Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2684
Then the Year 132 AH Began
وَهَذَا شَيْءٌ مِنْ تَرْجَمَةِ مَرْوَانَ الْحِمَارِ هُوَ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ، الْقُرَشِيُّ الْأُمَوِيُّ أَبُو عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ آخِرُ خُلَفَاءِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، وَأُمُّهُ أَمَةٌ كُرْدِيَّةٌ يُقَالُ لَهَا: لُبَابَةَ. وَكَانَتْ لِإِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْأَشْتَرِ النَّخَعِيِّ أَخَذَهَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ يَوْمَ قَتَلَهُ، فَاسْتَوْلَدَهَا مَرْوَانَ هَذَا، وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّهَا كَانَتْ أَوَّلًا لِمُصْعَبِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ. وَقَدْ كَانَتْ دَارُ مَرْوَانَ هَذَا فِي سُوقِ الْأَكَّافِينَ. قَالَهُ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ. بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالْخِلَافَةِ بَعْدَ قَتْلِ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، وَبَعْدَ مَوْتِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ ثُمَّ قَدِمَ دِمَشْقَ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا، وَخَلَعَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ، وَاسْتَتَبَّ لَهُ الْأَمْرُ فِي النِّصْفِ مِنْ صَفَرٍ سَنَةَ سَبْعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ. وَقَالَ أَبُو مَعْشَرٍ: بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالْخِلَافَةِ فِي رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ، سَنَةَ سَبْعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ، وَكَانَ يُقَالُ لَهُ: مَرْوَانُ الْجَعْدِيُّ، نِسْبَةً إِلَى رَأْيِ الْجَعْدِ بْنِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَيُلَقَّبُ بِالْحِمَارِ، وَهُوَ آخِرُ مَنْ مَلَكَ مِنْ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ كَانَتْ خِلَافَتُهُ مُنْذُ سَلَّمَ إِلَيْهِ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أَنْ بُويِعَ لِلسَّفَّاحِ خَمْسَ سِنِينَ وَشَهْرًا، وَبَقِيَ مَرْوَانُ بَعْدَ بَيْعَةِ السَّفَّاحِ تِسْعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ. وَكَانَ أَبْيَضَ مُشْرَبًا، أَزْرَقَ الْعَيْنَيْنِ، كَبِيرَ اللِّحْيَةِ، ضَخْمَ الْهَامَةِ، رَبْعَةً، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ يُخَضِّبُ. وَلَّاهُ هِشَامٌ نِيَابَةَ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ وَإِرْمِينِيَّةَ وَالْجَزِيرَةَ فِي سَنَةِ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ وَمِائَةٍ، فَفَتَحَ بِلَادًا كَثِيرَةً وَحُصُونًا مُتَعَدِّدَةً فِي سِنِينَ كَثِيرَةٍ، وَكَانَ لَا يُفَارِقُ الْغَزْوَ، قَاتَلَ طَوَائِفَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَالتَّرْكِ وَالْخَزَرِ وَاللَّانِ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، فَكَسَرَهُمْ وَقَهَرَهُمْ، وَقَدْ كَانَ شُجَاعًا، بَطَلًا مِقْدَامًا، حَازِمَ الرَّأْيِ، وَلَكِنْ مَنْ يَخْذُلِ اللَّهَ يُخْذَلْ. قَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ عَنْ عَمِّهِ مُصْعَبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ: كَانَ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ يَرَوْنَ أَنَّهُ تَذْهَبُ مِنْهُمُ الْخِلَافَةُ إِذَا وَلِيَهَا مَنْ أُمُّهُ أَمَةٌ، فَلَمَّا وَلِيَهَا مَرْوَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ كَانَتْ أُمُّهُ أَمَةً، فَأُخِذَتِ الْخِلَافَةُ مِنْ يَدِهِ فِي سَنَةِ ثِنْتَيْنِ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَمِائَةٍ لِأَبِي الْعَبَّاسِ السَّفَّاحِ. وَقَدْ قَالَ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: بسنده عَنْ ثَوْبَانَ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: لَا تَزَالُ الْخِلَافَةُ فِي بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ يَتَلَقَّفُونَهَا تَلَقُّفَ الْغِلْمَانِ الْأُكْرَةَ، فَإِذَا خَرَجَتْ مِنْهُمْ فَلَا خَيْرَ فِي عَيْشٍ. هَكَذَا أَوْرَدَهُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ وَسَكَتَ عَلَيْهِ، وَهُوَ مُنْكَرٌ جِدًّا. وَقَدْ سَأَلَ الرَّشِيدُ أَبَا بَكْرِ بْنَ عَيَّاشٍ: مَنْ خَيْرُ الْخُلَفَاءِ ; نَحْنُ أَمْ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ ؟ فَقَالَ: هُمْ كَانُوا أَنْفَعَ لِلنَّاسِ، وَأَنْتُمْ أَقْوَمُ بِالصَّلَاةِ. فَأَعْطَاهُ سِتَّةَ آلَافٍ. قَالُوا: وَقَدْ كَانَ مَرْوَانُ كَثِيرَ الْمُرُوءَةِ، كَثِيرَ الْعُجْبِ، يُعْجِبُهُ اللَّهْوَ وَالطَّرَبَ، وَلَكِنَّهُ كَانَ يَشْتَغِلُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ بِالْحَرْبِ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: قَرَأْتُ بِخَطِّ أَبِي الْحُسَيْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُقَلَّدِ بْنِ نَصْرِ بْنِ مُنْقِذٍ الْأَمِيرِ فِي مَجْمُوعٍ لَهُ: كَتَبَ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ إِلَى جَارِيَةٍ لَهُ تَرَكَهَا بِالرَّمْلَةِ عِنْدَ انْزِعَاجِهِ إِلَى مِصْرَ مُنْهَزِمًا: وَمَا زَالَ يَدْعُونِي إِلَى الصَّبْرِ مَا أَرَى فَآبَى وَيُدْنِينِي الَّذِي لَكَ فِي صَدْرِي وَكَانَ عَزِيزًا أَنْ تَبِيتِي وَبَيْنَنَا حِجَابٌ فَقَدْ أَمْسَيْتِ مِنِّي عَلَى عَشْرِ وَأَنْكَاهُمَا وَاللَّهِ لِلْقَلْبِ فَاعْلَمِي إِذَا زِدْتُ مِثْلَيْهَا فَصِرْتُ عَلَى شَهْرِ وَأَعْظَمُ مِنْ هَذَيْنِ وَاللَّهِ أَنَّنِي أَخَافُ بِأَنْ لَا نَلْتَقِي آخِرَ الدَّهْرِ سَأَبْكِيكِ لَا مُسْتَبْقِيًا فَيْضَ عَبْرَةٍ وَلَا طَالِبًا بِالصَّبْرِ عَاقِبَةَ الصَّبْرِ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: اجْتَازَ مَرْوَانُ وَهُوَ هَارِبٌ بِرَاهِبٍ، فَاطَّلَعَ عَلَيْهِ الرَّاهِبُ، فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا رَاهِبُ، هَلْ عِنْدَكَ عِلْمٌ بِالزَّمَانِ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، عِنْدِي مِنْ تَلَوُّنِهِ أَلْوَانٌ. قَالَ: هَلْ تَبْلُغُ الدُّنْيَا مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ أَنْ تَجْعَلَهُ مَمْلُوكًا ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: كَيْفَ ؟ قَالَ: تُحِبُّهَا ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَأَنْتَ مَمْلُوكٌ لَهَا. قَالَ: فَمَا السَّبِيلُ فِي الْعِتْقِ ؟ قَالَ: بُغْضُهَا وَالتَّخَلِّي عَنْهَا. قَالَ: هَذَا مَا لَا يَكُونُ. قَالَ الرَّاهِبُ: أَمَّا تَخَلِّيهَا مِنْكَ فَسَيَكُونُ، فَبَادِرْ بِالْهَرَبِ مِنْهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تُبَادِرَكَ. قَالَ: هَلْ تَعْرِفُنِي ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، أَنْتَ مِلْكُ الْعَرَبِ مَرْوَانُ تُقْتَلُ فِي بِلَادِ السُّودَانِ وَتُدْفَنُ بِلَا أَكْفَانِ، وَلَوْلَا أَنَّ الْمَوْتَ فِي طَلَبِكَ، لَدَلَلْتُكَ عَلَى مَوْضِعِ هَرَبِكَ. قَالَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ ذَلِكَ الزَّمَانِ: كَانَ يُقَالُ: يَقْتُلُ ع بْنُ ع بْنِ ع بْنِ ع م بْنَ م بْنِ م. يَعْنُونَ يَقْتُلُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ مَرْوَانَ بْنَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَرْوَانَ. وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: جَلَسَ مَرْوَانُ يَوْمًا وَقَدْ أُحِيطَ بِهِ، وَعَلَى رَأْسِهِ خَادِمٌ لَهُ قَائِمٌ، فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ يَوْمًا لِبَعْضِ مَنْ يُخَاطِبُهُ: أَلَا تَرَى مَا نَحْنُ فِيهِ ؟ لَهْفِي عَلَى أَيْدٍ مَا ذُكِرَتْ، وَنِعَمٍ مَا شُكِرَتْ، وَدَوْلَةٍ مَا نُصِرَتْ. فَقَالَ لَهُ الْخَادِمُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، مَنْ تَرَكَ الْقَلِيلَ حَتَّى يَكْثُرَ، وَالصَّغِيرَ حَتَّى يَكْبُرَ، وَالْخَفِيَّ حَتَّى يَظْهَرَ، وَأَخَّرَ فِعْلَ الْيَوْمِ لِغَدٍ، حَلَّ بِهِ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ هَذَا. فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ: هَذَا الْقَوْلُ أَشُدُّ عَلَيَّ مِنْ فَقْدِ الْخِلَافَةِ. وَقَدْ قِيلَ: إِنَّ مَرْوَانَ قُتِلَ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ لِثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ خَلَتْ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ، سَنَةَ ثِنْتَيْنِ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَمِائَةٍ، وَقَدْ جَاوَزَ السِّتِّينَ، وَبَلَغَ الثَّمَانِينَ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّمَا عَاشَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً. وَالصَّحِيحُ الْأَوَّلُ، وَهُوَ آخِرُ خُلَفَاءِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ بِهِ انْقَضَتْ دَوْلَتُهُمْ.
Translation
✧ This is something from the biography of Marwān al-Ḥimār. He is Marwān b. Muḥammad b. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ b. Umayyah, the Qurashī, the Umawī, Abū ʿAbd al-Malik, Commander of the Believers, the last of the caliphs of the Banū Umayyah. His mother was a Kurdish slave woman called Lubābah. She had belonged to Ibrāhīm b. al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī, and Muḥammad b. Marwān took her on the day he killed him and took her as a mother of his child for this Marwān. It is said that she had first belonged to Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr. This Marwān's house was in the saddlers' market. So said al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir. Allegiance was sworn to him as caliph after the killing of al-Walīd b. Yazīd and after the death of Yazīd b. al-Walīd. Then he came to Damascus, as we have mentioned, and deposed Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd, and the matter was settled for him in the middle of Ṣafar in the year 127 AH. Abū Maʿshar said: Allegiance was sworn to him as caliph in Rabīʿ al-Awwal in the year 127 AH. He was called Marwān al-Jaʿdī, in reference to the doctrine of al-Jaʿd b. Dirham, and he was nicknamed al-Ḥimār (the Donkey). He was the last of the Banū Umayyah to rule. His caliphate lasted from when Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd handed over to him until allegiance was sworn to al-Saffāḥ: five years and one month. Marwān remained after the oath of allegiance to al-Saffāḥ for nine months. He was white with a ruddy complexion, blue-eyed, with a large beard, a large head, of medium height, and he did not dye his hair. Hishām appointed him as deputy over Adharbayjān, Armīniyyah, and al-Jazīrah in the year 114 AH. He conquered many lands and numerous fortresses over many years. He did not cease from raiding. He fought various groups of people: the Turks, the Khazar, the Alans, and others, and he defeated and subdued them. He was brave, a heroic champion, resolute in judgment, but whomsoever Allah forsakes is forsaken. Al-Zubayr b. Bakkār said, on the authority of his uncle Muṣʿab b. ʿAbd Allāh: The Banū Umayyah believed that the caliphate would depart from them if it was held by someone whose mother was a slave woman. When Marwān b. Muḥammad held it, his mother was a slave woman, so the caliphate was taken from his hand in the year 132 AH by Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir said with his chain of transmission from Thawbān, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The caliphate will not cease to be among the Banū Umayyah; they will snatch it up as boys snatch up a ball. When