Dalil
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 267

The story of Dāwūd (peace be upon him)

قِصَّةُ دَاوُدَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَمَا كَانَ فِي أَيَّامِهِ وَذِكْرُ فَضَائِلِهِ وَشَمَائِلِهِ  وَدَلَائِلُ نُبُوَّتِهِ وَأَعْلَامِهِ نسب داود عليه السلام وصفته هُوَ دَاوُدُ بْنُ إِيشَا بْنِ عُوَيْدَ بْنِ بَاعَزَ بْنِ سَلَمُونَ بْنِ نَحْشُوَنَ بْنِ عَوِينَاذَبَ بْنِ إِرَمَ بْنِ حَصَرُونَ بْنِ فَارَصَ بْنِ يَهُوذَا بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْخَلِيلِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَنَبِيُّهُ وَخَلِيفَتُهُ فِي أَرْضِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ. قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ، كَانَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، قَصِيرًا، أَزْرَقَ الْعَيْنَيْنِ، قَلِيلَ الشَّعْرِ، طَاهِرَ الْقَلْبِ نَقِيَّهُ. قتله جالوت وتنصيبه ملكًا تُقُدِّمَ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا قَتَلَ جَالُوتَ، وَكَانَ قَتْلُهُ لَهُ - فِيمَا ذَكَرَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ - عِنْدَ قَصْرِ أُمِّ حَكِيمٍ بِقُرْبِ مَرْجِ الصُّفَّرِ. فَأَحَبَّتْهُ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ وَمَالُوا إِلَيْهِ وَإِلَى مُلْكِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَكَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِ طَالُوتَ مَا كَانَ وَصَارَ الْمُلْكُ إِلَى دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَجَمَعَ اللَّهُ لَهُ بَيْنَ الْمُلْكِ وَالنُّبُوَّةِ، بَيْنَ خَيْرَيِ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ، وَكَانَ الْمُلْكُ يَكُونُ فِي سِبْطٍ، وَالنُّبُوَّةُ فِي سِبْطٍ آخَرَ، فَاجْتَمَعَ فِي دَاوُدَ هَذَا وَهَذَا، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَقَتَلَ دَاوُدُ جَالُوتَ وَآتَاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَهُ مِمَّا يَشَاءُ وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَفَسَدَتِ الْأَرْضُ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ ذُو فَضْلٍ عَلَى الْعَالَمِينَ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 251 ]. أَيْ: لَوْلَا إِقَامَةُ الْمُلُوكِ حُكَّامًا عَلَى النَّاسِ لَأَكَلَ قَوِيُّ النَّاسِ ضَعِيفَهُمْ. وَلِهَذَا جَاءَ فِي بَعْضِ الْآثَارِ: السُّلْطَانُ ظِلُّ اللَّهِ فِي أَرْضِهِ وَقَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَيَزَعُ بِالسُّلْطَانِ مَا لَا يَزَعُ بِالْقُرْآنِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ فِي " تَارِيخِهِ ": أَنَّ جَالُوتَ لَمَّا بَارَزَ طَالُوتَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: اخْرُجْ إِلَيَّ أَوْ أَخْرُجُ إِلَيْكَ فَنَدَبَ طَالُوتُ النَّاسَ، فَانْتَدَبَ دَاوُدُ، فَقَتَلَ جَالُوتَ. قَالَ وَهْبُ بْنُ مُنَبِّهٍ: فَمَالَ النَّاسُ إِلَى دَاوُدَ، حَتَّى لَمْ يَكُنْ لِطَالُوتَ ذِكْرٌ وَخَلَعُوا طَالُوتَ وَوَلَّوْا عَلَيْهِمْ دَاوُدَ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ ذَلِكَ عَنْ أَمْرِ شَمْوِيلَ، حَتَّى قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: إِنَّهُ وَلَّاهُ قَبْلَ الْوَقْعَةِ. قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَالَّذِي عَلَيْهِ الْجُمْهُورُ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا وَلِيَ الْمُلْكَ بَعْدَ قَتْلِ جَالُوتَ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: أَنَّ قَتْلَهُ جَالُوتَ كَانَ عِنْدَ قَصْرِ أَمِّ حَكِيمٍ، وَأَنَّ النَّهْرَ الَّذِي هُنَاكَ هُوَ الْمَذْكُورُ فِي الْآيَةِ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. معجزات داود عليه السلام وعبادته وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا دَاوُدَ مِنَّا فَضْلًا يَا جِبَالُ أَوِّبِي مَعَهُ وَالطَّيْرَ وَأَلَنَّا لَهُ الْحَدِيدَ أَنِ اعْمَلْ سَابِغَاتٍ وَقَدِّرْ فِي السَّرْدِ وَاعْمَلُوا صَالِحًا إِنِّي بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ [ سَبَأٍ: 10، 11 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَسَخَّرْنَا مَعَ دَاوُدَ الْجِبَالَ يُسَبِّحْنَ وَالطَّيْرَ وَكُنَّا فَاعِلِينَ وَعَلَّمْنَاهُ صَنْعَةَ لَبُوسٍ لَكُمْ لِتُحْصِنَكُمْ مِنْ بَأْسِكُمْ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ شَاكِرُونَ [ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ: 79، 80 ]. أَعَانَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَى عَمَلِ الدُّرُوعِ مِنَ الْحَدِيدِ ; لِيُحَصِّنَ الْمُقَاتِلَةَ مِنَ الْأَعْدَاءِ، وَأَرْشَدَهُ إِلَى صَنْعَتِهَا وَكَيْفِيَّتِهَا، فَقَالَ: وَقَدِّرْ فِي السَّرْدِ أَيْ: لَا تُدِقَّ الْمِسْمَارَ فَيَقْلَقَ، وَلَا تُغَلِّظْهُ فَيَفْصِمَ. قَالَهُ مُجَاهِدٌ، وَقَتَادَةُ، وَالْحَكَمُ، وَعِكْرِمَةُ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ. قَالَ الْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ، وَقَتَادَةُ، وَالْأَعْمَشُ: كَانَ اللَّهُ قَدْ أَلَانَ لَهُ الْحَدِيدَ حَتَّى كَانَ يَفْتِلُهُ بِيَدِهِ، لَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى نَارٍ وَلَا مِطْرَقَةٍ. قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ عَمِلَ الدُّرُوعَ مِنْ زَرَدٍ، وَإِنَّمَا كَانَتْ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ صَفَائِحَ. قَالَ ابْنُ شَوْذَبٍ: كَانَ يَعْمَلُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ دِرْعًا يَبِيعُهَا بِسِتَّةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ. وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ: أَنَّ أَطْيَبَ مَا أَكَلَ الرَّجُلُ مِنْ كَسْبِهِ، وَإِنَّ نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ دَاوُدَ كَانَ يَأْكُلُ مِنْ كَسْبِ يَدِهِ. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَاذْكُرْ عَبْدَنَا دَاوُدَ ذَا الْأَيْدِ إِنَّهُ أَوَّابٌ إِنَّا سَخَّرْنَا الْجِبَالَ مَعَهُ يُسَبِّحْنَ بِالْعَشِيِّ وَالْإِشْرَاقِ وَالطَّيْرَ مَحْشُورَةً كُلٌّ لَهُ أَوَّابٌ وَشَدَدْنَا مُلْكَهُ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحِكْمَةَ وَفَصْلَ الْخِطَابِ [ ص: 17 - 20 ]. قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَمُجَاهِدٌ: الْأَيْدُ: الْقُوَّةُ فِي الطَّاعَةِ. يَعْنِي: ذَا قُوَّةٍ فِي الْعِبَادَةِ وَالْعَمَلِ الصَّالِحِ. قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: أُعْطِيَ قُوَّةً فِي الْعِبَادَةِ وَفِقْهًا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ. قَالَ: وَقَدْ ذُكِرَ لَنَا أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُومُ اللَّيْلَ وَيَصُومُ نِصْفَ الدَّهْرِ. وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: أَحَبُّ الصَّلَاةِ إِلَى اللَّهِ صَلَاةُ دَاوُدَ،  وَأَحَبُّ الصِّيَامِ إِلَى اللَّهِ صِيَامُ دَاوُدَ ;  كَانَ يَنَامُ نِصْفَ اللَّيْلِ وَيَقُومُ ثُلُثَهُ وَيَنَامُ سُدُسَهُ، وَكَانَ يَصُومُ يَوْمًا وَيُفْطِرُ يَوْمًا وَلَا يَفِرُّ إِذَا لَاقَى وَقَوْلُهُ: إِنَّا سَخَّرْنَا الْجِبَالَ مَعَهُ يُسَبِّحْنَ بِالْعَشِيِّ وَالْإِشْرَاقِ وَالطَّيْرَ مَحْشُورَةً كُلٌّ لَهُ أَوَّابٌ كَمَا قَالَ: يَا جِبَالُ أَوِّبِي مَعَهُ وَالطَّيْرَ أَيْ: سَبِّحِي مَعَهُ. قَالَهُ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ وَمُجَاهِدٌ وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ فِي تَفْسِيرِ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ إِنَّا سَخَّرْنَا الْجِبَالَ مَعَهُ يُسَبِّحْنَ بِالْعَشِيِّ وَالْإِشْرَاقِ أَيْ: عِنْدَ آخَرِ النَّهَارِ وَأَوَّلِهِ ; وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى قَدْ وَهَبَهُ مِنَ الصَّوْتِ الْعَظِيمِ مَا لَمْ يُعْطِهِ أَحَدًا، بِحَيْثُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ إِذَا تَرَنَّمَ بِقِرَاءَةِ كِتَابِهِ، يَقِفُ الطَّيْرُ فِي الْهَوَاءِ، يُرَجِّعُ بِتَرْجِيعِهِ وَيُسَبَّحُ بِتَسْبِيحِهِ، وَكَذَلِكَ الْجِبَالُ تُجِيبُهُ، وَتُسَبِّحُ مَعَهُ، كُلَّمَا سَبَّحَ بُكْرَةً وَعَشِيًّا، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ وَسَلَامُهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَقَالَ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَامِرٍ قَالَ: أُعْطِيَ دَاوُدُ مِنْ حُسْنِ الصَّوْتِ مَا لَمْ يُعْطَ أَحَدٌ قَطُّ ; حَتَّى إِنْ كَانَ الطَّيْرُ وَالْوَحْشُ لَيَعْكُفُ حَوْلَهُ حَتَّى يَمُوتَ عَطَشًا وَجُوعًا، وَحَتَّى إِنَّ الْأَنْهَارَ لَتَقِفُ. وَقَالَ وَهْبُ بْنُ مُنَبِّهٍ كَانَ لَا يَسْمَعُهُ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا حَجَلَ كَهَيْئَةِ الرَّقْصِ، وَكَانَ يَقْرَأُ الزَّبُورَ بِصَوْتٍ لَمْ تَسْمَعِ الْآذَانُ بِمِثْلِهِ، فَيَعْكُفُ الْجِنُّ وَالْإِنْسُ وَالطَّيْرُ وَالدَّوَابُّ عَلَى صَوْتِهِ حَتَّى يَهْلَكَ بَعْضُهَا جُوعًا. وَعَنْ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: كَانَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، إِذَا أَخَذَ فِي قِرَاءَةِ الزَّبُورِ، تَفَتَّقَتِ الْعَذَارَى. وَهَذَا غَرِيبٌ. وَعَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ سَأَلْتُ عَطَاءً عَنِ الْقِرَاءَةِ عَلَى الْغِنَاءِ  ، فَقَالَ: وَمَا بَأْسٌ بِذَلِكَ ؟ سَمِعْتُ عُبَيْدَ بْنَ عُمَيْرٍ يَقُولُ: كَانَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، يَأْخُذُ الْمِعْزَفَةَ فَيَضْرِبُ بِهَا، فَيَقْرَأُ عَلَيْهَا، فَتَرُدُّ عَلَيْهِ صَوْتَهُ ; يُرِيدُ بِذَلِكَ أَنْ يَبْكِيَ وَيُبْكِيَ. وَعَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ: سَمِعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ صَوْتَ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ وَهُوَ يَقْرَأُ، فَقَالَ لَقَدْ أُوتِيَ أَبُو مُوسَى مِنْ مَزَامِيرِ آلِ دَاوُدَ وَهَذَا عَلَى شَرْطِ الشَّيْخَيْنِ، وَلَمْ يُخْرِجَاهُ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ. وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنْ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ النَّهْدَيِّ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَقَدْ سَمِعْتُ الْبَرْبَطَ وَالْمِزْمَارَ، فَمَا سَمِعْتُ صَوْتًا أَحْسَنَ مِنْ صَوْتِ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ. وَقَدْ كَانَ مَعَ هَذَا الصَّوْتِ الرَّخِيمِ، سَرِيعَ الْقِرَاءَةِ لِكِتَابِهِ الزَّبُورِ، وَعَنْ هَمَّامٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: خُفِّفَ عَلَى دَاوُدَ الْقِرَاءَةُ  ، فَكَانَ يَأْمُرُ بِدَابَّتِهِ فَتُسْرَجُ فَكَانَ يَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تُسْرَجَ دَابَّتُهُ، وَكَانَ لَا يَأْكُلُ إِلَّا مِنْ عَمَلِ يَدَيْهِ. وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ مُنْفَرِدًا بِهِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ بِهِ، وَلَفْظُهُ خُفِّفَ عَلَى دَاوُدَ الْقُرْآنُ، فَكَانَ يَأْمُرُ بِدَوَابِّهِ فَتُسْرَجُ، فَيَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ قَبْلَ أَنْ تُسْرَجَ دَوَابُّهُ، وَلَا يَأْكُلُ إِلَّا مِنْ عَمَلِ يَدَيْهِ. وَالْمُرَادُ بِالْقُرْآنِ هَاهُنَا الزَّبُورُ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَوْحَاهُ إِلَيْهِ. وَذِكْرُ دَوَابِّهِ أَشْبَهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَحْفُوظًا ; فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ مَلِكًا لَهُ أَتْبَاعٌ، فَكَانَ يَقْرَأُ الزَّبُورَ بِمِقْدَارِ مَا تُسْرَجُ الدَّوَابُّ، وَهَذَا أَمْرٌ سَرِيعٌ مَعَ التَّدَبُّرِ وَالتَّرَنُّمِ وَالتَّغَنِّي بِهِ عَلَى وَجْهِ التَّخَشُّعِ، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ وَسَلَامُهُ عَلَيْهِ. وَقَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَآتَيْنَا دَاوُدَ زَبُورًا وَالزَّبُورُ كِتَابٌ مَشْهُورٌ، وَذَكَرْنَا فِي " التَّفْسِيرِ " الْحَدِيثَ الَّذِي رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَغَيْرُهُ، أَنَّهُ أُنْزِلَ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ، وَفِيهِ مِنَ الْمَوَاعِظِ وَالْحِكَمِ مَا هُوَ مَشْهُورٌ مَعْرُوفٌ لِمَنْ نَظَرَ فِيهِ. ملك داود عليه السلام وحكمته وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَشَدَدْنَا مُلْكَهُ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحِكْمَةَ وَفَصْلَ الْخِطَابِ [ ص: 20 ]. أَيْ: أَعْطَيْنَاهُ مُلْكًا عَظِيمًا وَحُكْمًا نَافِذًا. رَوَى ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ رَجُلَيْنِ تَدَاعَيَا إِلَى دَاوُدَ - عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ - فِي بَقَرٍ، ادَّعَى أَحَدُهُمَا عَلَى الْآخَرِ أَنَّهُ اغْتَصَبَهَا مِنْهُ، فَأَنْكَرَ الْمُدَّعَى عَلَيْهِ، فَأَرْجَأَ أَمْرَهُمَا إِلَى اللَّيْلِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ اللَّيْلُ، أَوْحَى اللَّهُ إِلَيْهِ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ الْمُدَّعِيَ، فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ قَالَ لَهُ دَاوُدُ: إِنِ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَوْحَى إِلَيَّ أَنْ أَقْتُلَكَ، فَأَنَا قَاتِلُكَ لَا مَحَالَةَ فَمَا خَبَرُكَ فِيمَا ادَّعَيْتَهُ عَلَى هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ يَا نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ إِنِّي لَمُحِقٌّ فِيمَا ادَّعَيْتُ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَكِنِّي كُنْتُ اغْتَلْتُ أَبَاهُ قَبْلَ هَذَا فَقَتَلْتُهُ. فَأَمَرَ بِهِ دَاوُدُ فَقُتِلَ ; فَعَظُمَ أَمْرُ دَاوُدَ فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ جِدًّا، وَخَضَعُوا لَهُ خُضُوعًا عَظِيمًا. قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: فَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَشَدَدْنَا مُلْكَهُ وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحِكْمَةَ، أَيِ النُّبُوَّةَ. وَفَصْلَ الْخِطَابِ قَالَ شُرَيْحٌ، وَالشَّعْبِيُّ، وَقَتَادَةُ، وَأَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ السُّلَمِيُّ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ وَفَصْلَ الْخِطَابِ الشُّهُودُ وَالْأَيْمَانُ. يَعْنُونَ بِذَلِكَ الْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى الْمُدَّعِي، وَالْيَمِينَ عَلَى مَنْ أَنْكَرَ. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ، وَالسُّدِّيُّ: هُوَ إِصَابَةُ الْقَضَاءِ وَفَهْمُهُ. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: هُوَ الْفَصْلُ فِي الْكَلَامِ وَفِي الْحُكْمِ. وَاخْتَارَهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَهَذَا لَا يُنَافِي مَا رُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى، أَنَّهُ قَوْلُ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ. وَقَالَ وَهْبُ بْنُ مُنَبِّهٍ: لَمَّا كَثُرَ الشَّرُّ وَشَهَادَاتُ الزُّورِ فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، أُعْطِيَ دَاوُدُ سِلْسِلَةٌ لِفَصْلِ الْقَضَاءِ، فَكَانَتْ مَمْدُودَةً مِنَ السَّمَاءِ إِلَى صَخْرَةِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ، وَكَانَتْ مِنْ ذَهَبٍ، فَإِذَا تَشَاجَرَ الرَّجُلَانِ فِي حَقٍّ، فَأَيُّهُمَا كَانَ مُحِقًّا نَالَهَا، وَالْآخَرُ لَا يَصِلُ إِلَيْهَا، فَلَمْ تَزَلْ كَذَلِكَ حَتَّى أَوْدَعَ رَجُلٌ رَجُلًا لُؤْلُؤَةً، فَجَحَدَهَا مِنْهُ، وَاتَّخَذَ عُكَّازًا وَأَوْدَعَهَا فِيهِ، فَلَمَّا حَضَرَا عِنْدَ السِّلْسِلَةِ تَنَاوَلَهَا الْمُدَّعِي، فَلَمَّا قِيلَ لِلْآخَرِ: خُذْهَا بِيَدِكَ. عَمَدَ إِلَى الْعُكَّازِ، فَأَعْطَاهُ الْمُدَّعِي وَفِيهِ تِلْكَ اللُّؤْلُؤَةُ، وَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّكَ تَعْلَمُ أَنِّي دَفَعْتُهَا إِلَيْهِ ثُمَّ تَنَاوَلَ السِّلْسِلَةَ فَنَالَهَا، فَأَشْكَلَ أَمْرُهَا عَلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، ثُمَّ رُفِعَتْ سَرِيعًا مِنْ بَيْنِهِمْ. ذَكَرَهُ بِمَعْنَاهُ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ. نبأ الخصم قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَهَلْ أَتَاكَ نَبَأُ الْخَصْمِ إِذْ تَسَوَّرُوا الْمِحْرَابَ إِذْ دَخَلُوا عَلَى دَاوُدَ فَفَزِعَ مِنْهُمْ قَالُوا لَا تَخَفْ خَصْمَانِ بَغَى بَعْضُنَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ فَاحْكُمْ بَيْنَنَا بِالْحَقِّ وَلَا تُشْطِطْ وَاهْدِنَا إِلَى سَوَاءِ الصِّرَاطِ إِنَّ هَذَا أَخِي لَهُ تِسْعٌ وَتِسْعُونَ نَعْجَةً وَلِيَ نَعْجَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ فَقَالَ أَكْفِلْنِيهَا وَعَزَّنِي فِي الْخِطَابِ قَالَ لَقَدْ ظَلَمَكَ بِسُؤَالِ نَعْجَتِكَ إِلَى نِعَاجِهِ وَإِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنَ الْخُلَطَاءِ لَيَبْغِيُ بَعْضُهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَقَلِيلٌ مَا هُمْ وَظَنَّ دَاوُدُ أَنَّمَا فَتَنَّاهُ فَاسْتَغْفَرَ رَبَّهُ وَخَرَّ رَاكِعًا وَأَنَابَ فَغَفَرْنَا لَهُ ذَلِكَ وَإِنَّ لَهُ عِنْدَنَا لَزُلْفَى وَحُسْنَ مَآبٍ [ ص: 21 - 25 ]. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ مِنَ السَّلَفِ وَالْخَلَفِ، هَاهُنَا قِصَصًا وَأَخْبَارًا أَكْثَرُهَا إِسْرَائِيلِيَّاتٌ، وَمِنْهَا مَا هُوَ مَكْذُوبٌ لَا مَحَالَةَ، تَرَكْنَا إِيرَادَهَا فِي كِتَابِنَا قَصْدًا ; اكْتِفَاءً وَاقْتِصَارًا عَلَى مُجَرَّدِ تِلَاوَةِ الْقِصَّةِ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ الْعَظِيمِ، وَاللَّهُ يَهْدِي مَنْ يَشَاءُ إِلَى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ. سجدة ص وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَ الْأَئِمَّةُ فِي سَجْدَةِ " ص " ; هَلْ هِيَ مِنْ عَزَائِمِ السُّجُودِ،  أَوْ إِنَّمَا هِيَ سَجْدَةُ شُكْرٍ لَيْسَتْ مِنْ عَزَائِمِ السُّجُودِ عَلَى قَوْلَيْنِ. وَعَنِ الْعَوَّامِ، قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ مُجَاهِدًا عَنْ سَجْدَةِ " ص "، فَقَالَ: سَأَلْتُ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ: مِنْ أَيْنَ سَجَدْتَ ؟ فَقَالَ: أَوَمَا تَقْرَأُ: وَمِنْ ذُرِّيَّتِهِ دَاوُدَ وَسُلَيْمَانَ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 84 ] أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ هَدَى اللَّهُ فَبِهُدَاهُمُ اقْتَدِهِ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 90 ].، فَكَانَ دَاوُدُ مِمَّنْ أُمِرَ نَبِيُّكُمْ ﷺ أَنْ يَقْتَدِيَ بِهِ، فَسَجَدَهَا دَاوُدُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ فَسَجَدَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَعَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ فِي السُّجُودِ فِي " ص ": لَيْسَتْ مِنْ عَزَائِمِ السُّجُودِ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَسْجُدُ فِيهَا. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ سَجَدَ فِي " ص " وَقَالَ سَجَدَهَا دَاوُدُ تَوْبَةً، وَنَسْجُدُهَا شُكْرًا وَعَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ قَالَ: قَرَأَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَهُوَ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ " ص "، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ السَّجْدَةَ، نَزَلَ فَسَجَدَ وَسَجَدَ النَّاسُ مَعَهُ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمٌ آخَرُ قَرَأَهَا، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ السَّجْدَةَ تَشَزَّنَ النَّاسُ لِلسُّجُودِ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا هِيَ تَوْبَةُ نَبِيٍّ، وَلَكِنْ رَأَيْتُكُمْ تَشَزَّنْتُمْ فَنَزَلَ وَسَجَدَ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: بسنده أَنَّ أَبَا سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيَّ رَأَى رُؤْيَا، أَنَّهُ يَكْتُبُ " ص " فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ إِلَى الَّتِي يَسْجُدُ بِهَا رَأَى الدَّوَاةَ وَالْقَلَمَ وَكُلَّ شَيْءٍ بِحَضْرَتِهِ انْقَلَبَ سَاجِدًا. قَالَ: فَقَصَّهَا عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَسْجُدُ بِهَا بَعْدُ. تَفَرَّدَ بِهِ أَحْمَدُ. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ فِيمَا يَرَى النَّائِمُ كَأَنِّي أُصَلِّي خَلْفَ شَجَرَةٍ، فَقَرَأْتُ السَّجْدَةَ فَسَجَدْتُ، فَسَجَدَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ لِسُجُودِي فَسَمِعْتُهَا تَقُولُ وَهِيَ سَاجِدَةٌ: اللَّهُمَّ اكْتُبْ لِي بِهَا عِنْدَكَ أَجْرًا، وَاجْعَلْهَا لِي عِنْدَكَ ذُخْرًا، وَضَعْ عَنِّي بِهَا وِزْرًا، وَاقْبَلْهَا مِنِّي كَمَا قَبِلْتَ مِنْ عَبْدِكَ دَاوُدَ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: فَرَأَيْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَامَ فَقَرَأَ السَّجْدَةَ ثُمَّ سَجَدَ فَسَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ وَهُوَ سَاجِدٌ كَمَا حَكَى الرَّجُلُ عَنْ كَلَامِ الشَّجَرَةِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ بَعْضُ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ أَنَّهُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، مَكَثَ سَاجِدًا أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا. وَوَرَدَ فِي ذَلِكَ حَدِيثٌ مَرْفُوعٌ. مقام داود عند الله سبحانه وتعالى قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: فَغَفَرْنَا لَهُ ذَلِكَ وَإِنَّ لَهُ عِنْدَنَا لَزُلْفَى وَحُسْنَ مَآبٍ [ ص: 25 ]. أَيْ: وَإِنَّ لَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ لِزُلْفَى، وَهِيَ الْقُرْبَةُ الَّتِي يُقَرِّبُهُ اللَّهُ بِهَا، وَيُدْنِيهِ مِنْ حَظِيرَةِ قُدُسِهِ بِسَبَبِهَا، كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: الْمُقْسِطُونَ عَلَى مَنَابِرَ مِنْ نُورٍ عَنْ يَمِينِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَكِلْتَا يَدَيْهِ يَمِينٌ، الَّذِينَ يُقْسِطُونَ فِي أَهْلِيهِمْ وَحُكْمِهِمْ وَمَا وَلُوا. وَعَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ. قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: إِنْ أَحَبَّ النَّاسِ إِلَى اللَّهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَأَقْرَبَهُمْ مِنْهُ مَجْلِسًا، إِمَامٌ عَادِلٌ، وَإِنَّ أَبْغَضَ النَّاسِ إِلَى اللَّهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَأَشَدَّهُمْ عَذَابًا، إِمَامٌ جَائِرٌ وَقَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ: بسنده عن مَالِكَ بْنَ دِينَارٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَإِنَّ لَهُ عِنْدَنَا لَزُلْفَى وَحُسْنَ مَآبٍ قَالَ: يُقَامُ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ عِنْدَ سَاقِ الْعَرْشِ، فَيَقُولُ اللَّهُ: يَا دَاوُدُ مَجِّدْنِي الْيَوْمَ بِذَلِكَ الصَّوْتِ الْحَسَنِ الرَّخِيمِ، الَّذِي كُنْتَ تُمَجِّدُنِي بِهِ فِي الدُّنْيَا. فَيَقُولُ: وَكَيْفَ وَقَدْ سُلِبْتُهُ ؟ فَيَقُولُ: إِنِّي أَرُدُّهُ عَلَيْكَ الْيَوْمَ. قَالَ: فَيَرْفَعُ دَاوُدُ بِصَوْتٍ يَسْتَفْرِغُ نَعِيمَ أَهْلِ الْجِنَانِ. داود خليفة الله في الأرض وشكر آل داود قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: يَا دَاوُدُ إِنَّا جَعَلْنَاكَ خَلِيفَةً فِي الْأَرْضِ فَاحْكُمْ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِالْحَقِّ وَلَا تَتَّبِعِ الْهَوَى فَيُضِلَّكَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَضِلُّونَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ شَدِيدٌ بِمَا نَسُوا يَوْمَ الْحِسَابِ هَذَا خِطَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى مَعَ دَاوُدَ وَالْمُرَادُ: وُلَاةُ الْأُمُورِ وَحُكَّامُ النَّاسِ، وَأَمْرُهُمْ بِالْعَدْلِ وَاتِّبَاعِ الْحَقِّ الْمُنَزَّلِ  مِنَ اللَّهِ لَا مَا سِوَاهُ مِنَ الْآرَاءِ وَالْأَهْوَاءِ، وَتَوَعُّدُ مَنْ سَلَكَ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ وَحَكَمَ بِغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، هُوَ الْمُقْتَدَى بِهِ فِي ذَلِكَ الزَّمَانِ، فِي الْعَدْلِ وَكَثْرَةِ الْعِبَادَةِ وَأَنْوَاعِ الْقُرُبَاتِ، حَتَّى إِنَّهُ كَانَ لَا تَمْضِي سَاعَةٌ مِنْ آنَاءِ اللَّيْلِ وَأَطْرَافِ النَّهَارِ إِلَّا وَأَهْلُ بَيْتِهِ فِي عِبَادَةٍ لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: اعْمَلُوا آلَ دَاوُدَ شُكْرًا وَقَلِيلٌ مِنْ عِبَادِيَ الشَّكُورُ [ سَبَأٍ: 13 ]. عَنْ أَبِي الْجَلْدِ، قَالَ: قَرَأْتُ فِي مَسْأَلَةِ دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: يَا رَبِّ كَيْفَ لِي أَنْ أَشْكُرَكَ وَأَنَا لَا أَصِلُ إِلَى شُكْرِكَ إِلَّا بِنِعْمَتِكَ ؟ قَالَ: فَأَتَاهُ الْوَحْيُ: أَنْ يَا دَاوُدُ، أَلَيْسَ تَعَلَمُ أَنَّ الَّذِي بِكَ مِنَ النِّعَمِ مِنِّي ؟ قَالَ: بَلَى يَا رَبِّ. قَالَ: فَإِنِّي أَرْضَى بِذَلِكَ مِنْكَ. وَعَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ قَالَ: قَالَ دَاوُدُ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ كَمَا يَنْبَغِي لِكَرَمِ وَجْهِهِ وَعِزِّ جَلَالِهِ. فَأَوْحَى اللَّهُ إِلَيْهِ: إِنَّكَ أَتْعَبْتَ الْحَفَظَةَ يَا دَاوُدَ. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ فِي كِتَابِ " الزُّهْدِ ": أَنْبَأَنَا سُفْيَانُ الثَّوْرِيُّ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ، عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ، قَالَ: إِنَّ فِي حِكْمَةِ آلِ دَاوُدَ: حَقٌّ عَلَى الْعَاقِلِ أَنْ لَا يَغْفُلَ عَنْ أَرْبَعِ سَاعَاتٍ: سَاعَةٌ يُنَاجِي فِيهَا رَبَّهُ، وَسَاعَةٌ يُحَاسِبُ فِيهَا نَفْسَهُ، وَسَاعَةٌ يُفْضِي فِيهَا إِلَى إِخْوَانِهِ الَّذِينَ يُخْبِرُونَهُ بِعُيُوبِهِ وَيَصْدُقُونَهُ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ، وَسَاعَةٌ يُخَلِّي بَيْنَ نَفْسِهِ وَبَيْنَ لَذَّاتِهَا فِيمَا يَحِلُّ وَيَجْمُلُ; فَإِنَّ هَذِهِ السَّاعَةَ عَوْنٌ عَلَى هَذِهِ السَّاعَاتِ، وَإِجْمَامٌ لِلْقُلُوبِ، وَحَقٌّ عَلَى الْعَاقِلِ أَنْ يَعْرِفَ زَمَانَهُ، وَيَحْفَظَ لِسَانَهُ، وَيُقْبِلَ عَلَى شَأْنِهِ، وَحَقٌّ عَلَى الْعَاقِلِ أَنْ لَا يَظْعَنَ إِلَّا فِي إِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ: زَادٌ لِمَعَادِهِ، وَمَرَمَّةٌ لِمَعَاشِهِ، وَلَذَّةٌ فِي غَيْرِ مُحَرَّمٍ. وَقَدْ رَوَى الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، أَشْيَاءَ كَثِيرَةً مَلِيحَةً، مِنْهَا قَوْلُهُ: كُنْ لِلْيَتِيمِ كَالْأَبِ الرَّحِيمِ، وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّكَ كَمَا تَزْرَعُ كَذَلِكَ تَحْصُدُ. وَرَوَى بِسَنَدٍ غَرِيبٍ مَرْفُوعًا، قَالَ دَاوُدُ: يَا زَارِعَ السَّيِّئَاتِ، أَنْتَ تَحْصُدُ شَوْكَهَا وَحَسَكَهَا. وَعَنْ دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: مَثَلُ الْخَطِيبِ الْأَحْمَقِ فِي نَادِي الْقَوْمِ، كَمَثَلِ الْمُغَنِّي عِنْدَ رَأْسِ الْمَيِّتِ. وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: مَا أَقْبَحَ الْفَقْرَ بَعْدَ الْغِنَى، وَأَقْبَحُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الضَّلَالَةُ بَعْدَ الْهُدَى. وَقَالَ: انْظُرْ مَا تَكْرَهُ أَنْ يُذْكَرَ عَنْكَ فِي نَادِي الْقَوْمِ، فَلَا تَفْعَلْهُ إِذَا خَلَوْتَ. وَقَالَ: لَا تَعِدَنَّ أَخَاكَ بِمَا لَا تُنْجِزُهُ لَهُ. فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ عَدَاوَةُ مَا بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُ. زوجات داود عليه السلام عَنْ عُمَرَ مَوْلَى غُفْرَةَ، قَالَ: قَالَتْ يَهُودُ لَمَّا رَأَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَتَزَوَّجُ النِّسَاءَ: انْظُرُوا إِلَى هَذَا الَّذِي لَا يَشْبَعُ مِنَ الطَّعَامِ، وَلَا وَاللَّهِ مَا لَهُ هِمَّةٌ إِلَّا إِلَى النِّسَاءِ. حَسَدُوهُ لِكَثْرَةِ نِسَائِهِ، وَعَابُوهُ بِذَلِكَ فَقَالُوا: لَوْ كَانَ نَبِيًّا مَا رَغِبَ فِي النِّسَاءِ. وَكَانَ أَشَدَّهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ حُيَيُّ بْنُ أَخْطَبَ، فَأَكْذَبَهُمُ اللَّهُ وَأَخْبَرَهُمْ بِفَضْلِ اللَّهِ وَسِعَتِهِ عَلَى نَبِيِّهِ، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَامُهُ فَقَالَ: أَمْ يَحْسُدُونَ النَّاسَ عَلَى مَا آتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ [ النِّسَاءِ: 54 ]. يَعْنِي بِالنَّاسِ: رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَدْ آتَيْنَا آلَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَآتَيْنَاهُمْ مُلْكًا عَظِيمًا [ النِّسَاءِ: 54 ]. يَعْنِي مَا آتَى اللَّهُ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنَ دَاوُدَ، كَانَتْ لَهُ أَلْفُ امْرَأَةٍ: سَبْعُمِائَةٍ مَهِيرَةٌ وَثَلَاثُمِائَةٍ سُرِّيَّةٌ. وَكَانَتْ لِدَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، مِائَةُ امْرَأَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ امْرَأَةُ أُورْيَا أَمُّ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ دَاوُدَ، الَّتِي تَزَوَّجَهَا بَعْدَ الْفِتْنَةِ، هَذَا أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا لِمُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ الْكَلْبِيُّ نَحْوَ هَذَا، وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ لِدَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، مِائَةُ امْرَأَةٍ وَلِسُلَيْمَانَ أَلْفُ امْرَأَةٍ، مِنْهُنَّ ثَلَاثُمِائَةٍ سُرِّيَّةٌ. صيام داود عليه السلام وَعَنْ صَدَقَةَ الدِّمَشْقِيِّ أَنَّ رَجُلًا سَأَلَ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ عَنِ الصِّيَامِ فَقَالَ: لَأُحَدِّثَنَّكَ بِحَدِيثٍ كَانَ عِنْدِي فِي التَّخْتِ مَخْزُونًا، إِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْبَأْتُكَ بِصَوْمِ دَاوُدَ فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ صَوَّامًا قَوَّامًا وَكَانَ شُجَاعًا لَا يَفِرُّ إِذَا لَاقَى وَكَانَ يَصُومُ يَوْمًا وَيُفْطِرُ يَوْمًا، وَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أَفْضَلُ الصِّيَامِ صِيَامُ دَاوُدَ وَكَانَ يَقْرَأُ الزَّبُورَ بِسَبْعِينَ صَوْتًا يُلَوِّنُ فِيهَا، وَكَانَتْ لَهُ رَكْعَةٌ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ يُبْكِي فِيهَا نَفْسَهُ، وَيَبْكِي بِبُكَائِهِ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ، وَيَطْرَبُ بِصَوْتِهِ الْمَهْمُومُ وَالْمَحْمُومُ. وَإِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْبَأْتُكَ بِصَوْمِ ابْنِهِ سُلَيْمَانَ ; فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ يَصُومُ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الشَّهْرِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ، وَمِنْ وَسَطِهِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ، وَمِنْ آخِرِهِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ، يَسْتَفْتِحُ الشَّهْرَ بِصِيَامٍ وَوَسَطَهُ بِصِيَامٍ وَيَخْتِمُهُ بِصِيَامٍ. وَإِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْبَأْتُكَ بِصَوْمِ ابْنِ الْعَذْرَاءِ الْبَتُولِ عِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ ; فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ يَصُومُ الدَّهْرَ وَيَأْكُلُ الشَّعِيرَ وَيَلْبَسُ الشَّعْرَ، يَأْكُلُ مَا وَجَدَ وَلَا يَسْأَلُ عَمَّا فَقَدَ، لَيْسَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ يَمُوتُ وَلَا بَيْتٌ يَخْرَبُ، وَكَانَ أَيْنَمَا أَدْرَكَهُ اللَّيْلُ صَفَنَ بَيْنَ قَدَمَيْهِ وَقَامَ يُصَلِّي حَتَّى يُصْبِحَ، وَكَانَ رَامِيًا لَا يَفُوتُهُ صَيْدٌ يُرِيدُهُ، وَكَانَ يَمُرُّ بِمَجَالِسِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ فَيَقْضِي لَهُمْ حَوَائِجَهُمْ. وَإِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْبَأْتُكَ بِصَوْمِ أُمِّهِ مَرْيَمَ بِنْتِ عِمْرَانَ; فَإِنَّهَا كَانَتْ تَصُومُ يَوْمًا وَتُفْطِرُ يَوْمَيْنِ. وَإِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْبَأْتُكَ بِصَوْمِ النَّبِيِّ الْعَرَبِيِّ الْأُمِّيِّ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ ; فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ يَصُومُ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَيَقُولُ: إِنَّ ذَلِكَ صَوْمُ الدَّهْرِ. ذِكْرُ بِنَاءِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ   قِيلَ: أَصَابَ النَّاسَ فِي زَمَانِ دَاوُدَ طَاعُونٌ جَارِفٌ  ، فَخَرَجَ بِهِمْ إِلَى مَوْضِعِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ، وَكَانَ يَرَى الْمَلَائِكَةَ تَعْرُجُ مِنْهُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ، فَلِهَذَا قَصَدَهُ لِيَدْعُوَ فِيهِ، فَلَمَّا وَقَفَ مَوْضِعَ الصَّخْرَةِ دَعَا اللَّهَ تَعَالَى فِي كَشْفِ الطَّاعُونِ عَنْهُمْ، فَاسْتَجَابَ لَهُ وَرُفِعَ الطَّاعُونُ، فَاتَّخَذُوا ذَلِكَ الْمَوْضِعَ مَسْجِدًا، وَكَانَ الشُّرُوعُ فِي بِنَائِهِ إِحْدَى عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً مَضَتْ مِنْ مُلْكِهِ، وَتُوُفِّيَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْتَتِمَّ بِنَاءَهُ، وَأَوْصَى إِلَى سُلَيْمَانَ بِإِتْمَامِهِ وَقَتْلِ الْقَائِدِ الَّذِي قَتَلَ أَخَاهُ إِيشَى بْنَ دَاوُدَ. فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ دَاوُدُ، وَدَفَنَهُ سُلَيْمَانُ، تَقَدَّمَ بِإِنْفَاذِ أَمْرِهِ، فَقَتَلَ الْقَائِدَ، وَاسْتَتَمَّ بِنَاءَ الْمَسْجِدِ، بَنَاهُ بِالرُّخَامِ، وَزَخْرَفَهُ بِالذَّهَبِ، وَرَصَّعَهُ بِالْجَوَاهِرِ، وَقَوِيَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ جَمِيعِهِ بِالْجِنِّ وَالشَّيَاطِينِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ اتَّخَذَ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ عِيدًا عَظِيمًا، وَقَرَّبَ قُرْبَانًا، فَتَقَبَّلَهُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ، وَكَانَ ابْتِدَاؤُهُ أَوَّلًا بِبِنَاءِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْهَا ابْتَدَأَ بِعِمَارَةِ الْمَسْجِدِ، وَقَدْ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسُ فِي صِفَةِ الْبِنَاءِ مِمَّا يُسْتَبْعَدُ وَلَا حَاجَةَ إِلَى ذِكْرِهِ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ سُلَيْمَانَ هُوَ الَّذِي ابْتَدَأَ بِعِمَارَةِ الْمَسْجِدِ، وَكَانَ دَاوُدُ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَبْنِيَهُ فَأَوْحَى اللَّهُ إِلَيْهِ: إِنَّ هَذَا بَيْتٌ مُقَدَّسٌ وَإِنَّكَ قَدْ صَبَغْتَ يَدَكَ فِي الدِّمَاءِ فَلَسْتَ بِبَانِيهِ، وَلَكِنَّ ابْنَكَ سُلَيْمَانَ يَبْنِيهِ لِسَلَامَتِهِ مِنَ الدِّمَاءِ. فَلَمَّا مَلَكَ سُلَيْمَانُ بَنَاهُ.

Translation

✧ The story of Dāwūd ﷺ and what occurred in his days, and mention of his virtues and qualities, and the proofs of his prophethood and his signs The lineage of David ﷺ and his description He is Dāwūd b. Īshā b. ʿUwayd b. Bāʿaz b. Salamūn b. Naḥshūn b. ʿAwīnādhāb b. Iram b. Ḥaṣrūn b. Fāraṣ b. Yahūdhā b. Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq b. Ibrāhīm al-Khalīl, the servant of Allah and His prophet and His vicegerent in the land of Bayt al-Maqdis. Muḥammad b. Isḥāq said, from some of the people of knowledge, from Wahb b. Munabbih: Dāwūd ﷺ was short, blue-eyed, with little hair, pure of heart and clean. His killing of Goliath and his installation as king It was previously mentioned that when he killed Jālūt (Goliath), and his killing of him was—as Ibn ʿAsākir mentioned—at the palace of Umm Ḥakīm near Marj al-Ṣuffar. So the Children of Israel loved him and inclined toward him and toward his kingship over them. Then there occurred what occurred regarding Ṭālūt (Saul), and kingship passed to Dāwūd ﷺ. Allah combined for him kingship and prophethood, between the good of this world and the Hereafter. Kingship used to be in one tribe and prophethood in another tribe, but both came together in Dāwūd, as Allah Most High said: "And David killed Goliath, and Allah gave him the kingdom and wisdom, and taught him of that which He willed. Were it not for Allah's repelling people, some by means of others, the earth would have been corrupted, but Allah is full of bounty to the worlds" [al-Baqarah: 251]. That is, were it not for the establishment of kings as rulers over people, the strong among people would devour their weak. For this reason it comes in some traditions: "The ruler is the shadow of Allah on His earth." And the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān said: "Indeed Allah restrains by means of the ruler what He does not restrain by means of the Qur'an." Ibn Jarīr mentioned in his "History" that when Jālūt challenged Ṭālūt to single combat, saying to him: "Come out to me or I will come out to you," Ṭālūt called upon the people, and Dāwūd volunteered and killed Jālūt. Wahb b. Munabbih said: The people inclined toward Dāwūd until no mention remained of Ṭālūt, and they deposed Ṭālūt and appointed Dāwūd over them. It is said: That was by the command of Shamwīl (Samuel), until some said that he appointed him before the battle. Ibn Jarīr said: The position held by the majority is that he only assumed kingship after the killing of Jālūt. And Allah knows best. Ibn ʿAsākir related from Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz that his killing of Jālūt was at the palace of Umm Ḥakīm, and that the river there is the one mentioned in the verse. Allah knows best. The miracles of David ﷺ and his worship Allah Most High said: "And certainly We gave David from Us bounty. O mountains, repeat praises with him, and the birds, and We made iron soft for him: Make full coats of mail and measure the links well, and work righteousness; indeed I see what you do" [Saba': 10–11]. And Allah Most High said: "And We subjected the mountains with David to glorify, and the birds, and We were the doers. And We taught him the making of coats of armor for you to protect you from your violence. So will you be grateful?" [al-Anbiyā': 79–80]. Allah aided him in making coats of mail from iron to protect the fighters from enemies, and guided him to their craft and their manner, saying: "And measure the links well," that is, do not make the rivet thin so it becomes loose, nor make it thick so it splits. This was said by Mujāhid, Qatādah, al-Ḥakam, ʿIkrimah, and others. Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, Qatādah, and al-Aʿmash said: Allah had softened iron for him until he could twist it with his hand, needing neither fire nor hammer. Qatādah said: He was the first to make coats of mail from rings, for before that they were made of plates. Ibn Shawdhab said: He used to make a coat of mail every day and sell it for six thousand dirhams. It is established in the authentic hadith that the best food a man eats is from his own earnings, and that Allah's Prophet Dāwūd used to eat from the work of his own hands. And Allah Most High said: "And remember Our servant David, possessor of might; indeed he was one who repeatedly turned. Indeed We subjected the mountains with him to glorify in the evening and at sunrise, and the birds gathered; all were obedient to him. And We strengthened his kingdom and gave him wisdom and decisive speech" [Ṣād: 17–20]. Ibn ʿAbbās and Mujāhid said: Al-ayd means strength in obedience; that is, one of strength in worship and righteous action. Qatādah said: He was given strength in worship and understanding in Islam. He said: It has been mentioned to us that he used to stand in prayer at night and fast half of all time. It is established in the two Sahihs that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The most beloved prayer to Allah is the prayer of David, and the most beloved fasting to Allah is the fasting of David. He used to sleep half the night, stand for a third of it, and sleep a sixth of it. And he used to fast one day and break his fast one day, and he did not flee when he met the enemy." And His saying: "Indeed We subjected the mountains with him to glorify in the evening and at sunrise, and the birds gathered; all were obedient to him," as He said: "O mountains, repeat praises with him, and the birds," that is, glorify with him. This was said by Ibn ʿAbbās and Mujāhid and more than one in the interpretation of this verse: "Indeed We subjected the mountains with him to glorify in the evening and at sunrise," that is, at the end of the day and its beginning. That is because Allah Most High had granted him of a great voice what He had not granted anyone, such that when he chanted the recitation of his Book, the birds would stand still in the air, echoing with his echo and glorifying with his glorification. Likewise the mountains would answer him and glorify with him whenever he glorified morning and evening, may Allah's prayers and ﷺ. Al-Awzāʿī said: ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir narrated to me, saying: David was given of beauty of voice what no one ever was given, such that birds and wild beasts would gather around him until they died of thirst and hunger, and even rivers would stand still. Wahb b. Munabbih said: No one would hear him except he would skip like dancing. He used to recite the Psalms with a voice the like of which ears had never heard, so jinn, humans, birds, and beasts would gather around his voice until some of them perished from hunger. From Mālik, who said: When Dāwūd ﷺ began reciting the Psalms, virgins would be enraptured. This is rare. From Ibn Jurayj: I asked ʿAṭā' about reciting with melody, and he said: "What harm is there in that? I heard ʿUbayd b. ʿUmayr say: Dāwūd ﷺ used to take the lyre and strike it, then recite upon it, and it would return his voice to him; he intended by that to weep and make others weep." From ʿĀʾishah, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ heard the voice of Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī while he was reciting, and he said: "Abū Mūsā has been given of the melodious voices of the family of David." This is on the condition of the two Shaykhs, though they did not transmit it from this route. We have related from Abū ʿUthmān al-Nahdī that he said: I have heard the barbaṭ and the mizmār, and I have not heard a voice more beautiful than the voice of Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī. Along with this melodious voice, he was quick in reciting his Book, the Psalms. From Hammām, from Abū Hurayrah, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Recitation was made easy for David, and he would order his riding beast to be saddled, and he would finish reciting the Qur'an before his beast was saddled. And he ate only from the work of his own hands." Al-Bukhārī related it uniquely from ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad from ʿAbd al-Razzāq with this chain, and his wording is: "Recitation was made easy for David, and he would order his riding beasts to be saddled, and he would finish reciting the Qur'an before his beasts were saddled. And he ate only from the work of his own hands." What is meant by "the Qur'an" here is the Psalms that Allah revealed to him and inspired to him. The mention of his riding beasts is more likely to be preserved, because he was a king with followers, and he would recite the Psalms in the time it takes to saddle the beasts. This is something quick along with contemplation, chanting, and singing in a state of humility, may Allah's prayers and ﷺ. Allah Most High said: "And We gave David the Psalms." The Psalms is a well-known book, and we mentioned in the "Tafsīr" the hadith narrated by Aḥmad and others that it was revealed in the month of Ramadan, and it contains well-known admonitions and wisdom for those who examine it. The kingdom of David ﷺ and his wisdom And His saying, Most High: "And We strengthened his kingdom and gave him wisdom and decisive speech" [Ṣād: 20]. That is, We gave him a great kingdom and effective judgment. Ibn Jarīr and Ibn Abī Ḥātim related from Ibn ʿAbbās that two men brought a dispute to Dāwūd ﷺ concerning cattle. One of them claimed that the other had seized them from him, and the defendant denied it, so he postponed their case until night. When night came, Allah revealed to him to kill the claimant. When morning came, Dāwūd said to him: "Allah has revealed to me to kill you, and I am certainly going to kill you. So what is your story concerning what you claimed against this man?" He said: "By Allah, O Prophet of Allah, I was truthful in what I claimed against him, but I had assassinated his father before this and killed him." So Dāwūd ordered him to be killed, and his authority became very great among the Children of Israel, and they submitted to him with great submission. Ibn ʿAbbās said: That is His saying, Most High: "And We strengthened his kingdom." And His saying, Most High: "And We gave him wisdom," that is, prophethood. And "decisive speech": Shurayḥ, al-Shaʿbī, Qatādah, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sulamī, and others said: "Decisive speech" means witnesses and oaths. By that they mean: evidence is upon the claimant, and the oath is upon the one who denies. Mujāhid and al-Suddī said: It is correct judgment and its understanding. Mujāhid said: It is decisive speech in speech and in judgment, and Ibn Jarīr preferred this view. This does not contradict what is related from Abū Mūsā, that it is the saying "ammā baʿd" (now then). Wahb b. Munabbih said: When evil and false witness increased among the Children of Israel, David was given a chain for settling judgment. It was stretched from heaven to the rock of Bayt al-Maqdis and was made of gold. When two men disputed over a right, whichever of them was truthful would reach it, and the other could not reach it. It remained so until a man entrusted a pearl to another man, and the latter denied it from him, and made a staff and placed the pearl inside it. When they came before the chain, the claimant reached for it. When it was said to the other: "Take it with your hand," he went to the staff and gave