Dalilدليل
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 31

Creation of the angels and their attributes (peace be upon them)

خَلْقِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ وَصِفَاتِهِمْ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلَامُ  وَالْآيَاتُ فِي ذِكْرِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ كَثِيرَةٌ جِدًّا يَصِفُهُمْ تَعَالَى بِالْقُوَّةِ فِي الْعِبَادَةِ وَفِي الْخَلْقِ، وَحُسْنِ الْمَنْظَرِ، وَعَظَمَةِ الْأَشْكَالِ، وَقُوَّةِ الشَّكْلِ فِي الصُّوَرِ الْمُتَعَدِّدَةِ كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَلَمَّا جَاءَتْ رُسُلُنَا لُوطًا سِيءَ بِهِمْ وَضَاقَ بِهِمْ ذَرْعًا وَقَالَ هَذَا يَوْمٌ عَصِيبٌ وَجَاءَهُ قَوْمُهُ يُهْرَعُونَ إِلَيْهِ وَمِنْ قَبْلُ كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ السَّيِّئَاتِ [ هُودٍ: 77 - 78 ]. الْآيَاتِ. فَذَكَرْنَا فِي التَّفْسِيرِ مَا ذَكَرَهُ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ مِنْ أَنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ تَبْدُو لَهُمْ فِي صُورَةِ شَبَابٍ حِسَانٍ امْتِحَانًا وَاخْتِبَارًا حَتَّى قَامَتْ عَلَى قَوْمِ لُوطٍ الْحُجَّةُ، وَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ أَخْذَ عَزِيزٍ مُقْتَدِرٍ. وعَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " خُلَقِتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ مِنْ نُورٍ   ". انْفَرَدَ بِإِخْرَاجِهِ مُسْلِمٌ. صفة خلق جبريل عليه السلام جِبْرِيلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ  كَانَ جِبْرِيلُ يَأْتِي إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فِي صِفَاتٍ مُتَعَدِّدَةٍ ; فَتَارَةً يَأْتِي فِي صُورَةِ دِحْيَةَ بْنِ خَلِيفَةَ الْكَلْبِيِّ، وَتَارَةً فِي صُورَةِ أَعْرَابِيٍّ، وَتَارَةً فِي صُورَتِهِ الَّتِي خُلِقَ عَلَيْهَا لَهُ سِتُّمِائَةِ جَنَاحٍ مَا بَيْنَ كُلِّ جَنَاحَيْنِ كَمَا بَيْنَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ، كَمَا رَآهُ عَلَى هَذِهِ الصِّفَةِ مَرَّتَيْنِ ; مَرَّةً مُنْهَبِطًا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ، وَتَارَةً عِنْدَ سِدْرَةِ الْمُنْتَهَى عِنْدَهَا جَنَّةُ الْمَأْوَى، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: عَلَّمَهُ شَدِيدُ الْقُوَى ذُو مِرَّةٍ فَاسْتَوَى وَهُوَ بِالْأُفُقِ الْأَعْلَى ثُمَّ دَنَا فَتَدَلَّى [ النَّجْمِ: 5 - 8 ]. أَيْ جِبْرِيلُ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ عَنْ غَيْرِ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ. فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَى فَأَوْحَى إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَى. أَيْ إِلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَلَقَدْ رَآهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَى عِنْدَ سِدْرَةِ الْمُنْتَهَى [ النَّجْمِ: 13 - 14 ]. وَكُلُّ ذَلِكَ الْمُرَادُ بِهِ جِبْرِيلُ. ذِكْرُ الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ  وَفِيهِ: ثُمَّ رُفِعَ لِيَ الْبَيْتُ الْمَعْمُورُ، وَإِذَا هُوَ يَدْخُلُهُ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفَ مَلَكٍ، ثُمَّ لَا يَعُودُونَ إِلَيْهِ آخِرَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ. وَذَكَرَ أَنَّهُ وَجَدَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْخَلِيلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مُسْتَنِدًا ظَهْرَهُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ. وَذَكَرْنَا وَجْهَ الْمُنَاسَبَةِ فِي هَذَا ; أَنَّ الْبَيْتَ الْمَعْمُورَ فِي السَّمَاءِ السَّابِعَةِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْكَعْبَةِ فِي الْأَرْضِ. وعَنْ خَالِدِ بْنِ عَرْعَرَةَ ; أَنَّ ابْنَ الْكَوَّاءِ سَأَلَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، عَنِ الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ فَقَالَ: هُوَ مَسْجِدٌ فِي السَّمَاءِ يُقَالُ لَهُ الضُّرَاحُ، وَهُوَ بِحِيَالِ الْكَعْبَةِ مِنْ فَوْقِهَا، حُرْمَتُهُ فِي السَّمَاءِ كَحُرْمَةِ الْبَيْتِ فِي الْأَرْضِ، يُصَلِّي فِيهِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفًا مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ لَا يَعُودُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَبَدًا. وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: فِي كُلِّ سَمَاءٍ بَيْتٌ يَعْمُرُهُ مَلَائِكَتُهُ بِالْعِبَادَةِ فِيهِ، وَيَفِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ بِالنَّوْبَةِ وَالْبَدَلِ، كَمَا يَعْمُرُ أَهْلُ الْأَرْضِ الْبَيْتَ الْعَتِيقَ بِالْحَجِّ فِي كُلِّ عَامٍ، وَالِاعْتِمَارِ فِي كُلِّ وَقْتٍ، وَالطَّوَافِ وَالصَّلَاةِ فِي كُلِّ آنٍ. وفِي حَدِيثِ مُجَاهِدٍ: أَنَّ الْحَرَمَ حَرَامٌ مَنَاهُ يَعْنِي قَدْرَهُ مِنَ السَّمَاوَاتِ السَّبْعِ وَالْأَرَضِينَ السَّبْعِ، وَأَنَّهُ رَابِعُ أَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ بَيْتًا ; فِي كُلِّ سَمَاءٍ بَيْتٌ، وَفِي كُلِّ أَرْضٍ بَيْتٌ لَوْ سَقَطَتْ سَقَطَ بَعْضُهَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ، ثُمَّ رَوَى عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ قَالَ: مَنَاهُ ; أَيْ مُقَابِلُهُ، وَهُوَ حَرْفٌ مَقْصُورٌ، وعن عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَمْرٍو يَقُولُ: إِنَّ الْحَرَمَ مُحَرَّمٌ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ السَّبْعِ مِقْدَارُهُ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ، وَإِنَّ بَيْتَ الْمَقْدِسِ مُقَدَّسٌ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ السَّبْعِ مِقْدَارُهُ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ. كَمَا قَالَ بَعْضُ الشُّعَرَاءِ: إِنَّ الَّذِي سَمَكَ السَّمَاءَ بَنَى لَنَا بَيْتًا دَعَائِمُهُ أَشَدُّ وَأَطْوَلُ وَاسْمُ الْبَيْتِ الَّذِي فِي السَّمَاءِ الدُّنْيَا بَيْتُ الْعِزَّةِ، وَاسْمُ الْمَلَكِ الَّذِي هُوَ مُقَدَّمُ الْمَلَائِكَةِ فِيهَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ، فَعَلَى هَذَا يَكُونُ السَّبْعُونَ أَلْفًا مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ الَّذِينَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ، ثُمَّ لَا يَعُودُونَ إِلَيْهِ آخِرَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ: أَيْ لَا تَحْصُلُ لَهُمْ نَوْبَةٌ فِيهِ إِلَى آخِرِ الدَّهْرِ ; يَكُونُونَ مِنْ سُكَّانِ السَّمَاءِ السَّابِعَةِ وَحْدَهَا، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمَا يَعْلَمُ جُنُودَ رَبِّكَ إِلَّا هُوَ [ الْمُدَّثِّرِ: 31 ]. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ أَبِي ذَرٍّ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: إِنِّي أَرَى مَا لَا تَرَوْنَ، وَأَسْمَعُ مَا لَا تَسْمَعُونَ أَطَّتِ السَّمَاءُ، وَحُقَّ لَهَا أَنْ تَئِطَّ ; مَا فِيهَا مَوْضِعُ أَرْبَعِ أَصَابِعَ إِلَّا عَلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ سَاجِدٌ، لَوْ عَلِمْتُمْ مَا أَعْلَمُ لَضَحِكْتُمْ قَلِيلًا وَلَبَكَيْتُمْ كَثِيرًا، وَلَمَا تَلَذَّذْتُمْ بِالنِّسَاءِ عَلَى الْفُرُشَاتِ، وَلَخَرَجْتُمْ إِلَى الصُّعُدَاتِ تَجْأَرُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ. فَقَالَ أَبُو ذَرٍّ: وَاللَّهِ لَوَدِدْتُ أَنِّي شَجَرَةٌ تُعْضَدُ. رَوَاهُ التِّرْمِذِيُّ وقال: حَسَنٌ غَرِيبٌ، وَيُرْوَى عَنْ أَبِي ذَرٍّ مَوْقُوفًا. وَقَالَ الْحَافِظُ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ: بسنده عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ السَّبْعِ مَوْضِعُ قَدَمٍ وَلَا شِبْرٍ وَلَا كَفٍّ إِلَّا وَفِيهِ مَلَكٌ قَائِمٌ أَوْ مَلَكٌ سَاجِدٌ أَوْ مَلَكٌ رَاكِعٌ فَإِذَا كَانَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ قَالُوا جَمِيعًا: مَا عَبَدْنَاكَ حَقَّ عِبَادَتِكَ إِلَّا أَنَّا لَا نُشْرِكُ بِكَ شَيْئًا. فَدَلَّ هَذَانِ الْحَدِيثَانِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ مَا مِنْ مَوْضِعٍ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ السَّبْعِ إِلَّا وَهُوَ مَشْغُولٌ بِالْمَلَائِكَةِ، وَهُمْ فِي صُنُوفٍ مِنَ الْعِبَادَةِ ; مِنْهُمْ مَنْ هُوَ قَائِمٌ أَبَدًا، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ هُوَ رَاكِعٌ أَبَدًا، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ هُوَ سَاجِدٌ أَبَدًا، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ هُوَ فِي صُنُوفٍ أُخَرَ اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِهَا، وَهُمْ دَائِمُونَ فِي عِبَادَتِهِمْ، وَتَسْبِيحِهِمْ، وَأَذْكَارِهِمْ، وَأَعْمَالِهِمُ الَّتِي أَمَرَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِهَا، وَلَهُمْ مَنَازِلُ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمَا مِنَّا إِلَّا لَهُ مَقَامٌ مَعْلُومٌ وَإِنَّا لَنَحْنُ الصَّافُّونَ وَإِنَّا لَنَحْنُ الْمُسَبِّحُونَ [ الصَّافَّاتِ: 164 - 166 ]. وَقَالَ ﷺ: أَلَا تَصُفُّونَ كَمَا تَصُفُّ الْمَلَائِكَةُ عِنْدَ رَبِّهَا قَالُوا: وَكَيْفَ يَصُفُّونَ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ ؟ قَالَ: يُتِمُّونَ الصُّفُوفَ الْأُوَلَ، وَيَتَرَاصُّونَ فِي الصَّفِّ. وَقَالَ فُضِّلْنَا عَلَى النَّاسِ بِثَلَاثٍ ; جُعِلَتْ لَنَا الْأَرْضُ مَسْجِدًا، وَتُرْبَتُهَا لَنَا طَهُورًا، وَجُعِلَتْ صُفُوفُنَا كَصُفُوفِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ. وَكَذَلِكَ يَأْتُونَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ الرَّبِّ جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ صُفُوفًا. كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ صَفًّا صَفًّا [ الْفَجْرِ: 22 ]. وَيَقِفُونَ صُفُوفًا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَبِّهِمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ. كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: يَوْمَ يَقُومُ الرُّوحُ وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ صَفًّا لَا يَتَكَلَّمُونَ إِلَّا مَنْ أَذِنَ لَهُ الرَّحْمَنُ وَقَالَ صَوَابًا [ النَّبَأِ: 38 ]. وَالْمُرَادُ بِالرُّوحِ هَاهُنَا بَنُو آدَمَ. قَالَهُ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَالْحَسَنُ، وَقَتَادَةُ. وَقِيلَ: ضَرْبٌ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ يُشْبِهُونَ بَنِي آدَمَ فِي الشَّكْلِ. قَالَهُ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَمُجَاهِدٌ، وَأَبُو صَالِحٍ، وَالْأَعْمَشُ. وَقِيلَ: جِبْرِيلُ. قَالَهُ الشَّعْبِيُّ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ، وَالضَّحَّاكُ. ذِكْرُ الْمَلَكِ الْمُسَمَّى بِالرُّوحِ  وَقِيلَ: مَلَكٌ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الرُّوحُ بِقَدْرِ جَمِيعِ الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ. قَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَلْحَةَ: عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَوْلُهُ: يَوْمَ يَقُومُ الرُّوحُ. قَالَ: هُوَ مَلَكٌ مِنْ أَعْظَمِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ خُلُقًا. وَذَكَرْنَا فِي صِفَةِ حَمَلَةِ الْعَرْشِ، عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أَذِنَ لِي أَنْ أُحَدِّثَ عَنْ مَلَكٍ مِنْ مَلَائِكَةِ اللَّهِ مِنْ حَمَلَةِ الْعَرْشِ إِنَّ مَا بَيْنَ شَحْمَةِ أُذُنِهِ إِلَى عَاتِقِهِ مَسِيرَةُ سَبْعِمِائَةِ عَامٍ. رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ، وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ، وَلَفْظُهُ " مَخْفِقُ الطَّيْرِ سَبْعُمِائَةِ عَامٍ. " صفة جبريل عليه السلام وَقَدْ وَرَدَ فِي صِفَةِ جِبْرِيلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ  أَمْرٌ عَظِيمٌ: قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: عَلَّمَهُ شَدِيدُ الْقُوَى [ النَّجْمِ: 5 ]. قَالُوا: كَانَ مِنْ شِدَّةِ قُوَّتِهِ أَنَّهُ رَفَعَ مَدَائِنَ قَوْمِ لُوطٍ، وَكُنَّ سَبْعًا بِمَنْ فِيهَا مِنَ الْأُمَمِ، وَكَانُوا قَرِيبًا مِنْ أَرْبَعِمِائَةِ أَلْفٍ، وَمَا مَعَهُمْ مِنَ الدَّوَابِّ وَالْحَيَوَانَاتِ، وَمَا لِتِلْكَ الْمُدُنِ مِنَ الْأَرَاضِي وَالْمُعْتَمَلَاتِ وَالْعِمَارَاتِ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، رَفَعَ ذَلِكَ كُلَّهُ عَلَى طَرَفِ جَنَاحِهِ حَتَّى بَلَغَ بِهِنَّ عَنَانَ السَّمَاءِ، حَتَّى سَمِعَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ نُبَاحَ كِلَابِهِمْ وَصِيَاحَ دِيكَتِهِمْ، ثُمَّ قَلَبَهَا فَجَعَلَ عَالِيَهَا سَافِلَهَا. فَهَذَا هُوَ شَدِيدُ الْقُوَى. وَقَوْلُهُ: ذُو مِرَّةٍ. أَيْ خَلْقٍ حَسَنٍ وَبَهَاءٍ وَسَنَاءٍ، كَمَا قَالَ فِي الْآيَةِ الْأُخْرَى: إِنَّهُ لَقَوْلُ رَسُولٍ كَرِيمٍ [ التَّكْوِيرِ: 19 ]. أَيْ: جِبْرِيلُ رَسُولٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ " كَرِيمٌ ". أَيْ: حَسَنُ الْمَنْظَرِ " ذِي قُوَّةٍ ". أَيْ: لَهُ قُوَّةٌ وَبَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ عِنْدَ ذِي الْعَرْشِ مَكِينٍ. أَيْ: لَهُ مَكَانَةٌ وَمَنْزِلَةٌ عَالِيَةٌ رَفِيعَةٌ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ ذِي الْعَرْشِ الْمَجِيدِ. " مُطَاعٍ ثَمَّ ". أَيْ: مُطَاعٍ فِي الْمَلَأِ الْأَعْلَى " أَمِينٍ ". أَيْ: ذِي أَمَانَةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ، وَلِهَذَا كَانَ هُوَ السَّفِيرَ بَيْنَ اللَّهِ وَبَيْنَ أَنْبِيَائِهِ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلَامُ الَّذِي يَنْزِلُ عَلَيْهِمْ بِالْوَحْيِ فِيهِ الْأَخْبَارُ الصَّادِقَةُ، وَالشَّرَائِعُ الْعَادِلَةُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ يَأْتِي إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَيَنْزِلُ عَلَيْهِ فِي صِفَاتٍ مُتَعَدِّدَةٍ كَمَا قَدَّمْنَا. وَقَدْ رَآهُ عَلَى صِفَتِهِ الَّتِي خَلَقَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهَا مَرَّتَيْنِ، لَهُ سِتُّمِائَةِ جَنَاحٍ كَمَا رَوَى الْبُخَارِيُّ بسنده عَنِ الشَّيْبَانِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ زِرًّا، عَنْ قَوْلِهِ: فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَى فَأَوْحَى إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَى [ النَّجْمِ: 9 10 ]. قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ يَعْنِي ابْنَ مَسْعُودٍ: أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا ﷺ رَأَى جِبْرِيلَ لَهُ سِتُّمِائَةِ جَنَاحٍ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ: رَأَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ جِبْرِيلَ فِي صُورَتِهِ، وَلَهُ سِتُّمِائَةِ جَنَاحٍ ; كُلُّ جَنَاحٍ مِنْهَا قَدْ سَدَّ الْأُفُقَ، يُسْقِطُ مِنْ جَنَاحِهِ مِنَ التَّهَاوِيلِ مِنَ الدُّرِّ وَالْيَاقُوتِ مَا اللَّهُ بِهِ عَلِيمٌ. وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عن شَقِيقٌ سَمِعْتُ ابْنَ مَسْعُودٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أَتَانِي جِبْرِيلُ فِي خَضْرٍ تَعَلَّقَ بِهِ الدُّرُّ. إِسْنَادُهُ صَحِيحٌ. بسنده عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مَا كَذَبَ الْفُؤَادُ مَا رَأَى [ النَّجْمِ: 11 ]. قَالَ: رَأَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ جِبْرِيلَ عَلَيْهِ حُلَّتَا رَفْرَفٍ قَدْ مَلَأَ مَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ. إِسْنَادٌ جَيِّدٌ قَوِيٌّ. وَفِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ عَامِرٍ الشَّعْبِيِّ، عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ قَالَ: كُنْتُ عِنْدَ عَائِشَةَ فَقُلْتُ: أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ يَقُولُ: وَلَقَدْ رَآهُ بِالْأُفُقِ الْمُبِينِ [ التَّكْوِيرِ: 23 ]. وَلَقَدْ رَآهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَى [ النَّجْمِ: 13 ]. فَقَالَتْ: أَنَا أَوَّلُ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ سَأَلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْهَا فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا ذَاكَ جِبْرِيلُ لَمْ يَرَهُ فِي صُورَتِهِ الَّتِي خُلِقَ عَلَيْهَا إِلَّا مَرَّتَيْنِ، رَآهُ مُنْهَبِطًا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ سَادًّا عِظَمُ خَلْقِهِ مَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ. وَقَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ بسنده عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِجِبْرِيلَ: أَلَا تَزُورُنَا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا تَزُورُنَا قَالَ: فَنَزَلَتْ: وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلَّا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا [ مَرْيَمَ: 64 ]. الْآيَةَ. وَرَوَى الْبُخَارِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَجْوَدَ النَّاسِ بِالْخَيْرِ، وَكَانَ أَجْوَدَ مَا يَكُونُ فِي رَمَضَانَ حِينَ يَلْقَاهُ جِبْرِيلُ، وَكَانَ يَلْقَاهُ فِي كُلِّ لَيْلَةٍ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ فَيُدَارِسُهُ الْقُرْآنَ فَلَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَجْوَدُ بِالْخَيْرِ مِنَ الرِّيحِ الْمُرْسَلَةِ. وَقَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ بسنده عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَخَّرَ الْعَصْرَ شَيْئًا، فَقَالَ لَهُ عُرْوَةُ: أَمَا إِنَّ جِبْرِيلَ قَدْ نَزَلَ فَصَلَّى أَمَامَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: أَعْلَمُ مَا تَقُولُ يَا عُرْوَةُ. قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ بَشِيرَ بْنَ أَبِي مَسْعُودٍ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا مَسْعُودٍ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: نَزَلَ جِبْرِيلُ فَأَمَّنِي فَصَلَّيْتُ مَعَهُ، ثُمَّ صَلَّيْتُ مَعَهُ، ثُمَّ صَلَّيْتُ مَعَهُ، ثُمَّ صَلَّيْتُ مَعَهُ، ثُمَّ صَلَّيْتُ مَعَهُ. يَحْسِبُ بِأَصَابِعِهِ خَمْسَ صَلَوَاتٍ. صفة إِسْرَافِيلَ رَوَى ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: "إِنَّ مَلَكًا مِنْ مَلَائِكَةِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى يُقَالُ لَهُ إِسْرَافِيلُ يَحْمِلُ زَاوِيَةً مِنْ زَوَايَا الْعَرْشِ عَلَى كَاهِلِهِ  ، وَقَدَمَاهُ فِي الْأَرْضِ السُّفْلَى قَدْ رَنَّقَ رَأْسَهُ فِي السَّمَاءِ السَّابِعَةِ". قَالَ أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ: وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ خُلِقَتْ مِنْ نُورٍ، وَقَدْ قِيلَ إِنَّ الْمُسْتَأْنَفَ مِنْهَا يُخْلَقُ مِنْ دُمُوعِ إِسْرَافِيلَ. وَمِنْ صِفَةِ إِسْرَافِيلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ   ; وَهُوَ أَحَدُ حَمَلَةِ الْعَرْشِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يُنْفَخُ فِي الصُّورِ بِأَمْرِ رَبِّهِ نَفَخَاتٍ ثَلَاثَةٍ ; أُولَاهُنَّ: نَفْخَةُ الْفَزَعِ، وَالثَّانِيَةُ: نَفْخَةُ الصَّعْقِ، وَالثَّالِثَةُ: نَفْخَةُ الْبَعْثِ. وَالصُّورُ: قَرْنٌ يُنْفَخُ فِيهِ، كُلُّ دَارَةٍ مِنْهُ كَمَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ، وَفِيهِ مَوْضِعُ أَرْوَاحِ الْعِبَادِ حِينَ يَأْمُرُهُ اللَّهُ بِالنَّفْخِ لِلْبَعْثِ، فَإِذَا نَفَخَ تَخْرُجُ الْأَرْوَاحُ تَتَوَهَّجُ، فَيَقُولُ الرَّبُّ جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ: وَعِزَّتِي وَجَلَالِي لَتَرْجِعَنَّ كُلُّ رُوحٍ إِلَى الْبَدَنِ الَّذِي كَانَتْ تُعَمِّرُهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا. فَتَدْخُلُ عَلَى الْأَجْسَادِ فِي قُبُورِهَا ; فَتَدِبُّ فِيهَا كَمَا يَدِبُّ السُّمُّ فِي اللَّدِيغِ فَتَحْيَا الْأَجْسَادُ، وَتَنْشَقُّ عَنْهُمُ الْأَجْدَاثُ، فَيَخْرُجُونَ مِنْهَا سِرَاعًا إِلَى مَقَامِ الْمَحْشَرِ. وَلِهَذَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: كَيْفَ أَنْعَمُ، وَصَاحِبُ الْقَرْنِ قَدِ الْتَقَمَ الْقَرْنَ، وَحَنَى جَبْهَتَهُ، وَانْتَظَرَ أَنْ يُؤْذَنَ لَهُ ؟ قَالُوا: كَيْفَ نَقُولُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ؟ قَالَ: قُولُوا: حَسْبُنَا اللَّهُ وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيلُ عَلَى اللَّهِ تَوَكَّلْنَا وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ قَالَ: ذَكَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ صَاحِبَ الصُّورِ فَقَالَ: عَنْ يَمِينِهِ جِبْرِيلُ، وَعَنْ يَسَارِهِ مِيكَائِيلُ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلَامُ. وَقَالَ الْحَافِظُ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ بسنده عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: بَيْنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَمَعَهُ جِبْرِيلُ بِنَاحِيَةٍ إِذِ انْشَقَّ أُفُقُ السَّمَاءِ فَأَقْبَلَ إِسْرَافِيلُ يَدْنُو مِنَ الْأَرْضِ وَيَتَمَايَلُ، فَإِذَا مَلَكٌ قَدْ مَثُلَ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُكَ أَنْ تَخْتَارَ بَيْنَ نَبِيٍّ عَبْدٍ أَوْ مَلِكٍ نَبِيٍّ ؟ قَالَ: فَأَشَارَ جِبْرِيلُ إِلَيَّ بِيَدِهِ أَنْ تَوَاضَعْ. فَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّهُ لِي نَاصِحٌ، فَقُلْتُ: عَبْدٌ نَبِيٌّ. فَعَرَجَ ذَلِكَ الْمَلَكُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ فَقُلْتُ: يَا جِبْرِيلُ قَدْ كُنْتُ أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَسْأَلَكَ عَنْ هَذَا فَرَأَيْتُ مِنْ حَالِكَ مَا شَغَلَنِي عَنِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ فَمَنْ هَذَا يَا جِبْرِيلُ ؟ فَقَالَ: هَذَا إِسْرَافِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ خَلَقَهُ اللَّهُ يَوْمَ خَلَقَهُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ صَافًّا قَدَمَيْهِ لَا يَرْفَعُ طَرْفَهُ، بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الرَّبِّ سَبْعُونَ نُورًا، مَا مِنْهَا مِنْ نُورٍ يَكَادُ يَدْنُو مِنْهُ إِلَّا احْتَرَقَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ لَوْحٌ، فَإِذَا أَذِنَ اللَّهُ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ أَوْ فِي الْأَرْضِ، ارْتَفَعَ ذَلِكَ اللَّوْحُ فَضَرَبَ جَبْهَتَهُ، فَيَنْظُرُ فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ عَمَلِي أَمَرَنِي بِهِ. وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ عَمَلِ مِيكَائِيلَ أَمَرَهُ بِهِ. وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ عَمَلِ مَلَكِ الْمَوْتِ أَمَرَهُ بِهِ. قُلْتُ: يَا جِبْرِيلُ وَعَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ أَنْتَ ؟ قَالَ: عَلَى الرِّيحِ وَالْجُنُودِ. قُلْتُ: وَعَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ مِيكَائِيلُ ؟ قَالَ: عَلَى النَّبَاتِ وَالْقَطْرِ ؟ قُلْتُ: وَعَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ ؟ قَالَ: عَلَى قَبْضِ الْأَنْفُسِ. وَمَا ظَنَنْتُ أَنَّهُ نَزَلَ إِلَّا لِقِيَامِ السَّاعَةِ، وَمَا الَّذِي رَأَيْتَ مِنِّي إِلَّا خَوْفًا مِنْ قِيَامِ السَّاعَةِ. هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ. وَفِي صَحِيحِ مُسْلِمٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ إِذَا قَامَ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ يُصَلِّي يَقُولُ اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ جِبْرِيلَ وَمِيكَائِيلَ وَإِسْرَافِيلَ، فَاطِرَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ، عَالِمَ الْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ، أَنْتَ تَحْكُمُ بَيْنَ عِبَادِكَ فِيمَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ، اهْدِنِي لِمَا اخْتُلِفَ فِيهِ مِنَ الْحَقِّ بِإِذْنِكَ، إِنَّكَ تَهْدِي مَنْ تَشَاءُ إِلَى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ. وَفِي حَدِيثِ الصُّورِ: أَنَّ إِسْرَافِيلَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ يَبْعَثُهُ اللَّهُ بَعْدَ الصَّعْقِ لِيَنْفُخَ فِي الصُّورِ. وَذَكَرَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ النَّقَّاشُ: أَنَّ إِسْرَافِيلَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ سَجَدَ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ، فَجُوزِيَ بِوِلَايَةِ اللَّوْحِ الْمَحْفُوظِ. حَكَاهُ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ السُّهَيْلِيُّ فِي كِتَابِهِ " التَّعْرِيفُ وَالْإِعْلَامُ بِمَا أُبْهِمَ فِي الْقُرْآنِ مِنَ الْأَعْلَامِ ". صفة ميكائيل عليه السلام وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: مَنْ كَانَ عَدُوًّا لِلَّهِ وَمَلَائِكَتِهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَجِبْرِيلَ وَمِيكَالَ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 98 ]. عَطَفَهُمَا عَلَى الْمَلَائِكَةِ لِشَرَفِهِمَا فَجِبْرِيلُ مَلَكٌ عَظِيمٌ، وَأَمَّا مِيكَائِيلُ فَمُوَكَّلٌ بِالْقَطْرِ وَالنَّبَاتِ، وَهُوَ ذُو مَكَانَةٍ مِنْ رَبِّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَمِنْ أَشْرَافِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ. وَقَدْ قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِجِبْرِيلَ: مَا لِيَ لَمْ أَرَ مِيكَائِيلَ ضَاحِكًا قَطُّ. فَقَالَ: مَا ضَحِكَ مِيكَائِيلُ مُنْذُ خُلِقَتِ النَّارُ. فَهَؤُلَاءِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ الْمُصَرَّحُ بِذِكْرِهِمْ فِي الْقُرْآنِ، وَفِي الصِّحَاحِ هُمُ الْمَذْكُورُونَ فِي الدُّعَاءِ النَّبَوِيِّ: اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ جِبْرِيلَ وَمِيكَائِيلَ وَإِسْرَافِيلَ. فَجِبْرِيلُ يَنْزِلُ بِالْهُدَى عَلَى الرُّسُلِ لِتَبْلِيغِ الْأُمَمِ، وَمِيكَائِيلُ مُوَكَّلٌ بِالْقَطْرِ وَالنَّبَاتِ اللَّذَيْنِ يُخْلَقُ مِنْهُمَا الْأَرْزَاقُ فِي هَذِهِ الدَّارِ، وَلَهُ أَعْوَانٌ يَفْعَلُونَ مَا يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِهِ بِأَمْرِ رَبِّهِ يُصَرِّفُونَ الرِّيَاحَ وَالسَّحَابَ كَمَا يَشَاءُ الرَّبُّ جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ. وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا أَنَّهُ مَا مِنْ قَطْرَةٍ تَنْزِلُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ إِلَّا وَمَعَهَا مَلَكٌ يُقَدِّرُهَا فِي مَوْضِعِهَا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ، وَإِسْرَافِيلُ مُوَكَّلٌ بِالنَّفْخِ فِي الصُّورِ لِلْقِيَامِ مِنَ الْقُبُورِ، وَالْحُضُورِ يَوْمَ الْبَعْثِ وَالنُّشُورِ لِيَفُوزَ الشَّكُورُ، وَيُجَازَى الْكَفُورُ فَذَاكَ ذَنْبُهُ مَغْفُورٌ وَسَعْيُهُ مَشْكُورٌ، وَهَذَا قَدْ صَارَ عَمَلُهُ كَالْهَبَاءِ الْمَنْثُورِ وَهُوَ يَدْعُو بِالْوَيْلِ وَالثُّبُورِ. فَجِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ يَحْصُلُ بِمَا يَنْزِلُ بِهِ الْهُدَى، وَمِيكَائِيلُ يَحْصُلُ بِمَا هُوَ مُوَكَّلٌ بِهِ الرِّزْقُ، وَإِسْرَافِيلُ يَحْصُلُ بِمَا هُوَ مُوَكَّلٌ بِهِ النَّصْرُ وَالْجَزَاءُ صفة ملك الموت وَأَمَّا مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ فَلَيْسَ بِمُصَرَّحٍ بِاسْمِهِ فِي الْقُرْآنِ، وَلَا فِي الْأَحَادِيثِ الصِّحَاحِ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ تَسْمِيَتُهُ فِي بَعْضِ الْآثَارِ بِعِزْرَائِيلَ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: قُلْ يَتَوَفَّاكُمْ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ الَّذِي وُكِّلَ بِكُمْ ثُمَّ إِلَى رَبِّكُمْ تُرْجَعُونَ [ السَّجْدَةِ: 11 ]. وَلَهُ أَعْوَانٌ يَسْتَخْرِجُونَ رُوحَ الْعَبْدِ مِنْ جُثَّتِهِ حَتَّى تَبْلُغَ الْحُلْقُومَ فَيَتَنَاوَلُهَا مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ بِيَدِهِ، فَإِذَا أَخَذَهَا لَمْ يَدَعُوهَا فِي يَدِهِ طَرْفَةَ عَيْنٍ حَتَّى يَأْخُذُوهَا مِنْ يَدِهِ فَيَلُفُّوهَا فِي أَكْفَانٍ تَلِيقُ بِهَا. كَمَا قَدْ بُسِطَ عِنْدَ قَوْلِهِ: يُثَبِّتُ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِالْقَوْلِ الثَّابِتِ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ [ إِبْرَاهِيمَ: 27 ]. ثُمَّ يَصْعَدُونَ بِهَا، فَإِنْ كَانَتْ صَالِحَةً فُتِحَتْ لَهَا أَبْوَابُ السَّمَاءِ، وَإِلَّا غُلِّقَتْ دُونَهَا، وَأُلْقِيَ بِهَا إِلَى الْأَرْضِ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَهُوَ الْقَاهِرُ فَوْقَ عِبَادِهِ وَيُرْسِلُ عَلَيْكُمْ حَفَظَةً حَتَّى إِذَا جَاءَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ تَوَفَّتْهُ رُسُلُنَا وَهُمْ لَا يُفَرِّطُونَ ثُمَّ رُدُّوا إِلَى اللَّهِ مَوْلَاهُمُ الْحَقِّ أَلَا لَهُ الْحُكْمُ وَهُوَ أَسْرَعُ الْحَاسِبِينَ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 61 - 62 ]. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وَمُجَاهِدٍ، وَغَيْرِ وَاحِدٍ أَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا: إِنَّ الْأَرْضَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ مَلَكِ الْمَوْتِ مِثْلُ الطَّسْتِ يَتَنَاوَلُ مِنْهَا حَيْثُ يَشَاءُ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا أَنَّ مَلَائِكَةَ الْمَوْتِ يَأْتُونَ الْإِنْسَانَ عَلَى حَسَبِ عَمَلِهِ إِنْ كَانَ مُؤْمِنًا أَتَاهُ مَلَائِكَةٌ بِيضُ الْوُجُوهِ بِيضُ الثِّيَابِ طَيِّبَةُ الْأَرْوَاحِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ كَافِرًا فَبِالضِّدِّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ عِيَاذًا بِاللَّهِ الْعَظِيمِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ. وَقَدْ قَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ بسنده عن جَعْفَرَ بْنَ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ أَبِي يَقُولُ: نَظَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى مَلَكِ الْمَوْتِ عِنْدَ رَأْسِ رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: يَا مَلَكَ الْمَوْتِ ارْفُقْ بِصَاحِبِي فَإِنَّهُ مُؤْمِنٌ. فَقَالَ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ طِبْ نَفْسًا، وَقَرَّ عَيْنًا فَإِنِّي بِكُلِّ مُؤْمِنٍ رَفِيقٌ، وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ مَا فِي الْأَرْضِ بَيْتُ مَدَرٍ، وَلَا شَعَرٍ فِي بَرٍّ وَلَا بَحْرٍ إِلَّا وَأَنَا أَتَصَفَّحُهُمْ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ خَمْسَ مَرَّاتٍ، حَتَّى إِنِّي أَعْرَفُ بِصَغِيرِهِمْ وَكَبِيرِهِمْ مِنْهُمْ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ، وَاللَّهِ يَا مُحَمَّدُ لَوْ أَنِّي أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَقْبِضَ رُوحَ بَعُوضَةٍ مَا قَدَرْتُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ حَتَّى يَكُونَ اللَّهُ هُوَ الْآمِرَ بِقَبْضِهَا. قَالَ جَعْفَرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ وَهُوَ جَعْفَرٌ الصَّادِقُ: بَلَغَنِي أَنَّهُ يَتَصَفَّحُهُمْ عِنْدَ مَوَاقِيتِ الصَّلَاةِ، فَإِذَا حَضَرَ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ فَإِذَا كَانَ مِمَّنْ يُحَافِظُ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ دَنَا مِنْهُ الْمَلَكُ، وَدَفَعَ عَنْهُ الشَّيْطَانَ، وَلَقَّنَهُ الْمَلَكُ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ. فِي تِلْكَ الْحَالِ الْعَظِيمَةِ. هَذَا حَدِيثٌ مُرْسَلٌ، وَفِيهِ نَظَرٌ. وَذَكَرْنَا فِي حَدِيثِ الصُّورِ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. الْحَدِيثَ بِطُولِهِ، وَفِيهِ: وَيَأْمُرُ اللَّهُ إِسْرَافِيلَ بِنَفْخَةِ الصَّعْقِ، فَيَنْفُخُ نَفْخَةَ الصَّعْقِ ; فَيُصْعَقُ أَهْلُ السَّمَاوَاتِ، وَأَهْلُ الْأَرْضِ إِلَّا مَنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ، فَإِذَا هُمْ قَدْ خَمَدُوا، جَاءَ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ إِلَى الْجَبَّارِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَيَقُولُ: يَا رَبِّ قَدْ مَاتَ أَهْلُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ إِلَّا مَنْ شِئْتَ. فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَنْ بَقِيَ: فَمَنْ بَقِيَ ؟ فَيَقُولُ: يَا رَبِّ بَقِيتَ أَنْتَ الْحَيُّ الَّذِي لَا يَمُوتُ، وَبَقِيَتْ حَمَلَةُ عَرْشِكَ، وَبَقِيَ جِبْرِيلُ وَمِيكَائِيلُ. فَيَقُولُ: لِيَمُتْ جِبْرِيلُ وَمِيكَائِيلُ. فَيُنْطِقُ اللَّهُ الْعَرْشَ فَيَقُولُ: يَا رَبِّ يَمُوتُ جِبْرِيلُ وَمِيكَائِيلُ. فَيَقُولُ: اسْكُتْ فَإِنِّي كَتَبْتُ الْمَوْتَ عَلَى كُلِّ مَنْ كَانَ تَحْتَ عَرْشِي. فَيَمُوتَانِ، ثُمَّ يَأْتِي مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ إِلَى الْجَبَّارِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَيَقُولُ: يَا رَبِّ قَدْ مَاتَ جِبْرِيلُ وَمِيكَائِيلُ فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ: بِمَنْ بَقِيَ فَمَنْ بَقِيَ ؟ فَيَقُولُ: بَقِيتَ أَنْتَ الْحَيُّ الَّذِي لَا يَمُوتُ، وَبَقِيَتْ حَمَلَةُ عَرْشِكَ، وَبَقِيتُ أَنَا. فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ: لِتَمُتْ حَمَلَةُ عَرْشِي. فَيَمُوتُونَ، وَيَأْمُرُ اللَّهُ الْعَرْشَ فَيَقْبِضُ الصُّورَ مِنْ إِسْرَافِيلَ، ثُمَّ يَأْتِي مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ فَيَقُولُ: يَا رَبِّ قَدْ مَاتَ حَمَلَةُ عَرْشِكَ. فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَنْ بَقِيَ فَمَنْ بَقِيَ ؟ فَيَقُولُ: بَقِيتَ أَنْتَ الْحَيُّ الَّذِي لَا يَمُوتُ، وَبَقِيتُ أَنَا فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ: أَنْتَ خَلْقٌ مِنْ خَلْقِي خَلَقْتُكَ لِمَا رَأَيْتَ فَمُتْ. فَيَمُوتُ، فَإِذَا لَمْ يَبْقَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ الْأَحَدُ الصَّمَدُ الَّذِي لَمْ يَلِدْ، وَلَمْ يُولَدْ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ كَانَ آخِرًا كَمَا كَانَ أَوَّلًا. وَذَكَرَ تَمَامَ الْحَدِيثِ بِطُولِهِ. رَوَاهُ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ، وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ. وَرَوَاهُ الْحَافِظُ أَبُو مُوسَى الْمَدِينِيُّ فِي كِتَابِ " الطِّوَالَاتِ " وَعِنْدَهُ زِيَادَةٌ غَرِيبَةٌ، وَهِيَ قَوْلُهُ: فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ لَهُ: " أَنْتَ خَلْقٌ مِنْ خَلْقِي خَلَقْتُكَ لِمَا أَرَدْتُ فَمُتْ مَوْتًا لَا تَحْيَا بَعْدَهُ أَبَدًا ". صفة هاروت وماروت وَمِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ الْمَنْصُوصِ عَلَى أَسْمَائِهِمْ فِي الْقُرْآنِ: هَارُوتُ، وَمَارُوتُ،  فِي قَوْلِ جَمَاعَةٍ كَثِيرَةٍ مِنَ السَّلَفِ. وَقَدْ وَرَدَ فِي قِصَّتِهِمَا وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمَا آثَارٌ كَثِيرَةٌ غَالِبُهَا إِسْرَائِيلِيَّاتٌ. وَرَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ حَدِيثًا مَرْفُوعًا، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، وَصَحَّحَهُ ابْنُ حِبَّانَ فِي " تَقَاسِيمِهِ "، وَفِي صِحَّتِهِ عِنْدِي نَظَرٌ، وَالْأَشْبَهُ أَنَّهُ مَوْقُوفٌ عَلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، وَيَكُونُ مِمَّا تَلَقَّاهُ عَنْ كَعْبِ الْأَحْبَارِ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَفِيهِ: أَنَّهُ تَمَثَّلَتْ لَهُمَا الزُّهْرَةُ امْرَأَةً مِنْ أَحْسَنِ الْبَشَرِ. وَعَنْ عَلِيٍّ، وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وَابْنِ عُمَرَ أَيْضًا: أَنَّ الزُّهْرَةَ كَانْتِ امْرَأَةً، وَأَنَّهُمَا لَمَّا طَلَبَا مِنْهَا مَا ذُكِرَ، أَبَتْ إِلَّا أَنْ يُعَلِّمَاهَا الِاسْمَ الْأَعْظَمَ، فَعَلَّمَاهَا فَقَالَتْهُ: فَارْتَفَعَتْ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ فَصَارَتْ كَوْكَبًا. وَرَوَى الْحَاكِمُ فِي " مُسْتَدْرَكِهِ " عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: وَفِي ذَلِكَ الزَّمَانِ امْرَأَةٌ حُسْنُهَا فِي النِّسَاءِ كَحُسْنِ الزُّهْرَةِ فِي سَائِرِ الْكَوَاكِبِ. وَهَذَا اللَّفْظُ أَحْسَنُ مَا وَرَدَ فِي شَأْنِ الزُّهْرَةِ، ثُمَّ قِيلَ: كَانَ أَمْرُهُمَا، وَقِصَّتُهُمَا فِي زَمَانِ إِدْرِيسَ. وَقِيلَ: فِي زَمَانِ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ دَاوُدَ. كَمَا حَرَّرْنَا ذَلِكَ فِي التَّفْسِيرِ. وَبِالْجُمْلَةِ فَهُوَ خَبَرٌ إِسْرَائِيلِيٌّ مَرْجِعُهُ إِلَى كَعْبِ الْأَحْبَارِ، ، ثُمَّ قَدْ قِيلَ: إِنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِقَوْلِهِ: وَمَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَى الْمَلَكَيْنِ بِبَابِلَ هَارُوتَ وَمَارُوتَ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 102 ]. قَبِيلَانِ مِنَ الْجَانِّ. قَالَهُ ابْنُ حَزْمٍ، وَهَذَا غَرِيبٌ وَبَعِيدٌ مِنَ اللَّفْظِ. وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ قَرَأَ: " وَمَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَى الْمَلِكَيْنِ ". بِالْكَسْرِ، وَيَجْعَلُهُمَا عِلْجَيْنِ مِنْ أَهْلِ فَارِسٍ قَالَهُ الضَّحَّاكُ، وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَقُولُ: هُمَا مَلَكَانِ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ. وَلَكِنْ سَبَقَ فِي قَدَرِ اللَّهِ لَهُمَا مَا ذَكَرَهُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمَا إِنْ صَحَّ بِهِ الْخَبَرُ، وَيَكُونُ حُكْمُهُمَا كَحُكْمِ إِبْلِيسَ إِنْ قِيلَ: إِنَّهُ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ. لَكِنَّ الصَّحِيحَ أَنَّهُ مِنَ الْجِنِّ،. صفة منكر ونكير وملك الجبال وَمِنِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ الْمُسَمَّيْنَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: مُنْكَرٌ وَنَكِيرٌ عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ، وَقَدِ اسْتَفَاضَ فِي الْأَحَادِيثِ ذِكْرُهُمَا فِي سُؤَالِ الْقَبْرِ. وَقَدْ أَوْرَدْنَاهَا عِنْدَ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: يُثَبِّتُ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِالْقَوْلِ الثَّابِتِ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ وَيُضِلُّ اللَّهُ الظَّالِمِينَ وَيَفْعَلُ اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ [ إِبْرَاهِيمَ: 27 ]. وَهُمَا فَتَّانَا الْقَبْرِ، مُوَكَّلَانِ بِسُؤَالِ الْمَيِّتِ فِي قَبْرِهِ، عَنْ رَبِّهِ، وَدِينِهِ، وَنَبِيِّهِ، وَيَمْتَحِنَانِ الْبَرَّ وَالْفَاجِرَ، وَهُمَا أَزْرَقَانِ أَفْرَقَانِ لَهُمَا أَنْيَابٌ وَأَشْكَالٌ مُزْعِجَةٌ وَأَصْوَاتٌ مُفْزِعَةٌ. أَجَارَنَا اللَّهُ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ، وَثَبَّتَنَا بِالْقَوْلِ الثَّابِتِ آمِينَ. وَقَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ: بسنده أَنَّ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ حَدَّثَتْهُ: أَنَّهَا قَالَتْ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ: هَلْ أَتَى عَلَيْكَ يَوْمٌ كَانَ أَشَدَّ مِنْ يَوْمِ أُحُدٍ ؟ قَالَ: لَقَدْ لَقِيتُ مِنْ قَوْمِكِ، وَكَانَ أَشَدُّ مَا لَقِيتُ مِنْهُمْ يَوْمَ الْعَقَبَةِ، إِذْ عَرَضْتُ نَفْسِي عَلَى ابْنِ عَبْدِ يَالِيلَ بْنِ عَبْدِ كُلَالٍ، فَلَمْ يُجِبْنِي إِلَى مَا أَرَدْتُ، فَانْطَلَقْتُ وَأَنَا مَهْمُومٌ عَلَى وَجْهِي، فَلَمْ أَسْتَفِقْ إِلَّا وَأَنَا بِقَرْنِ الثَّعَالِبِ، فَرَفَعْتُ رَأْسِي فَإِذَا أَنَا بِسَحَابَةٍ قَدْ أَظَلَّتْنِي، فَنَظَرْتُ فَإِذَا فِيهَا جِبْرِيلُ فَنَادَانِي فَقَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ سَمِعَ قَوْلَ قَوْمِكَ لَكَ، وَمَا رَدُّوا بِهِ عَلَيْكَ، وَقَدْ بَعَثَ لَكَ مَلَكَ الْجِبَالِ لِتَأْمُرَهُ بِمَا شِئْتَ فِيهِمْ. فَنَادَانِي مَلَكُ الْجِبَالِ فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيَّ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ. فَقَالَ: ذَلِكَ فَمَا شِئْتَ: إِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْ أُطْبِقَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْأَخْشَبَيْنِ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: بَلْ أَرْجُو أَنْ يُخْرِجَ اللَّهُ مِنْ أَصْلَابِهِمْ مَنْ يَعْبُدُ اللَّهَ وَحْدَهُ لَا يُشْرِكُ بِهِ شَيْئًا. وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ مِنْ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ وَهْبٍ بِهِ.

