Tarikh (al-Tabari) 268
The story of Dāwūd (peace be upon him)
ذِكْرُ كَمِّيَّةِ حَيَّاتِهِ وَكَيْفِيَّةِ وَفَاتِهِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ قَدْ تَقَدَّمَ فِي ذِكْرِ الْأَحَادِيثِ الْوَارِدَةِ فِي خَلْقِ آدَمَ، أَنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَّا اسْتَخْرَجَ ذُرِّيَّتَهُ مِنْ ظَهْرِهِ، فَرَأَى فِيهِمُ الْأَنْبِيَاءَ، عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلَامُ، وَرَأَى فِيهِمْ رَجُلًا يُزْهِرُ، فَقَالَ: أَيْ رَبِّ، مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: هَذَا ابْنُكَ دَاوُدُ، قَالَ: أَيْ رَبِّ، كَمْ عُمُرُهُ ؟ قَالَ: سِتُّونَ عَامًا. قَالَ: أَيْ رَبِّ، زِدْ فِي عُمُرِهِ. قَالَ: لَا، إِلَّا أَنْ أَزِيدَهُ مِنْ عُمُرِكَ. وَكَانَ عُمُرُ آدَمَ أَلْفَ عَامٍ فَزَادَهُ أَرْبَعِينَ عَامًا، فَلَمَّا انْقَضَى عُمُرُ آدَمَ جَاءَهُ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ، فَقَالَ: بَقِيَ مِنْ عُمُرِي أَرْبَعُونَ سَنَةً. وَنَسِيَ آدَمُ مَا كَانَ وَهَبَهُ لِوَلَدِهِ دَاوُدَ، فَأَتَمَّهَا اللَّهُ لِآدَمَ أَلْفَ سَنَةٍ، وَلِدَاوُدَ مِائَةَ سَنَةٍ. قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَقَدْ زَعَمَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ أَنَّ عُمُرَ دَاوُدَ كَانَ سَبْعًا وَسَبْعِينَ سَنَةً. قُلْتُ: هَذَا غَلَطٌ مَرْدُودٌ عَلَيْهِمْ. قَالُوا: وَكَانَ مُدَّةُ مُلْكِهِ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً. وَهَذَا قَدْ يُقْبَلُ نَقْلُهُ ; لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ عِنْدَنَا مَا يُنَافِيهِ وَلَا مَا يَقْتَضِيهِ. وَأَمَّا وَفَاتُهُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: كَانَ دَاوُدُ النَّبِيُّ فِيهِ غَيْرَةٌ شَدِيدَةٌ، وَكَانَ إِذَا خَرَجَ أُغْلِقَتِ الْأَبْوَابُ، فَلَمْ يَدْخُلْ عَلَى أَهْلِهِ أَحَدٌ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ، قَالَ: فَخَرَجَ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ وَغُلِّقَتِ الدَّارُ، فَأَقْبَلَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ تَطَّلِعُ إِلَى الدَّارِ، فَإِذَا رَجُلٌ قَائِمٌ وَسَطَ الدَّارِ، فَقَالَتْ لِمَنْ فِي الْبَيْتِ: مِنْ أَيْنَ دَخَلَ هَذَا الرَّجُلُ وَالدَّارُ مُغْلَقَةٌ ؟ وَاللَّهِ لَتُفْتَضَحُنَّ بِدَاوُدَ. فَجَاءَ دَاوُدُ، فَإِذَا الرَّجُلُ قَائِمٌ وَسَطَ الدَّارِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ دَاوُدُ: مَنْ أَنْتَ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَا الَّذِي لَا أَهَابُ الْمُلُوكَ وَلَا يَمْتَنِعُ مِنِّي شَيْءٌ، فَقَالَ دَاوُدُ: أَنْتَ وَاللَّهِ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ، فَمَرْحَبًا بِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ. فَرَمَلَ دَاوُدُ مَكَانَهُ حَيْثُ قُبِضَتْ رُوحُهُ، حَتَّى فُرِغَ مِنْ شَأْنِهِ، وَطَلَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الشَّمْسُ، فَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ لِلطَّيْرِ: أَظِلِّي عَلَى دَاوُدَ. فَأَظَلَّتْهُ الطَّيْرُ حَتَّى أَظْلَمَتْ عَلَيْهِمَا الْأَرْضُ، فَقَالَ لَهَا سُلَيْمَانُ: اقْبِضِي جَنَاحًا جَنَاحًا قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ: يُرِينَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَيْفَ فَعَلَتِ الطَّيْرُ. وَقَبَضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِيَدِهِ، وَغَلَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَئِذٍ الْمَضْرَحِيَّةُ انْفَرَدَ بِإِخْرَاجِهِ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، وَإِسْنَادُهُ جَيِّدٌ قَوِيٌّ ; رِجَالُهُ ثِقَاتٌ. وَمَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ: وَغَلَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَئِذٍ الْمَضْرَحِيَّةُ ; أَيْ: وَغَلَبَتْ عَلَى التَّظْلِيلِ عَلَيْهِ الْمَضْرَحِيَّةُ، وَهِيَ الصُّقُورُ الطِّوَالُ الْأَجْنِحَةِ، وَاحِدُهَا مَضْرَحِيٌّ، قَالَ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ: وَهُوَ الصَّقْرُ الطَّوِيلُ الْجَنَاحِ. وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ عَنْ أَبِي مَالِكٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: مَاتَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، فَجْأَةً، وَكَانَ يَسْبِتُ، وَكَانَتِ الطَّيْرُ تُظِلُّهُ. وَعَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، قَالَ: مَاتَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، يَوْمَ السَّبْتِ فَجْأَةً. وَعَنِ الْحَسَنِ، قَالَ: مَاتَ دَاوُدُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ مِائَةِ سَنَةٍ، وَمَاتَ يَوْمَ الْأَرْبِعَاءِ فَجْأَةً. وَقَالَ أَبُو السَّكَنِ الْهَجَرِيُّ: مَاتَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْخَلِيلُ، فَجْأَةً وَدَاوُدُ فَجْأَةً، وَابْنُهُ سُلَيْمَانُ فَجْأَةً، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ وَسَلَامُهُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَجْمَعِينَ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ. وَرَوَى عَنْ بَعْضِهِمْ: أَنَّ مَلَكَ الْمَوْتِ جَاءَهُ وَهُوَ نَازِلٌ مِنْ مِحْرَابِهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: دَعْنِي أَنْزِلُ أَوْ أَصْعَدُ. فَقَالَ: يَا نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ قَدْ نَفِذَتِ السُّنُونُ وَالشُّهُورُ وَالْآثَارُ وَالْأَرْزَاقُ. قَالَ: فَخَرَّ سَاجِدًا عَلَى مَرْقَاةٍ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْمَرَاقِي، فَقَبَضَهُ وَهُوَ سَاجِدٌ. وَقَالَ إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ: أَنْبَأَنَا وَافِرُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، عَنْ أَبِي سُلَيْمَانَ الْفِلَسْطِينِيِّ، عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ، قَالَ: إِنِ النَّاسَ حَضَرُوا جِنَازَةَ دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، فَجَلَسُوا فِي الشَّمْسِ فِي يَوْمٍ صَائِفٍ. قَالَ: وَكَانَ قَدْ شَيَّعَ جِنَازَتَهُ يَوْمَئِذٍ أَرْبَعُونَ أَلْفَ رَاهِبٍ، عَلَيْهِمُ الْبَرَانِسُ، سِوَى غَيْرِهِمْ مِنَ النَّاسِ، وَلَمْ يَمُتْ فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ - بَعْدَ مُوسَى وَهَارُونَ - أَحَدٌ كَانَتْ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ أَشَدَّ جَزَعًا عَلَيْهِ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى دَاوُدَ. قَالَ: فَآذَاهُمُ الْحَرُّ، فَنَادَوْا سُلَيْمَانَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، أَنْ يَعْجَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ لِمَا أَصَابَهُمْ مِنَ الْحَرِّ، فَخَرَجَ سُلَيْمَانُ فَنَادَى الطَّيْرَ فَأَجَابَتْ، فَأَمَرَهَا فَأَظَلَّتِ النَّاسَ. قَالَ: فَتَرَاصَّ بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ مِنْ كُلِّ وَجْهٍ حَتَّى اسْتَمْسَكَتِ الرِّيحُ، فَكَادَ النَّاسُ أَنْ يَهْلِكُوا غَمًّا، فَصَاحُوا إِلَى سُلَيْمَانَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، مِنَ الْغَمِّ، فَخَرَجَ سُلَيْمَانُ فَنَادَى الطَّيْرَ أَنْ أَظِلِّي النَّاسَ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الشَّمْسِ، وَتَنَحِّي عَنْ نَاحِيَةِ الرِّيحِ. فَفَعَلَتْ، فَكَانَ النَّاسُ فِي ظِلٍّ وَتَهُبُّ عَلَيْهِمُ الرِّيحُ، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ أَوَّلَ مَا رَأَوْهُ مِنْ مُلْكِ سُلَيْمَانَ. وَعَنْ أَبِي الدَّرْدَاءِ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: لَقَدْ قَبَضَ اللَّهُ دَاوُدَ مِنْ بَيْنِ أَصْحَابِهِ مَا فُتِنُوا وَلَا بَدَّلُوا وَلَقَدْ مَكَثَ أَصْحَابُ الْمَسِيحِ عَلَى سُنَّتِهِ وَهَدْيِهِ مِائَتَيْ سَنَةٍ.