it to the claimant—and in it was that pearl—and said: "O Allah, You know that I delivered it to him." Then he reached for the chain and obtained it. The matter became problematic for the Children of Israel, and then it was quickly lifted from among them. More than one of the commentators mentioned this in meaning. The story of the litigants Allah Most High said: "And has the story of the litigants come to you, when they climbed over the wall of the sanctuary? When they entered upon David and he was startled by them. They said: Do not fear; two disputants, one of us has wronged the other, so judge between us with truth and do not exceed it and guide us to the right path. Indeed this is my brother; he has ninety-nine ewes, and I have one ewe, so he said: Entrust her to me, and he overpowered me in speech. He said: He has wronged you by asking for your ewe in addition to his ewes. And indeed many associates wrong one another, except those who believe and do righteous deeds, and few are they. And David thought that We had tested him, so he sought forgiveness from his Lord and fell down bowing and turned in repentance. So We forgave him that; and indeed for him is nearness to Us and a good place of return" [Ṣād: 21–25]. Many commentators from the early and later generations have mentioned here stories and reports, most of which are Israelite traditions, and some of which are undoubtedly fabricated. We have intentionally omitted them from our book, sufficing and restricting ourselves to the mere recitation of the story from the Glorious Qur'an. Allah guides whom He wills to a straight path. The prostration of Ṣād The imams have differed concerning the prostration in "Ṣād": whether it is among the prescribed prostrations, or whether it is only a prostration of thankfulness and not among the prescribed prostrations, according to two opinions. From al-ʿAwwām, who said: I asked Mujāhid about the prostration of "Ṣād," and he said: I asked Ibn ʿAbbās: "From where did you prostrate?" He said: "Do you not recite: 'And of his descendants, David and Solomon' [al-Anʿām: 84], 'Those are the ones whom Allah guided, so follow their guidance' [al-Anʿām: 90]. David was among those whom your Prophet ﷺ was commanded to follow, so David ﷺ prostrated in it, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ prostrated in it." From ʿIkrimah, from Ibn ʿAbbās, that he said concerning the prostration in "Ṣād": "It is not among the prescribed prostrations, yet I saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ prostrate in it." And from Ibn ʿAbbās, that the Prophet ﷺ prostrated in "Ṣād" and said: "David prostrated in it as repentance, and we prostrate in it as thankfulness." From Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ recited "Ṣād" while on the pulpit. When he reached the prostration, he descended and prostrated, and the people prostrated with him. On another day he recited it, and when he reached the prostration, the people prepared to prostrate, and he said: "It is only the repentance of a prophet, but I saw you preparing, so he descended and prostrated." Imam Aḥmad said, with his chain: Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī saw a dream in which he was writing "Ṣād," and when he reached the verse of prostration, he saw the inkwell and the pen and everything present with him turn and prostrate. He related it to the Prophet ﷺ, and he continued to prostrate in it thereafter. Aḥmad alone transmitted this. From Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: A man came to the Prophet ﷺ and said: "O Messenger of Allah, I saw in a dream as if I was praying behind a tree, and I recited the prostration verse and prostrated, and the tree prostrated because of my prostration, and I heard it say while prostrating: 'O Allah, write for me thereby a reward with You, and make it for me a treasure with You, and remove from me thereby a burden, and accept it from me as You accepted from Your servant David.'" Ibn ʿAbbās said: I saw the Prophet ﷺ stand and recite the prostration verse, then prostrate, and I heard him say while prostrating what the man related from the words of the tree. Some commentators have mentioned that he ﷺ remained prostrating for forty days, and a hadith attributed to the Prophet is reported concerning that. The station of David before Allah, glorified and exalted Allah Most High said: "So We forgave him that; and indeed for him is nearness to Us and a good place of return" [Ṣād: 25]. That is, on the Day of Resurrection he will have nearness, meaning the nearness by which Allah draws him close and brings him near to the enclosure of His sanctity because of it. As it is established in the hadith: "The just are upon pulpits of light on the right of the Most Merciful—and both His hands are right—those who are just in their families and in their judgments and in what they are entrusted with." From Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The most beloved of people to Allah on the Day of Resurrection and the closest of them to Him in sitting is a just ruler, and the most hated of people to Allah on the Day of Resurrection and the most severely punished is a tyrannical ruler." And Ibn Abī Ḥātim said, with his chain from Mālik b. Dīnār regarding His saying: "And indeed for him is nearness to Us and a good place of return": David ﷺ will be made to stand on the Day of Resurrection at the leg of the Throne, and Allah will say: "O David, glorify Me today with that beautiful, melodious voice with which you used to glorify Me in this world." He will say: "How, when it has been taken from me?" He will say: "I return it to you today." He said: Then David will raise his voice in a way that exhausts the bliss of the people of Paradise. David as the vicegerent of Allah on earth and the gratitude of the family of David His saying, Most High: "O David, indeed We have made you a vicegerent on the earth, so judge between people with truth and do not follow desire, lest it lead you astray from the path of Allah. Indeed those who stray from the path of Allah will have a severe punishment because they forgot the Day of Account." This is an address from Allah Most High to David, and the intended meaning is those in authority and the judges of people, and their being commanded with justice and following the truth sent down from Allah, not anything else of opinions and desires, and the threat against those who take a different path and judge by other than that. David ﷺ was the example to be followed in that time in justice and abundant worship and various acts of nearness, until no hour of the night or edges of the day passed except that the people of his household were in worship night and day, as Allah Most High said: "Work, O family of David, in gratitude, and few of My servants are grateful" [Saba': 13]. From Abū al-Jald, who said: I read in the questions of David ﷺ that he said: "O Lord, how can I thank You when I cannot reach thanking You except by Your favor?" He said: Then revelation came to him: "O David, do you not know that the favors upon you are from Me?" He said: "Yes, O Lord." He said: "Then I am pleased with that from you." From Ibn Shihāb, who said: David said: "Praise be to Allah as befits the nobility of His face and the might of His majesty." Then Allah revealed to him: "You have wearied the recording angels, O David." ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mubārak said in the book "al-Zuhd": Sufyān al-Thawrī informed us, from a man, from Wahb b. Munabbih, who said: In the wisdom of the family of David: It is incumbent upon the intelligent man not to be heedless of four hours: an hour in which he communes with his Lord, an hour in which he calls himself to account, an hour in which he goes to his brothers who inform him of his faults and are truthful to him about himself, and an hour in which he lets himself enjoy its pleasures in what is lawful and beautiful. For this hour is a help for these other hours and a rest for the hearts. And it is incumbent upon the intelligent man to know his time, guard his tongue, and attend to his own affairs. And it is incumbent upon the intelligent man not to travel except for one of three things: provision for his afterlife, repair for his livelihood, or pleasure in what is not forbidden. The ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir related in the biography of David ﷺ many fine things, including his saying: "Be to the orphan like a merciful father, and know that as you sow, so shall you reap." He related with a rare chain attributed to the Prophet, that David said: "O sower of evil deeds, you reap their thorns and thistles." From David ﷺ, that he said: "The example of the foolish orator in the gathering of people is like the example of a singer at the head of a dead man." He also said: "How ugly is poverty after wealth, and uglier than that is misguidance after guidance." He said: "Consider what you hate to be mentioned about you in the gathering of people, and do not do it when you are alone." He said: "Do not promise your brother what you will not fulfill for him, for that is enmity between you and him." The wives of David ﷺ From ʿUmar, the freedman of Ghufrah, who said: The Jews, when they saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ marrying women, said: "Look at this man who is not satisfied with food, and by Allah, his only concern is women." They envied him for his many wives and criticized him for that, saying: "If he were a prophet, he would not desire women." The most severe of them in that was Ḥuyayy b. Akhṭab. But Allah gave them the lie and informed them of Allah's favor and His vastness upon His Prophet, may Allah's prayers and ﷺ, saying: "Or do they envy people for what Allah has given them of His bounty?" [al-Nisā': 54], meaning by "people" the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. "For We gave the family of Abraham the Book and wisdom, and We gave them a great kingdom" [al-Nisā': 54], meaning what Allah gave Solomon b. David—he had a thousand wives: seven hundred of them free women with dowries and three hundred concubines. David ﷺ had one hundred wives, among them the wife of Uriah, the mother of Solomon b. David, whom he married after the trial. This is more than Muhammad ﷺ had. Al-Kalbī mentioned something similar, and that David ﷺ had one hundred wives and Solomon had a thousand wives, among them three hundred concubines. The fasting of David ﷺ From Ṣadaqah al-Dimashqī, that a man asked Ibn ʿAbbās about fasting, and he said: "I will relate to you a hadith that I keep stored in my chest. If you wish, I will tell you about the fasting of David, for he was a great faster and a great stander in prayer, and he was brave, not fleeing when he met the enemy. He used to fast one day and break his fast one day. And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'The best fasting is the fasting of David.' He used to recite the Psalms with seventy voices, varying them, and he had a rakʿah at night in which he made himself weep, and everything wept with his weeping, and by his voice the sorrowful and the feverish were enraptured. If you wish, I will tell you about the fasting of his son Solomon, for he used to fast three days at the beginning of the month, three days in its middle, and three days at its end, opening the month with fasting, its middle with fasting, and closing it with fasting. If you wish, I will tell you about the fasting of the son of the chaste virgin, Jesus son of Mary, for he used to fast all the time, eat barley, wear haircloth, eat what he found and not ask about what he missed. He had no child to die and no house to be destroyed. Wherever night overtook him, he would stand with his feet together and pray until morning. He was an archer who never missed the game he wanted, and he used to pass by the gatherings of the Children of Israel and fulfill their needs. If you wish, I will tell you about the fasting of his mother Mary daughter of ʿImrān, for she used to fast one day and break her fast two days. If you wish, I will tell you about the fasting of the Arab unlettered Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, for he used to fast three days of every month and said: 'That is the fasting of all time.'" Mention of the building of Bayt al-Maqdis It is said: A sweeping plague afflicted the people in the time of David, so he brought them out to the site of Bayt al-Maqdis. He used to see the angels ascending from it to heaven, and for this reason he intended it to supplicate there. When he stood at the site of the rock, he called upon Allah Most High to remove the plague from them, and He answered him and the plague was lifted. So they took that site as a mosque. The commencement of its building was eleven years into his reign, and he died before completing its construction. He bequeathed to Solomon to complete it and to kill the commander who had killed his brother Īshā b. Dāwūd. When David died and Solomon buried him, he proceeded to carry out his command, killing the commander and completing the building of the mosque. He built it with marble, adorned it with gold, and inlaid it with jewels, and he was empowered over all that by the jinn and devils. When he finished, he took that day as a great festival and offered a sacrifice, and Allah accepted it from him. His beginning was first with building the city; when he finished it, he began the construction of the mosque. People have said much about the description of the building that is improbable, and there is no need to mention it. It is said: Solomon is the one who began the construction of the mosque, and David had wanted to build it, but Allah revealed to him: "This is a holy house, and you have stained your hand with blood, so you will not build it, but your son Solomon will build it because of his being free from blood." When Solomon became king, he built it.

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