Translation

✧ The creation of the angels and their attributes (peace be upon them). The verses mentioning the angels are very numerous; He, the Exalted, describes them with strength in worship and in creation, beauty of appearance, greatness of forms, and power of shape in the various images, as He, the Exalted, said: "And when Our messengers came to Lot, he was distressed for them and felt for them great discomfort and said, 'This is a trying day.' And his people came hastening to him, and before [this] they had been doing evil deeds" [Hūd: 77-78]. And so on. We have mentioned in the commentary what more than one scholar has said, namely, that the angels appeared to them in the form of handsome youths as a trial and test, until the proof was established against the people of Lot, and God seized them with the seizing of an Almighty, All-Powerful. And on the authority of ʿĀʾishah, she said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "The angels were created from light." Muslim alone transmitted it. Description of the creation of Gabriel ﷺ. Gabriel ﷺ used to come to the Prophet ﷺ in various forms: sometimes in the form of Diḥyah b. Khalīfah al-Kalbī, sometimes in the form of a bedouin, and sometimes in his own form in which he was created, having six hundred wings, between each two wings being like the distance between the east and the west, as he saw him in this form twice: once descending from heaven to earth, and once at the Lote Tree of the Utmost Boundary, near which is the Garden of Refuge. This is the meaning of His saying, the Exalted: "One of mighty powers has taught him, one of soundness. And he rose to [his] true form, while he was in the higher [part of the] horizon. Then he approached and came closer" [al-Najm: 5-8], i.e., Gabriel, as we have mentioned from more than one Companion. "And was at a distance of two bow lengths or nearer. And he revealed to His servant what he revealed" [al-Najm: 9-10], i.e., to the servant of God, Muḥammad ﷺ. Then He said: "And he certainly saw him in another descent, at the Lote Tree of the Utmost Boundary" [al-Najm: 13-14]. All of this refers to Gabriel. Mention of the Frequented House. And in it: "Then the Frequented House was raised up to me, and behold, seventy thousand angels enter it every day, then they never return to it ever again." And he mentioned that he found Abraham the Friend ﷺ leaning his back against the Frequented House. We have mentioned the reason for the correspondence in this: that the Frequented House in the seventh heaven is in the position of the Kaʿbah on earth. And on the authority of Khālid b. ʿArʿarah: that Ibn al-Kawwāʾ asked ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib about the Frequented House, and he said: "It is a mosque in the heaven called al-Ḍurāḥ, and it is directly above the Kaʿbah; its sanctity in heaven is like the sanctity of the House on earth. Seventy thousand angels pray in it every day, and they never return to it ever again." Others said: In every heaven there is a house which its angels inhabit with worship, and to which they come in turns and relays, just as the people of earth inhabit the Ancient House with pilgrimage every year, and ʿumrah at all times, and circumambulation and prayer at every moment. And in the ḥadīth of Mujāhid: that the sanctuary is sacred to the extent of its measure in the seven heavens and the seven earths, and that it is the fourth of fourteen houses; in every heaven there is a house, and in every earth there is a house, so that if they fell, they would fall one upon another. Then he narrated from Mujāhid, who said: "Manāhu," i.e., its counterpart, and it is a shortened form. And on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr, he said: "The sanctuary is sacred in the seven heavens to the extent of its measure on earth, and the Sacred House [of Jerusalem] is sanctified in the seven heavens to the extent of its measure on earth." As some poet said: "Indeed, He who raised the sky built for us a house whose pillars are stronger and longer." And the name of the house in the lowest heaven is the House of Might, and the name of the angel who is the chief of the angels in it is Ismāʿīl. According to this, the seventy thousand angels who enter the Frequented House every day, then never return to it ever again, mean: no turn comes to them in it until the end of time; they are among the inhabitants of the seventh heaven alone. For this reason the Exalted said: "And none knows the hosts of your Lord except Him" [al-Muddaththir: 31]. Imam Aḥmad said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of Abū Dharr, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Indeed, I see what you do not see, and I hear what you do not hear. The heaven creaked, and it had a right to creak; there is not in it a space of four fingers except that upon it is an angel prostrating. If you knew what I know, you would laugh little and weep much, and you would not take pleasure in women on the beds, and you would go out to the open spaces crying out to God, Mighty and Majestic." Then Abū Dharr said: "By God, I wish I were a tree that is cut down." Al-Tirmidhī transmitted it and said: it is ḥasan gharīb, and it is also narrated from Abū Dharr as mawqūf. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Abū al-Qāsim al-Ṭabarānī said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of Jābir b. ʿAbd Allāh, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "There is not in the seven heavens a place of a foot, or a span, or a palm except that in it is an angel standing, or an angel prostrating, or an angel bowing. And when the Day of Resurrection comes, they will all say: 'We did not worship You as You deserve to be worshipped, except that we do not associate anything with You.'" These two ḥadīths indicate that there is no place in the seven heavens except that it is filled with angels, and they are in various kinds of worship: among them are those who stand forever, among them those who bow forever, among them those who prostrate forever, and among them those who are in other kinds which God knows best. They are constant in their worship, glorification, remembrance, and the deeds which God has commanded them, and they have stations with their Lord, as the Exalted said: "And there is none among us except that he has a known station. And indeed, we are those who line up in rows, and indeed, we are those who glorify" [al-Ṣāffāt: 164-166]. And he ﷺ said: "Will you not line up in rows as the angels line up in rows before their Lord?" They said: "And how do they line up before their Lord?" He said: "They complete the first rows and stand close together in the row." And he said: "We have been favored over people with three things: the earth has been made a mosque for us, its dust has been made a means of purification for us, and our rows have been made like the rows of the angels." Likewise, they will come on the Day of Resurrection before the Lord, may His majesty be glorified, in rows, as the Exalted said: "And your Lord comes, and the angels, rank upon rank" [al-Fajr: 22]. And they will stand in rows before their Lord, Mighty and Majestic, on the Day of Resurrection, as the Exalted said: "The Day that the Spirit and the angels will stand in rows, they will not speak except one whom the Most Merciful permits, and he will say what is right" [al-Nabaʾ: 38]. The meaning of "the Spirit" here is the children of Adam. This was said by Ibn ʿAbbās, al-Ḥasan, and Qatādah. It was also said: a kind of angel resembling the children of Adam in form. This was said by Ibn ʿAbbās, Mujāhid, Abū Ṣāliḥ, and al-Aʿmash. It was also said: Gabriel. This was said by al-Shaʿbī, Saʿīd b. Jubayr, and al-Ḍaḥḥāk. Mention of the angel called al-Rūḥ. And it was said: an angel called al-Rūḥ, whose size is equal to all creatures. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭalḥah said, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, regarding His saying: "The Day that the Spirit will stand," he said: "He is an angel among the greatest of the angels in creation." We have mentioned in the description of the bearers of the Throne, on the authority of Jābir b. ʿAbd Allāh, that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Permission has been given to me to speak about an angel from among the angels of God, one of the bearers of the Throne: the distance between the lobe of his ear and his shoulder is a journey of seven hundred years." Abū Dāwūd and Ibn Abī Ḥātim transmitted it, and his wording is "the flapping of a bird's wings for seven hundred years." Description of Gabriel ﷺ. And there has come regarding the description of Gabriel ﷺ a great matter: God the Exalted said: "One of mighty powers has taught him" [al-Najm: 5]. They said: Among the manifestations of his mighty power was that he lifted up the cities of the people of Lot, and they were seven, with all the peoples in them, who were close to four hundred thousand, along with the animals and livestock they had, and the lands, cultivated fields, and buildings belonging to those cities and other things. He lifted all of that upon the tip of his wing until he reached with them the clouds of the sky, until the angels heard the barking of their dogs and the crowing of their roosters, then he turned them over and made their uppermost their lowermost. So this is "one of mighty powers." And His saying: "one of soundness" means: of beautiful form, splendor, and radiance, as He said in another verse: "Indeed, it is the word of a noble messenger" [al-Takwīr: 19], i.e., Gabriel is a messenger from God, "noble," meaning of beautiful appearance, "possessing strength," meaning he has power and great might, "secure with the Owner of the Throne," meaning he has a high and elevated station with God, the Owner of the glorious Throne, "obeyed