Tarikh (al-Tabari) 266
The story of Dāwūd (peace be upon him)
مُلَخَّصُ قِصَّةِ دَاوُدَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ يَعُودُ نَسَبُ نَبِيِّ اللَّهِ دَاوُدَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ إِلَى الْخَلِيلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ فَهُوَ دَاوُدُ بْنُ إِيشَا بْنِ عُوَيْدَ بْنِ بَاعَزَ بْنِ سَلَمُونَ بْنِ نَحْشُوَنَ بْنِ عَوِينَاذَبَ بْنِ إِرَمَ بْنِ حَصَرُونَ بْنِ فَارَصَ بْنِ يَهُوذَا بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْخَلِيلِ. وَقَدْ جَاءَ ذِكْرُهُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَمَا كَانَ مِنْ أَحْوَالِهِ فِي غَيْرِ مَا مَوْضِعٍ مِنْ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، فَقَالَ سُبْحَانَهُ: وَقَتَلَ دَاوُدُ جَالُوتَ وَآتَاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَهُ مِمَّا يَشَاءُ [الْبَقَرَةِ: 251]. وَعَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ قَالَ: كَانَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، قَصِيرًا، أَزْرَقَ الْعَيْنَيْنِ، قَلِيلَ الشَّعْرِ، طَاهِرَ الْقَلْبِ نَقِيَّهُ. وَقَدْ آتَاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَكَانَ تَوْلِيَتُهُ الْمُلْكَ عَقِبَ قَتْلِهِ جَالُوتَ حَيْثُ مَالَتْ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ إِلَيْهِ، وَأَحَبُّوهُ حُبًّا شَدِيدًا وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ جُمِعَ لَهُ بَيْنَ الْمُلْكِ وَالنُّبُوَّةِ وَكَانَا يَفْتَرِقَانِ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. وَقَدْ كَانَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ يَأْكُلُ مِنْ عَمَلِ يَدَيْهِ وَقَدْ عَلَّمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى صِنَاعَةَ الدُّرُوعِ فَكَانَ يَصْنَعُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ دِرْعًا وَيَبِيعُهُ وَيَأْكُلُ مِنْ ثَمَنِهِ وَقَدْ أَلَانَ اللَّهُ لَهُ الْحَدِيدَ كَمَا أَخْبَرَ فِي كِتَابِهِ الْعَزِيزِ وَأَلَنَّا لَهُ الْحَدِيدَ [سَبَأٍ: 10]. وَأَمَّا عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ فَقَدْ ثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: أَحَبُّ الصَّلَاةِ إِلَى اللَّهِ صَلَاةُ دَاوُدَ، وَأَحَبُّ الصِّيَامِ إِلَى اللَّهِ صِيَامُ دَاوُدَ ; كَانَ يَنَامُ نِصْفَ اللَّيْلِ وَيَقُومُ ثُلُثَهُ وَيَنَامُ سُدُسَهُ، وَكَانَ يَصُومُ يَوْمًا وَيُفْطِرُ يَوْمًا وَلَا يَفِرُّ إِذَا لَاقَى". وَقَدْ وَهَبَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى صَوْتًا شَجِيًّا نَدِيًّا فَكَانَ إِذَا قَرَأَ الزَّبُورَ وَسَبَّحَ الرَّحْمَنَ سَبَّحَ مَعَهُ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ فَكَانَتْ تُرِدِّدُ مَعَهُ الْجِبَالُ وَالطَّيْرُ فَضْلًا مِنَ اللَّهِ نِعْمَةً قَالَ سُبْحَانَهُ: وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا دَاوُدَ مِنَّا فَضْلا يَا جِبَالُ أَوِّبِي مَعَهُ وَالطَّيْرَ [سَبَأٍ: 10]. وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَنَّهُ فَتَنَ دَاوُدَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَأَنَّهُ أَنَابَ وَتَابَ، وَقَدْ ذُكِرَ حَوْلَ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ الْعَدِيدُ مِنَ الْقِصَصِ وَالْإِسْرَائِيلِيَّاتِ وَلَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُلْتَفَتَ إِلَيْهَا وَإِنَّمَا يُقْتَصَرُ عَلَى مَا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى مِنَ الْبَيَانِ فَقَدْ قَالَ عَزَّ مِنْ قَائِلٍ: وَهَلْ أَتَاكَ نَبَأُ الْخَصْمِ إِذْ تَسَوَّرُوا الْمِحْرَابَ إِذْ دَخَلُوا عَلَى دَاوُدَ فَفَزِعَ مِنْهُمْ قَالُوا لا تَخَفْ خَصْمَانِ بَغَى بَعْضُنَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ فَاحْكُمْ بَيْنَنَا بِالْحَقِّ وَلا تُشْطِطْ وَاهْدِنَا