it leaves them, then there is no good in life." Thus Ibn ʿAsākir cited it and remained silent about it, and it is very objectionable. Al-Rashīd asked Abū Bakr b. ʿAyyāsh: "Who is better among the caliphs, we or the Banū Umayyah?" He replied: "They were more beneficial to the people, and you are more upright in prayer." So he gave him six thousand. They said: Marwān had great manliness and great self-admiration; he was fond of amusement and music, but he was distracted from that by war. Ibn ʿAsākir said: I read in the handwriting of the amir Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAlī b. Muqallad b. Naṣr b. Munqidh in a collection of his: Marwān b. Muḥammad wrote to a slave girl of his whom he left at al-Ramlah when he set out in flight to Egypt: And it has not ceased to call me to patience in what I see, and I refuse, and to bring me near to what you have in my breast. And it was hard that you should spend the night while between us was a veil, yet now you have become from me at a distance of ten. And the more grievous of the two, by Allah, for the heart, know it, is when I add twice that, so I have come to a month. And greater than these two, by Allah, is that I fear that we may never meet for the rest of time. I shall weep for you, not seeking to preserve the flood of tears, nor seeking through patience the outcome of patience. Some of them said: Marwān, while fleeing, passed by a monk. The monk looked out at him and greeted him. He said to him: "O monk, do you have knowledge of time?" He said: "Yes, I have of its changes many colors." He said: "Can the world, with a person, make him a slave?" He said: "Yes." He said: "How?" He said: "Do you love it?" He said: "Yes." He said: "Then you are its slave." He said: "What is the way to freedom?" He said: "To hate it and to detach yourself from it." He said: "That is something that will not be." The monk said: "As for its detaching itself from you, that will be. So hasten to flee from it before it hastens against you." He said: "Do you know me?" He said: "Yes, you are the king of the Arabs, Marwān. You will be killed in the land of the blacks and buried without shrouds. Were it not that death is in seeking you, I would show you the place of your flight." Some of the people of that time said: It was said: "ʿ b. ʿ b. ʿ b. ʿ M b. M b. M kills him," meaning ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās kills Marwān b. Muḥammad b. Marwān. Some of them said: Marwān sat one day when he was surrounded, and above his head a servant of his stood. One day Marwān said to someone he was addressing: "Do you not see what we are in? My grief for hands that were not remembered, for blessings that were not thanked, for a state that was not helped." The servant said to him: "O Commander of the Believers, whoever leaves the little until it becomes much, and the small until it becomes great, and the hidden until it appears, and postpones today's action to tomorrow, will be overtaken by more than this." Marwān said: "This statement is harder on me than the loss of the caliphate." It has been said: Marwān was killed on Monday, thirteen nights having passed from Dhū al-Ḥijjah in the year 132 AH. He had passed sixty and reached eighty. It was said that he lived only forty years. The correct is the first. He was the last of the caliphs of the Banū Umayyah; with him their dynasty came to an end.
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No grade is recorded for this wording.