there," meaning obeyed in the highest assembly, "trustworthy," meaning of great trustworthiness. For this reason he was the emissary between God and His prophets (peace be upon them), who descends upon them with revelation containing true reports and just laws. He used to come to the Messenger of God ﷺ and descend upon him in various forms, as we have mentioned. And he saw him in the form in which God created him twice, having six hundred wings, as al-Bukhārī narrated with his chain of transmission from al-Shaybānī, who said: I asked Zirr about His saying: "And was at a distance of two bow lengths or nearer. And he revealed to His servant what he revealed" [al-Najm: 9-10]. He said: ʿAbd Allāh, meaning Ibn Masʿūd, narrated to us that Muḥammad ﷺ saw Gabriel, who had six hundred wings. And Imam Aḥmad said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ saw Gabriel in his own form, and he had six hundred wings, each wing of which filled the horizon; from his wings fell such wonders of pearls and rubies as only God knows. And Aḥmad said, with his chain of transmission, from Shaqīq: I heard Ibn Masʿūd say: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Gabriel came to me in green garments, to which pearls were attached." Its chain is authentic. With his chain of transmission from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yazīd, from ʿAbd Allāh: "The heart did not lie [about] what it saw" [al-Najm: 11]. He said: The Messenger of God ﷺ saw Gabriel wearing two garments of fine green silk, and he had filled what is between heaven and earth. The chain is good and strong. And in the two Ṣaḥīḥs from the ḥadīth of ʿĀmir al-Shaʿbī, from Masrūq, who said: I was with ʿĀʾishah and I said: "Does not God say: 'And he certainly saw him in the clear horizon' [al-Takwīr: 23] and 'And he certainly saw him in another descent' [al-Najm: 13]?" She said: "I was the first of this community to ask the Messenger of God ﷺ about it, and he said: 'That is only Gabriel; he did not see him in the form in which he was created except twice. He saw him descending from heaven to earth, the greatness of his form filling what is between heaven and earth.'" And al-Bukhārī said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said to Gabriel: "Will you not visit us more often than you visit us?" He said: Then it was revealed: "And we do not descend except by the command of your Lord. To Him belongs what is before us and what is behind us" [Maryam: 64], and so on. And al-Bukhārī narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ was the most generous of people in goodness, and he was most generous in Ramadan when Gabriel met him, and he used to meet him every night of Ramadan and study the Qur'an with him, so the Messenger of God ﷺ was more generous in goodness than the sent wind. And al-Bukhārī said, with his chain of transmission, from Ibn Shihāb: that ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz delayed the ʿaṣr prayer a little, so ʿUrwah said to him: "Indeed, Gabriel descended and prayed before the Messenger of God ﷺ." ʿUmar said: "I know what you are saying, O ʿUrwah." He said: "I heard Bashīr b. Abī Masʿūd say: I heard Abū Masʿūd say: I heard the Messenger of God ﷺ say: 'Gabriel descended and led me in prayer, so I prayed with him, then I prayed with him, then I prayed with him, then I prayed with him, then I prayed with him.' He counted with his fingers five prayers." Description of Isrāfīl. Ibn ʿAbbās narrated from the Prophet ﷺ that he said: "Indeed, an angel from among the angels of God, the Exalted, called Isrāfīl, carries one of the corners of the Throne on his shoulder, and his feet are in the lowest earth, and he has raised his head to the seventh heaven." Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad b. Jaʿfar said: "The angels were created from light, and it has been said that the newly created ones among them are created from the tears of Isrāfīl." And from the description of Isrāfīl ﷺ: he is one of the bearers of the Throne, and he is the one who will blow the Trumpet by the command of his Lord with three blasts: the first of them is the Blast of Terror, the second is the Blast of Thunderstrike, and the third is the Blast of Resurrection. The Trumpet is a horn into which he will blow; each circle of it is like the distance between heaven and earth, and in it is the place of the spirits of the servants. When God commands him to blow for the resurrection, and he blows, the spirits come out glowing, and the Lord, may His majesty be glorified, says: "By My might and My majesty, every spirit shall return to the body which it used to inhabit in the world." Then they enter the bodies in their graves, and they creep into them as poison creeps into the one bitten, and the bodies come to life, and the graves split open from them, and they come out of them quickly to the place of the gathering. For this reason the Messenger of God ﷺ said: "How can I be at ease, when the possessor of the horn has placed the horn to his mouth, and bent his forehead, and is waiting for permission to be given?" They said: "What should we say, O Messenger of God?" He said: "Say: 'Sufficient for us is God, and He is the best disposer of affairs. Upon God we rely.'" Imam Aḥmad said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of Abū Saʿīd, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ mentioned the possessor of the Trumpet and said: "On his right is Gabriel, and on his left is Mīkāʾīl (peace be upon them)." And al-Ḥāfiẓ Abū al-Qāsim al-Ṭabarānī said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: While the Messenger of God ﷺ was with Gabriel in a certain place, the horizon of the sky split open, and Isrāfīl approached, drawing near to the earth and swaying, and behold, an angel appeared before the Prophet ﷺ and said: "O Muḥammad, God commands you to choose between being a prophet who is a servant or a king who is a prophet." He said: Gabriel gestured to me with his hand to be humble, so I knew that he was advising me, and I said: "A servant who is a prophet." Then that angel ascended to the sky, and I said: "O Gabriel, I wanted to ask you about this, but I saw in your state what distracted me from asking. So who is this, O Gabriel?" He said: "This is Isrāfīl ﷺ. God created him on the day He created him, standing before Him with his feet together, not raising his gaze; between him and the Lord are seventy veils of light, none of which he can approach without being burned. Before him is a Tablet, and when God gives permission for something in the heaven or on the earth, that Tablet rises and strikes his forehead, and he looks: if it is from my work, He commands me with it; if it is from the work of Mīkāʾīl, He commands him with it; and if it is from the work of the Angel of Death, He commands him with it." I said: "O Gabriel, and what are you in charge of?" He said: "The wind and the armies." I said: "And what is Mīkāʾīl in charge of?" He said: "Plants and rain." I said: "And what is the Angel of Death in charge of?" He said: "Taking souls. And I did not think that he had descended except for the coming of the Hour, and what you saw from me was only fear of the coming of the Hour." This is a gharīb ḥadīth from this route. And in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, on the authority of ʿĀʾishah: that the Messenger of God ﷺ, when he rose at night to pray, would say: "O God, Lord of Gabriel, Mīkāʾīl, and Isrāfīl, Originator of the heavens and the earth, Knower of the unseen and the witnessed, You judge between Your servants concerning that in which they used to differ. Guide me, by Your permission, to the truth concerning that in which they differed. Indeed, You guide whom You will to a straight path." And in the ḥadīth of the Trumpet: that Isrāfīl is the first whom God will resurrect after the thunderstrike to blow the Trumpet. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Naqqāsh mentioned: that Isrāfīl was the first of the angels to prostrate, so he was rewarded with the custody of the Preserved Tablet. This was related by Abū al-Qāsim al-Suhaylī in his book "al-Taʿrīf wa-al-Iʿlām bimā Ubhima fī al-Qurʾān min al-Aʿlām." Description of Mīkāʾīl ﷺ. The Exalted said: "Whoever is an enemy to God and His angels and His messengers and Gabriel and Michael..." [al-Baqarah: 98]. He conjoined them to the angels because of their nobility. Gabriel is a great angel, and as for Mīkāʾīl, he is entrusted with rain and plants, and he has a high station with his Lord, Mighty and Majestic, and is among the noblest of the angels brought near. Imam Aḥmad said, with his chain of transmission, on the authority of Anas b. Mālik, from the Messenger of God ﷺ, that he said to Gabriel: "Why have I never seen Mīkāʾīl laughing?" He said: "Mīkāʾīl has not laughed since the Fire was created." So these are the angels explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an and in the authentic collections, and they are those mentioned in the prophetic supplication: "O God, Lord of Gabriel, Mīkāʾīl, and Isrāfīl." Gabriel descends with guidance upon the messengers to convey to the nations, and Mīkāʾīl is entrusted with rain and plants, from which provisions are created in this abode, and he has helpers who do what he commands them by the command of his Lord, directing the winds and the clouds as the Lord, may His majesty be glorified, wills. We have narrated that there is no drop that falls from the sky except that with it is an angel who places it in its location on the earth. And Isrāfīl is entrusted with blowing the Trumpet for the rising from the graves and the presence on the Day of Resurrection and the gathering, so that the grateful may succeed and the ungrateful may be recompensed: thus his sin is forgiven and his effort is appreciated, while this one's work has become like scattered