of allegiance to al-Maʾmūn, and al-Amīn's return to the caliphate When ʿAbd al-Malik b. Ṣāliḥ died, al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā b. Māhān called out among the troops. He placed the infantry in boats, and the cavalry marched along the riverbank in Rajab. When he arrived in Baghdādh, the commanders and the people of Baghdādh met him, and domed pavilions were set up for him, and he entered his residence. In the middle of the night, al-Amīn sent to him ordering him to ride to him. He said to the messenger: 'I am not a singer, nor a night companion, nor a jester, nor have I been given any office or wealth by him. For what reason does he want me at this hour? Go away. When morning comes, I will go to him, God willing.' Al-Ḥusayn arose in the morning and came to the bridge gate. People gathered around him, and he said: 'O assembly of the abnāʾ! God's caliphate is not to be surrounded with insolence, and His blessing is not to be accompanied with arrogance. Muḥammad wants to destroy your religion and transfer your honor to others. He is the companion of riffraff. By God, if his time lasts long, the evil consequence of that will return upon you. Cut off his trace before he cuts off your traces, and bring down his honor before he brings down your honor. By God, no supporter of yours will support him except that he will be forsaken. There is no leniency with God—mighty and majestic—for anyone, and He is not watched over when His covenants are treated lightly or His oaths are broken.' Then he ordered the people to cross the bridge, and they crossed and went to the street of the Khurāsān Gate. Al-Amīn's horsemen rushed against al-Ḥusayn and fought him fiercely. Al-Amīn's companions were defeated and scattered. Al-Ḥusayn deposed al-Amīn on Sunday, when eleven nights had passed of Rajab, and he received the oath of allegiance for al-Maʾmūn on the following day, Monday. On Tuesday, al-ʿAbbās b. Mūsā b. ʿĪsā fell upon al-Amīn, brought him out of the Palace of al-Khuld, and imprisoned him in the Palace of al-Manṣūr. He also brought out his mother Zubaydah and placed her with her son. On Wednesday, the people demanded their stipends from al-Ḥusayn, and they surged against one another. Muḥammad b. Khālid stood at the Damascus Gate and said: 'O people! By God, I do not know for what reason al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī has taken command over us and assumed this affair without us. He is not older than us in age, nor greater than us in lineage, nor higher than us in rank or wealth. I am the first of you to renounce his pact and to show disapproval of his action. Whoever shares my opinion, let him withdraw with me.' Asad al-Ḥarbī said: 'O assembly of the Ḥarbiyyah! This is a day after which there is nothing. You have slept and your sleep has grown long, and you have delayed, so others have advanced over you. Some people have gone with the deposition of al-Amīn; go you with the mention of releasing and setting him free.' An old man on a horse approached and said: 'O people, do you hold against Muḥammad the cutting off of their stipends?' They said: 'No.' He said: 'Has he been remiss with any of your chiefs or dismissed any of your commanders?' They said: 'No.' He said: 'Then what is the matter with you that you have forsaken him and helped his enemy to capture him? By God, no people kill their caliph except that God sets the sword upon them. Rise up to your caliph and fight for him against those who want to depose him.' They rose up, and the people of the quarters followed them, and they fought al-Ḥusayn fiercely. Al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī was taken prisoner. Asad al-Ḥarbī entered upon al-Amīn, broke his fetters, and seated him in the caliphal audience chamber. Al-Amīn saw people who were not wearing the soldiers' uniform, and he ordered them to take up arms. The mob plundered the arms and looted other things. Al-Ḥusayn was brought to him as a prisoner. He blamed him, and al-Ḥusayn apologized to him, so he released him and ordered him to gather the troops and fight the supporters of al-Maʾmūn. He bestowed a robe of honor upon him, appointed him to what lay beyond his gate, and ordered him to march to Ḥulwān. Al-Ḥusayn stood at the bridge gate while people congratulated him. When the crowd around him thinned, he cut the bridge and fled. Al-Amīn called out among the troops to pursue him, and they all rode out. They caught up with him at the mosque of Kawthar, a parasang from Baghdādh. He fought them, but his horse stumbled, and he fell from it and was killed, and they took his head. It was said that al-Amīn had made him his vizier and handed over his seal to him. The troops renewed the oath of allegiance to al-Amīn one day after the killing of al-Ḥusayn. His killing was on the fifteenth of Rajab. When al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī was killed, al-Faḍl b. al-Rabīʿ fled and went into hiding. Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusayn, al-Maʾmūn's deputy, took control of most of the lands and appointed deputies over them on behalf of al-Maʾmūn. Most of the provinces deposed al-Amīn and pledged allegiance to al-Maʾmūn. Ṭāhir advanced to al-Madāʾin and took it, along with Wāsiṭ and its districts, and appointed deputies on his behalf over the Ḥijāz, Yemen, the Jazīrah, al-Mawṣil, and elsewhere. Only a small part of the lands remained with al-Amīn.
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