إِلَى سَوَاءِ الصِّرَاطِ إِنَّ هَذَا أَخِي لَهُ تِسْعٌ وَتِسْعُونَ نَعْجَةً وَلِيَ نَعْجَةً وَاحِدَةٌ فَقَالَ أَكْفِلْنِيهَا وَعَزَّنِي فِي الْخِطَابِ قَالَ لَقَدْ ظَلَمَكَ بِسُؤَالِ نَعْجَتِكَ إِلَى نِعَاجِهِ وَإِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنَ الْخُلَطَاءِ لَيَبْغِي بَعْضُهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ إِلا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَقَلِيلٌ مَا هُمْ وَظَنَّ دَاوُدُ أَنَّمَا فَتَنَّاهُ فَاسْتَغْفَرَ رَبَّهُ وَخَرَّ رَاكِعًا وَأَنَابَ فَغَفَرْنَا لَهُ ذَلِكَ وَإِنَّ لَهُ عِنْدَنَا لَزُلْفَى وَحُسْنَ مَآبٍ [ص: 21 - 25]. وَمِنْ مَأْثُورَاتِهِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مَا رَوَى الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ قَالَ: «كُنْ لِلْيَتِيمِ كَالْأَبِ الرَّحِيمِ، وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّكَ كَمَا تَزْرَعُ كَذَلِكَ تَحْصُدُ». وَقَوْلُهُ: «مَا أَقْبَحَ الْفَقْرَ بَعْدَ الْغِنَى، وَأَقْبَحُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الضَّلَالَةُ بَعْدَ الْهُدَى». وَقَدْ كَانَ فِي زَمَانِهِ ﷺ الْبَدْءُ فِي بِنَاءِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ النَّاسَ كَانَ قَدْ أَصَابَهُمْ فِي زَمَانِ دَاوُدَ طَاعُونٌ جَارِفٌ، فَخَرَجَ بِهِمْ إِلَى مَوْضِعِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ، وَكَانَ يَرَى الْمَلَائِكَةَ تَعْرُجُ مِنْهُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ، فَلِهَذَا قَصَدَهُ لِيَدْعُوَ فِيهِ، فَلَمَّا وَقَفَ مَوْضِعَ الصَّخْرَةِ دَعَا اللَّهَ تَعَالَى فِي كَشْفِ الطَّاعُونِ عَنْهُمْ، فَاسْتَجَابَ لَهُ وَرُفِعَ الطَّاعُونُ، فَاتَّخَذُوا ذَلِكَ الْمَوْضِعَ مَسْجِدًا، وَكَانَ الشُّرُوعُ فِي بِنَائِهِ إِحْدَى عَشْرَةِ سَنَةً مَضَتْ مِنْ مُلْكِهِ، وَتُوُفِّيَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْتَتِمَّ بِنَاءَهُ. وَقَدْ تَوَفَّاهُ اللَّهُ عَنْ عُمْرِ مِائَةِ سَنَةٍ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ فِي وَفَاتِهِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: كَانَ دَاوُدُ النَّبِيُّ فِيهِ غَيْرَةٌ شَدِيدَةٌ، وَكَانَ إِذَا خَرَجَ أُغْلِقَتِ الْأَبْوَابُ، فَلَمْ يَدْخُلْ عَلَى أَهْلِهِ أَحَدٌ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ، قَالَ: فَخَرَجَ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ وَغُلِّقَتِ الدَّارُ، فَأَقْبَلَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ تَطَّلِعُ إِلَى الدَّارِ، فَإِذَا رَجُلٌ قَائِمٌ وَسَطَ الدَّارِ، فَقَالَتْ لِمَنْ فِي الْبَيْتِ: مِنْ أَيْنَ دَخَلَ هَذَا الرَّجُلُ وَالدَّارُ مُغْلَقَةٌ ؟ وَاللَّهِ لَتُفْتَضَحُنَّ بِدَاوُدَ. فَجَاءَ دَاوُدُ، فَإِذَا الرَّجُلُ قَائِمٌ وَسَطَ الدَّارِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ دَاوُدُ: مَنْ أَنْتَ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَا الَّذِي لَا أَهَابُ الْمُلُوكَ وَلَا يَمْتَنِعُ مِنِّي شَيْءٌ، فَقَالَ دَاوُدُ: أَنْتَ وَاللَّهِ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ، فَمَرْحَبًا بِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ. فَرَمَلَ دَاوُدُ مَكَانَهُ حَيْثُ قُبِضَتْ رُوحُهُ، حَتَّى فُرِغَ مِنْ شَأْنِهِ، وَطَلَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الشَّمْسُ، فَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ لِلطَّيْرِ: أَظِلِّي عَلَى دَاوُدَ. فَأَظَلَّتْهُ الطَّيْرُ حَتَّى أَظْلَمَتْ عَلَيْهِمَا الْأَرْضُ، فَقَالَ لَهَا سُلَيْمَانُ: اقْبِضِي جَنَاحًا جَنَاحًا، قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ: يُرِينَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَيْفَ فَعَلَتِ الطَّيْرُ. وَقَبَضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِيَدِهِ.