Translation
✧ Mention of the length of his life and the manner of his death ﷺ It has been mentioned earlier in the discussion of the hadiths concerning the creation of Adam that when God brought forth his descendants from his back and saw the prophets among them (peace be upon them), He saw a man who was radiant. He said, “My Lord, who is this?” He said, “This is your son Dāwūd.” He said, “My Lord, how long is his lifespan?” He said, “Sixty years.” He said, “My Lord, increase his lifespan.” He said, “No, unless I increase it from your lifespan.” Adam's lifespan was one thousand years, so He increased it by forty years. When Adam's lifespan came to an end, the angel of death came to him. He said, “Forty years of my lifespan remain.” Adam had forgotten what he had granted to his son Dāwūd, so God completed for Adam one thousand years, and for Dāwūd one hundred years. Ibn Jarīr said: Some of the People of the Book have claimed that the lifespan of Dāwūd was seventy-seven years. I say: This is an error that is rejected against them. They said: The duration of his reign was forty years. This may be accepted in its transmission because we have nothing that contradicts it or necessitates it. As for his death ﷺ On the authority of Abū Hurayrah, that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: Prophet Dāwūd had intense protective jealousy. When he went out, the doors were locked and no one entered upon his family until he returned. He said: One day he went out and the house was locked. His wife came and looked into the house, and there was a man standing in the middle of the house. She said to those in the house, “From where did this man enter while the house is locked? By God, you will be disgraced before Dāwūd.” Dāwūd came, and there was the man standing in the middle of the house. Dāwūd said to him, “Who are you?” He said, “I am the one who does not fear kings and from whom nothing can prevent.” Dāwūd said, “You, by God, are the angel of death. Welcome to God's command.” Dāwūd remained in his place where his soul was taken until his affair was concluded, and the sun rose upon him. Sulaymān said to the birds, “Shade Dāwūd.” The birds shaded him until the earth became dark upon them. Sulaymān said to them, “Fold wing by wing.” Abū Hurayrah said: The Messenger of God ﷺ showed us how the birds did it. The Messenger of God ﷺ folded his hand, and on that day the maḍraḥiyyah prevailed over him. Imām Aḥmad alone transmitted it, and its chain is good and strong; its narrators are trustworthy. The meaning of his saying “and on that day the maḍraḥiyyah prevailed over him” is: the maḍraḥiyyah, which are falcons with long wings, prevailed in shading over him, singular maḍraḥī. Al-Jawharī said: It is the falcon with long wings. Al-Suddī said, on the authority of Abū Mālik, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās: Dāwūd ﷺ died suddenly, and he used to observe the Sabbath, and the birds used to shade him. On the authority of Saʿīd b. Jubayr: Dāwūd ﷺ died on Saturday suddenly. On the authority of al-Ḥasan: Dāwūd ﷺ died at the age of one hundred years, and he died on Wednesday suddenly. Abū al-Sakan al-Hajarī said: Ibrāhīm al-Khalīl died suddenly, and Dāwūd suddenly, and his son Sulaymān suddenly, may God's blessings and peace be upon them all. Ibn ʿAsākir narrated it. It is narrated from some of them that the angel of death came to him while he was descending from his miḥrāb. He said to him, “Let me descend or ascend.” He said, “O prophet of God, the years, months, traces, and provisions have been fulfilled.” He said: He fell prostrate on one of those steps, and He took him while he was prostrate. Isḥāq b. Bishr said: Wāfir b. Sulaymān informed us, on the authority of Abū Sulaymān al-Filasṭīnī, on the authority of Wahb b. Munabbih: The people attended the funeral of Dāwūd ﷺ and sat in the sun on a summer day. He said: Forty thousand monks wearing hooded cloaks attended his funeral that day, apart from other people. No one died among the Children of Israel after Mūsā and Hārūn for whom they grieved more than for Dāwūd. He said: The heat distressed them, so they called to Sulaymān ﷺ to hasten to them because of the heat that had befallen them. Sulaymān went out and called the birds, and they responded. He commanded them, and they shaded the people. He said: They pressed close together from every direction until the wind was blocked, and the people nearly perished from distress. They cried out to Sulaymān ﷺ because of the distress. Sulaymān went out and called the birds to shade the people from the side of the sun and move away from the side of the wind. They did so, and the people were in shade while the wind blew upon them. That was the first thing they saw of Sulaymān's kingdom. On the authority of Abū al-Dardāʾ: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: God took Dāwūd from among his companions without them being afflicted or changing, and the companions of the Messiah remained upon his Sunnah and guidance for two hundred years.
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