dust and he calls for woe and destruction. So Gabriel ﷺ brings guidance, Mīkāʾīl brings provision, and Isrāfīl brings victory and recompense. Description of the Angel of Death. As for the Angel of Death, his name is not explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an, nor in the authentic ḥadīths. His naming has come in some reports as ʿIzrāʾīl, and God knows best. God the Exalted said: "Say: 'The Angel of Death, who has been entrusted with you, will take your souls. Then to your Lord you will be returned'" [al-Sajdah: 11]. He has helpers who extract the soul of the servant from his body until it reaches the throat, and then the Angel of Death takes it with his hand. When he takes it, they do not leave it in his hand for a blink of an eye until they take it from his hand and wrap it in shrouds befitting it, as we have explained in detail under His saying: "God keeps firm those who believe, with the firm word, in the life of this world and in the hereafter" [Ibrāhīm: 27]. Then they ascend with it, and if it is righteous, the gates of heaven are opened for it; otherwise, they are closed before it, and it is thrown down to the earth. God the Exalted said: "And He is the Subduer over His servants, and He sends over you guardians, until when death comes to one of you, Our messengers take him, and they do not neglect [their duty]. Then they are returned to God, their true Master. Unquestionably, His is the judgment, and He is the swiftest of reckoners" [al-Anʿām: 61-62]. On the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, Mujāhid, and more than one, they said: The earth before the Angel of Death is like a basin, from which he takes wherever he wishes. We have mentioned that the angels of death come to a person according to his deeds: if he is a believer, angels with white faces, white garments, and fragrant spirits come to him; and if he is an unbeliever, then the opposite of that—we seek refuge in God, the Magnificent, from that. Ibn Abī Ḥātim said, with his chain of transmission, from Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad, who said: I heard my father say: The Messenger of God ﷺ looked at the Angel of Death at the head of a man from the Anṣār, and the Prophet ﷺ said to him: "O Angel of Death, be gentle with my companion, for he is a believer." The Angel of Death said: "O Muḥammad, be at ease and comforted, for I am gentle with every believer. And know that there is no house of mud or hair in the land or the sea except that I inspect them five times every day, until I know their young and old better than they know themselves. By God, O Muḥammad, if I wanted to take the soul of a mosquito, I would not be able to do so until God is the one who commands its taking." Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad, who is Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, said: "It has reached me that he inspects them at the times of prayer, and when death is present, if the person is among those who maintain the prayer, the angel draws near to him, and drives away Satan from him, and the angel prompts him to say: 'There is no god but God, Muḥammad is the Messenger of God' in that great moment." This is a mursal ḥadīth, and there is some consideration regarding it. We have mentioned in the ḥadīth of the Trumpet, on the authority of Abū Hurayrah, from the Messenger of God ﷺ, the ḥadīth in its entirety, and in it: "And God commands Isrāfīl with the Blast of the Thunderstrike, so he blows the Blast of the Thunderstrike, and the people of the heavens and the people of the earth are thunderstruck, except whom God wills. And when they have become still, the Angel of Death comes to the Compeller, Mighty and Majestic, and says: 'O Lord, the people of the heavens and the earth have died, except whom You will.' God, who knows best who remains, says: 'Who remains?' He says: 'O Lord, You remain, the Living who does not die, and the bearers of Your Throne remain, and Gabriel and Mīkāʾīl remain.' He says: 'Let Gabriel and Mīkāʾīl die.' Then God causes the Throne to speak, and it says: 'O Lord, shall Gabriel and Mīkāʾīl die?' He says: 'Be silent, for I have decreed death upon everyone under My Throne.' So they die. Then the Angel of Death comes to the Compeller, Mighty and Majestic, and says: 'O Lord, Gabriel and Mīkāʾīl have died.' God, who knows best who remains, says: 'Who remains?' He says: 'You remain, the Living who does not die, and the bearers of Your Throne remain, and I remain.' God says: 'Let the bearers of My Throne die.' So they die. And God commands the Throne, and it takes the Trumpet from Isrāfīl. Then the Angel of Death comes and says: 'O Lord, the bearers of Your Throne have died.' God, who knows best who remains, says: 'Who remains?' He says: 'You remain, the Living who does not die, and I remain.' God says: 'You are a creature from among My creatures; I created you for what you have seen, so die.' So he dies. And when none remains except God, the One, the Subduer, the Absolute, the Eternal Refuge, who neither begot nor was begotten, and there is none comparable to Him, He is the Last, just as He was the First." He mentioned the rest of the ḥadīth in its entirety. Al-Ṭabarānī, Ibn Jarīr, and al-Bayhaqī transmitted it. And al-Ḥāfiẓ Abū Mūsā al-Madīnī narrated it in his book "al-Ṭiwālāt," and he has a strange addition, which is his saying: "God says to him: 'You are a creature from among My creatures; I created you for what I willed, so die a death after which you will never live again.'" Description of Hārūt and Mārūt. Among the angels whose names are explicitly stated in the Qur'an: Hārūt and Mārūt, according to a large group of the Salaf. Many reports have come regarding their story and affair, most of which are Israelite traditions. Imam Aḥmad narrated a marfūʿ ḥadīth from Ibn ʿUmar, and Ibn Ḥibbān authenticated it in his "Taqāsīm," but in my view there is some consideration regarding its authenticity; it is more likely mawqūf on ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, and it would be among what he received from Kaʿb al-Aḥbār, and God knows best. In it: that Venus appeared to them as a woman among the most beautiful of human beings. And from ʿAlī, Ibn ʿAbbās, and Ibn ʿUmar also: that Venus was a woman, and that when they sought from her what was mentioned, she refused unless they taught her the Greatest Name, so they taught her, and she pronounced it, and she ascended to the sky and became a star. Al-Ḥākim narrated in his "Mustadrak" from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: "And in that time there was a woman whose beauty among women was like the beauty of Venus among the rest of the stars." This wording is the best of what has come regarding Venus. Then it was said: their affair and story was in the time of Idrīs, and it was also said: in the time of Solomon b. David, as we have established in the commentary. In sum, it is an Israelite report whose source is Kaʿb al-Aḥbār. Then it has been said: the meaning of His saying: "And what was sent down upon the two angels at Babylon, Hārūt and Mārūt" [al-Baqarah: 102] is two tribes of the jinn. This was said by Ibn Ḥazm, and this is strange and far from the wording. And among the people are those who read: "And what was sent down upon the two kings," with kasrah, and they make them two men from the people of Persia, as al-Ḍaḥḥāk said. And among the people are those who say: they are two angels from heaven, but what God had decreed for them of their affair, as mentioned, if the report is authentic, has preceded, and their ruling would be like the ruling of Iblīs if it is said that he was from the angels; but the correct view is that he was from the jinn. Description of Munkar and Nakīr and the Angel of the Mountains. Among the angels named in the ḥadīth: Munkar and Nakīr (peace be upon them). Their mention has become widespread in the ḥadīths regarding the questioning of the grave. We have cited them under His saying, the Exalted: "God keeps firm those who believe, with the firm word, in the life of this world and in the hereafter. And God leads astray the wrongdoers, and God does what He wills" [Ibrāhīm: 27]. They are the two testers of the grave, entrusted with questioning the deceased in his grave about his Lord, his religion, and his prophet, and they test the righteous and the wicked. They are blue-black, with parted forelocks, and they have fangs and frightening forms and terrifying voices. May God protect us from the punishment of the grave and keep us firm with the firm word, Amen. Al-Bukhārī said, with his chain of transmission, that ʿĀʾishah, the wife of the Prophet ﷺ, narrated to him that she said to the Prophet ﷺ: "Has there ever come upon you a day more severe than the day of Uḥud?" He said: "I have suffered from your people, and the severest of what I suffered from them was on the day of ʿAqabah, when I presented myself to Ibn ʿAbd Yālīl b. ʿAbd Kulāl, and he did not respond to what I wanted. So I departed, distressed, not knowing where I was going, and I did not recover until I was at Qarn al-Thaʿālib. I raised my head, and behold, a cloud had shaded me, and I looked, and in it was Gabriel, and he called to me and said: 'God has heard the words of your people to you and what they replied to you, and He has sent to you the Angel of the Mountains so that you may command him to do whatever you wish concerning them.' Then the Angel of the Mountains called to me and greeted me, and said: 'O Muḥammad, that is so; whatever you wish: if you wish, I will let the two mountains of Makkah fall upon them.' The Prophet ﷺ said: 'Rather, I hope that God will bring forth from their loins those who will worship God alone, not associating anything with Him.'" Muslim transmitted it from the ḥadīth of Ibn Wahb.

Grades by grader

No grade is recorded for this wording.