Translation
✧ Summary of the story of Dāwūd ﷺ The lineage of the Prophet of Allah Dāwūd ﷺ goes back to the Friend of Allah Ibrāhīm: he is Dāwūd b. Īshā b. ʿUwayd b. Bāʿaz b. Salamūn b. Naḥshūn b. ʿAwīnādhb b. Iram b. Ḥaṣrūn b. Fāraṣ b. Yahūdha b. Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq b. Ibrāhīm the Friend. Mention of him ﷺ and what occurred of his circumstances has come in more than one place in the Book of Allah, Exalted is He. He, glorified is He, said: And Dāwūd killed Jālūt, and Allah gave him the kingdom and the wisdom and taught him of what He willed [al-Baqarah: 251]. From Wahb b. Munabbih, who said: Dāwūd ﷺ was short, blue-eyed, with little hair, pure of heart and clean. Allah gave him the kingdom and the wisdom, and his assumption of the kingdom came after he killed Jālūt, when the Children of Israel inclined to him and loved him with a strong love. He was the first for whom the kingdom and prophethood were combined; before that they had been separate. He ﷺ used to eat from the work of his own hands. Allah, Exalted is He, taught him the craft of making coats of mail, and he would make a coat of mail every day, sell it, and eat from its price. Allah made iron soft for him as He informed in His Mighty Book: And We made iron soft for him [Sabaʾ: 10]. As for his worship, it is established in the Two Ṣaḥīḥs that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The most beloved prayer to Allah is the prayer of Dāwūd, and the most beloved fasting to Allah is the fasting of Dāwūd. He would sleep half the night, stand in prayer for a third of it, and sleep a sixth of it, and he would fast one day and break his fast one day, and he would not flee when he met the enemy." Allah, Exalted is He, granted him a melodious, resonant voice. When he recited the Zabūr and glorified the Most Merciful, everything glorified with him. The mountains and the birds repeated after him, as a bounty and blessing from Allah. He, glorified is He, said: And We certainly gave Dāwūd a bounty from Us: O mountains, echo with him, and the birds [Sabaʾ: 10]. Allah, Exalted is He, informed that He tested Dāwūd ﷺ and that he turned in repentance and repented. Many stories and Israelite traditions have been mentioned concerning this matter, but no attention should be paid to them. One should confine oneself to what is in the Book of Allah, Exalted is He, of clarification, for He, Mighty is He who speaks, said: And has the story of the two disputants come to you, when they climbed over the wall of the prayer chamber? When they entered upon Dāwūd and he was startled by them, they said: Do not fear; two disputants, one of us has wronged the other, so judge between us with truth, and do not be unjust, and guide us to the even path. Indeed this is my brother; he has ninety-nine ewes and I have one ewe, so he said: Entrust her to me, and he overpowered me in speech. He said: He has certainly wronged you by asking for your ewe to add to his ewes. Indeed many associates wrong one another, except those who believe and do righteous deeds, and few are they. And Dāwūd thought that We had tested him, so he sought forgiveness from his Lord, fell down bowing, and turned in repentance. So We forgave him that. Indeed he has nearness to Us and a good place of return [Ṣād: 21–25]. Among his transmitted sayings ﷺ is what al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir reported in the biography of Dāwūd ﷺ: "Be to the orphan like a merciful father, and know that as you sow, so shall you reap." And his saying: "How ugly is poverty after wealth, and uglier than that is misguidance after guidance." In his time ﷺ the beginning of the building of the Holy House took place. The people had been stricken in the time of Dāwūd by a sweeping plague, and he went out with them to the site of the Holy House. He saw the angels ascending from it to the sky, so he aimed for it in order to supplicate there. When he stood at the place of the Rock, he called upon Allah, Exalted is He, to lift the plague from them, and He answered him and the plague was lifted. They took that place as a mosque. The start of its building was eleven years into his reign, and he died before completing its construction. Allah took him at the age of one hundred years. Concerning his death, it has come in the ḥadīth of Abū Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Dāwūd the Prophet had intense protective jealousy. When he went out, the doors were locked, and no one entered upon his family until he returned." He said: "One day he went out and the house was locked. His wife came and looked into the house, and there was a man standing in the middle of the house. She said to those in the house: From where did this man enter while the house is locked? By Allah, you will be disgraced before Dāwūd. Dāwūd came and found the man standing in the middle of the house. Dāwūd said to him: Who are you? He said: I am the one who does not fear kings and from whom nothing can be withheld. Dāwūd said: You, by Allah, are the Angel of Death. Welcome to the command of Allah. Dāwūd remained in his place where his soul was taken, until his matter was finished, and the sun rose upon him. Sulaymān said to the birds: Shade Dāwūd. The birds shaded him until the earth became dark upon them. He said to them: Fold a wing, a wing." Abū Hurayrah said: "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ showed us how the birds did it, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ made a grasping motion with his hand."
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.