Tarikh (al-Tabari) 263
Chapter mentioning a group of the prophets of the Israelites after Mūsā (peace be upon him)
كَانَ الْعَمَالِقَةُ مَعَ مَلِكِهِمْ جَالُوتَ قَدْ عَظُمَتْ نِكَايَتُهُمْ فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ حَتَّى كَادُوا يُهْلِكُونَهُمْ، فَلَمَّا رَأَى بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ ذَلِكَ قَالُوا: ابْعَثْ لَنَا مَلِكًا نُقَاتِلْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ قَالَ هَلْ عَسَيْتُمْ إِنْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِتَالُ أَلَّا تُقَاتِلُوا قَالُوا وَمَا لَنَا أَلَّا نُقَاتِلَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَقَدْ أُخْرِجْنَا مِنْ دِيَارِنَا وَأَبْنَائِنَا. أَيْ: وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ يَمْنَعُنَا مِنَ الْقِتَالِ وَقَدْ أُخْرِجْنَا مِنْ دِيَارِنَا وَأَبْنَائِنَا يَقُولُونَ: نَحْنُ مَحْرُوبُونَ مَوْتُورُونَ، فَحَقِيقٌ لَنَا أَنْ نُقَاتِلَ عَنْ أَبْنَائِنَا الْمَنْهُوبِينَ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فِيهِمْ، الْمَأْسُورِينَ فِي قَبْضَتِهِمْ. فَدَعَا اللَّهَ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ عَصًا وَقَرْنًا فِيهِ دُهْنٌ، وَقِيلَ لَهُ: إِنَّ صَاحِبَكُمْ يَكُونُ فِي طُولِهِ طُولُ هَذِهِ الْعَصَا، وَإِذَا دَخَلَ عَلَيْكَ رَجُلٌ فَنَشَّ الدُّهْنَ الَّذِي فِي الْقَرْنِ فَهُوَ مَلِكُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ فَادِّهِنْ رَأْسَهُ بِهِ وَمَلِّكْهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَقَاسُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ بِالْعَصَا فَلَمْ يَكُونُوا مِثْلَهَا، وَكَانَ طَالُوتُ دَبَّاغًا. وَقِيلَ كَانَ سَقَّاءً يَسْقِي الْمَاءَ وَيَبِيعُهُ، فَضَلَّ حِمَارُهُ فَانْطَلَقَ يَطْلُبُهُ، فَلَمَّا اجْتَازَ بِالْمَكَانِ الَّذِي فِيهِ أَشْمُوِيلُ دَخَلَ يَسْأَلُهُ أَنْ يَدْعُوَ لَهُ لِيَرُدَّ اللَّهُ حِمَارَهُ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ نَشَّ الدُّهْنَ، فَقَاسُوهُ بِالْعَصَا فَكَانَ مِثْلَهَا، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ نَبِيُّهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ بَعَثَ لَكُمْ طَالُوتَ مَلِكًا، وَهُوَ بِالسُّرْيَانِيَّةِ شَاوَلُ بْنُ قَيْسِ بْنِ أَنْمَارَ بْنِ ضِرَارِ بْنِ يَحْرُفَ بْنِ يَفْتَحَ بْنِ أَيْشَ بْنِ بِنْيَامِينَ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ. فَقَالُوا لَهُ: مَا كُنْتَ قَطُّ أَكْذَبَ مِنْكَ السَّاعَةَ وَنَحْنُ مِنْ سِبْطِ الْمَمْلَكَةِ وَلَمْ يُؤْتَ طَالُوتُ سَعَةً مِنَ الْمَالِ فَنَتَّبِعَهُ. فَقَالَ أَشْمُوِيلُ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ اصْطَفَاهُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَزَادَهُ بَسْطَةً فِي الْعِلْمِ وَالْجِسْمِ. فَقَالُوا إِنْ كُنْتَ صَادِقًا فَأْتِ بِآيَةٍ. فَقَالَ: إِنَّ آيَةَ مُلْكِهِ أَنْ يَأْتِيَكُمُ التَّابُوتُ فِيهِ سَكِينَةٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ وَبَقِيَّةٌ مِمَّا تَرَكَ آلُ مُوسَى وَآلُ هَارُونَ تَحْمِلُهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ. هَذَا أَيْضًا مِنْ بَرَكَةِ وِلَايَةِ هَذَا الرَّجُلِ الصَّالِحِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَيُمْنِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ; أَنْ يَرُدَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ التَّابُوتَ الَّذِي كَانَ سُلِبَ مِنْهُمْ، وَقَهْرَهُمُ الْأَعْدَاءُ عَلَيْهِ، وَقَدْ كَانُوا يُنْصَرُونَ عَلَى أَعْدَائِهِمْ بِسَبَبِهِ. فِيهِ سَكِينَةٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ تفسير السكينة وَالسَّكِينَةُ رَأْسُ هِرٍّ، وَقِيلَ طَشْتٌ مِنْ ذَهَبٍ يُغْسَلُ فِيهَا قُلُوبُ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ، وَقِيلَ غَيْرُ ذَلِكَ، وَفِيهِ الْأَلْوَاحُ وَهِيَ مِنْ دُرٍّ، وَيَاقُوتٍ، وَزَبَرْجَدٍ، وَأَمَّا الْبَقِيَّةُ فَهِيَ عَصَا مُوسَى، وَرَضَاضَةُ الْأَلْوَاحِ. فَحَمَلَتْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَأَتَتْ بِهِ إِلَى طَالُوتَ نَهَارًا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَالنَّاسُ يَنْظُرُونَ لِيَكُونَ آيَةً لِلَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ وَحُجَّةً بَاهِرَةً عَلَى صِدْقِ مَا أَقُولُهُ لَكُمْ، وَعَلَى صِحَّةِ وِلَايَةِ هَذَا الْمَلِكِ الصَّالِحِ عَلَيْكُمْ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَةً لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ وَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُ لَمَّا غَلَبَ الْعَمَالِقَةُ عَلَى هَذَا التَّابُوتِ، وَكَانَ فِيهِ مَا ذُكِرَ مِنَ السِّكِّينَةِ وَالْبَقِيَّةِ الْمُبَارَكَةِ - وَقِيلَ: كَانَ فِيهِ التَّوْرَاةُ أَيْضًا - فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ وَضَعُوهُ تَحْتَ صَنَمٍ لَهُمْ بِأَرْضِهِمْ، فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحُوا إِذَا التَّابُوتُ عَلَى رَأْسِ الصَّنَمِ فَوَضَعُوهُ تَحْتَهُ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْيَوْمُ الثَّانِي إِذَا التَّابُوتُ فَوْقَ الصَّنَمِ، فَلَمَّا تَكَرَّرَ هَذَا عَلِمُوا أَنَّ هَذَا أَمْرٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى فَأَخْرَجُوهُ مِنْ بَلَدِهِمْ، وَجَعَلُوهُ فِي قَرْيَةٍ مِنْ قُرَاهُمْ، فَأَخَذَهُمْ دَاءٌ فِي رِقَابِهِمْ، فَلَمَّا طَالَ عَلَيْهِمْ هَذَا جَعَلُوهُ فِي عَجَلَةٍ وَرَبَطُوهَا فِي بَقَرَتَيْنِ وَأَرْسَلُوهُمَا، فَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ سَاقَتْهُمَا حَتَّى جَاءُوا بِهِمَا مَلَأَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ، كَمَا أَخْبَرَهُمْ نَبِيُّهُمْ بِذَلِكَ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ عَلَى أَيِّ صِفَةٍ جَاءَتْ بِهِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ، وَالظَّاهِرُ أَنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ كَانَتْ تَحْمِلُهُ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ، كَمَا هُوَ الْمَفْهُومُ مِنَ الْآيَةِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَإِنْ كَانَ الْأَوَّلُ قَدْ ذَكَرَهُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ أَوْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ. فَأَخْرَجَهُ طَالُوتُ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَأَقَرُّوا بِمُلْكِهِ سَاخِطِينَ وَخَرَجُوا مَعَهُ كَارِهِينَ، وَهُمْ ثَمَانُونَ أَلْفًا. فَلَمَّا خَرَجُوا قَالَ لَهُمْ طَالُوتُ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ مُبْتَلِيكُمْ بِنَهَرٍ فَمَنْ شَرِبَ مِنْهُ فَلَيْسَ مِنِّي وَمَنْ لَمْ يَطْعَمْهُ فَإِنَّهُ مِنِّي. وَهُوَ نَهَرُ فِلَسْطِينَ، وَقِيلَ: الْأُرْدُنُّ، فَشَرِبُوا مِنْهُ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا، وَهُمْ أَرْبَعَةُ آلَافٍ، فَمَنْ شَرِبَ مِنْهُ عَطِشَ وَمَنْ لَمْ يَشْرَبْ مِنْهُ إِلَّا غُرْفَةً رَوِيَ، فَلَمَّا جَاوَزَهُ هُوَ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَعَهُ. لَقِيَهُمْ جَالُوتُ، وَكَانَ ذَا بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ، فَلَمَّا رَأَوْهُ رَجَعَ أَكْثَرُهُمْ وَ قَالُوا لَا طَاقَةَ لَنَا الْيَوْمَ بِجَالُوتَ وَجُنُودِهِ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مَعَهُ غَيْرُ ثَلَاثِمَائَةٍ وَبِضْعَةَ عَشَرَ عَدَدُ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ، فَلَمَّا رَجَعَ مَنْ رَجَعَ قَالُوا: كَمْ مِنْ فِئَةٍ قَلِيلَةٍ غَلَبَتْ فِئَةً كَثِيرَةً بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ مَعَ الصَّابِرِينَ. وَكَانَ فِيهِمْ إِيشَى أَبُو دَاوُدَ وَمَعَهُ مِنْ أَوْلَادِهِ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ ابْنًا، وَكَانَ دَاوُدُ أَصْغَرَ بَنِيهِ، وَقَدْ خَلَّفَهُ يَرْعَى لَهُمْ وَيَحْمِلُ لَهُمُ الطَّعَامَ، وَكَانَ قَدْ قَالَ لِأَبِيهِ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ: يَا أَبَتَاهْ، مَا أَرْمِي بِقَذَّافَتِي شَيْئًا إِلَّا صَرَعْتُهُ. ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ: لَقَدْ دَخَلْتُ بَيْنَ الْجِبَالِ فَوَجَدْتُ أَسَدًا رَابِضًا فَرَكِبْتُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَخَذْتُ بِأُذُنَيْهِ فَلَمْ أَخَفْهُ، ثُمَّ أَتَاهُ يَوْمًا آخَرَ فَقَالَ: إِنِّي لَأَمْشِي بَيْنَ الْجِبَالِ فَأُسَبِّحُ فَلَا يَبْقَى جَبَلٌ إِلَّا سَبَّحَ مَعِي. فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَبْشِرْ، فَإِنَّ هَذَا خَيْرٌ أَعْطَاكَهُ اللَّهُ. فَأَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ الَّذِي مَعَ طَالُوتَ قَرْنًا فِيهِ دُهْنٌ وَتَنُّورٌ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ، فَبَعَثَ بِهِ إِلَى طَالُوتَ، وَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ صَاحِبَكُمُ الَّذِي يَقْتُلُ جَالُوتَ يُوضَعُ هَذَا الدُّهْنُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ فَيَغْلِي حَتَّى يَسِيلَ مِنَ الْقَرْنِ، وَلَا يُجَاوِزَ رَأْسَهُ إِلَى وَجْهِهِ وَيَبْقَى عَلَى رَأْسِهِ كَهَيْئَةِ الْإِكْلِيلِ، وَيَدْخُلَ فِي هَذَا التَّنُّورِ فَيَمْلَأَهُ. فَدَعَا طَالُوتُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ فَجَرَّبَهُمْ، فَلَمْ يُوَافِقْهُ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ، فَأُحْضِرَ دَاوُدُ مِنْ رَعْيِهِ، فَمَرَّ فِي طَرِيقِهِ بِثَلَاثَةِ أَحْجَارٍ، فَكَلَّمَتْهُ وَقُلْنَ: خُذْنَا يَا دَاوُدُ تَقْتُلْ بِنَا جَالُوتَ، فَأَخَذَهُنَّ فَجَعَلَهُنَّ فِي مِخْلَاتِهِ، وَكَانَ طَالُوتُ قَدْ قَالَ: مَنْ قَتَلَ جَالُوتَ زَوَّجْتُهُ ابْنَتِي وَأَجْرَيْتُ خَاتَمَهُ فِي مَمْلَكَتِي. فَلَمَّا جَاءَ دَاوُدُ، وَضَعُوا الْقَرْنَ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ، فَغَلَى حَتَّى ادَّهَنَ مِنْهُ وَلَبِسَ التَّنُّورَ فَمَلَأَهُ، وَكَانَ دَاوُدُ مِسْقَامًا أَزْرَقَ مِصْفَارًا، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ فِي التَّنُّورِ تَضَايَقَ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى مَلَأَهُ، فَرِحَ أَشْمُوِيلُ وَطَالُوتُ وَبَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ بِذَلِكَ وَتَقَدَّمُوا إِلَى جَالُوتَ، وَتَصَافُّوا لِلْقِتَالِ، وَخَرَجَ دَاوُدُ نَحْوَ جَالُوتَ وَأَخَذَ الْأَحْجَارَ وَوَضَعَهَا فِي قَذَّافَتِهِ وَرَمَى بِهَا جَالُوتَ، فَوَقَعَ الْحَجَرُ بَيْنَ عَيْنَيْهِ فَنَقَبَ رَأْسَهُ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَلَمْ يَزَلِ الْحَجَرُ يَقْتُلُ كُلَّ مَنْ أَصَابَهُ يَنْفُذُ مِنْهُ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ، فَانْهَزَمَ عَسْكَرُ جَالُوتَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ وَلَمَّا بَرَزُوا لِجَالُوتَ وَجُنُودِهِ قَالُوا رَبَّنَا أَفْرِغْ عَلَيْنَا صَبْرًا وَثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَنَا وَانْصُرْنَا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ طَلَبُوا مِنَ اللَّهِ أَنْ يُفْرِغَ عَلَيْهِمُ الصَّبْرَ; أَيْ يَغْمُرَهُمْ بِهِ مِنْ فَوْقِهِمْ، فَتَسْتَقِرَّ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَلَا تَقْلَقَ، وَأَنْ يُثَبِّتَ أَقْدَامَهُمْ فِي مَجَالِ الْحَرْبِ، وَمُعْتَرَكِ الْأَبْطَالِ، وَحَوْمَةِ الْوَغَى، وَالدُّعَاءِ إِلَى النِّزَالِ، فَسَأَلُوا التَّثَبُّتَ الظَّاهِرَ وَالْبَاطِنَ، وَأَنْ يُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِمُ النَّصْرَ عَلَى أَعْدَائِهِمْ وَأَعْدَائِهِ، مِنَ الْكَافِرِينَ الْجَاحِدِينَ بِآيَاتِهِ وَآلَائِهِ، فَأَجَابَهُمُ الْعَظِيمُ الْقَدِيرُ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ الْحَكِيمُ الْخَبِيرُ إِلَى مَا سَأَلُوا وَأَنَالَهُمْ مَا إِلَيْهِ فِيهِ رَغِبُوا وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: فَهَزَمُوهُمْ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ أَيْ; بِحَوْلِ اللَّهِ لَا بِحَوْلِهِمْ، وَبِقُوَّةِ اللَّهِ وَنَصْرِهِ لَا بِقُوَّتِهِمْ وَعَدَدِهِمْ، مَعَ كَثْرَةِ أَعْدَائِهِمْ وَكَمَالِ عَدَدِهِمْ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَلَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ بِبَدْرٍ وَأَنْتُمْ أَذِلَّةٌ فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ. وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَقَتَلَ دَاوُدُ جَالُوتَ وَآتَاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَهُ مِمَّا يَشَاءُ شجاعة داود عليه السلام فِيهِ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى شَجَاعَةِ دَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَأَنَّهُ قَتَلَهُ قَتْلًا أَذَلَّ بِهِ جُنْدَهُ وَكَسَّرَ جَيْشَهُ، وَلَا أَعْظَمَ مِنْ غَزْوَةٍ يَقْتُلُ فِيهَا مَلِكٌ عَدُوَّهُ، فَيَغْنَمُ بِسَبَبِ ذَلِكَ الْأَمْوَالَ الْجَزِيلَةَ، وَيَأْسِرُ الْأَبْطَالَ وَالشُّجْعَانَ وَالْأَقْرَانَ، وَتَعْلُو كَلِمَةُ الْإِيمَانِ عَلَى الْأَوْثَانِ، وَيُدَالُ لِأَوْلِيَاءِ اللَّهِ عَلَى أَعْدَائِهِ، وَيَظْهَرُ الدِّينُ الْحَقُّ عَلَى الْبَاطِلِ وَأَوْلِيَائِهِ. ووفى طَالُوتُ بِمَا وَعَدَ وزَوَّجَ داود ابْنَتَهُ وَأَجْرَى حُكْمَهُ فِي مُلْكِهِ، وَعَظُمَ دَاوُدُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، عِنْدَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَأَحَبُّوهُ وَمَالُوا إِلَيْهِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ طَالُوتَ، فَذَكَرُوا أَنَّ طَالُوتَ حَسَدَهُ وَأَرَادَ قَتْلَهُ، وَاحْتَالَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَلَمْ يَصِلْ إِلَيْهِ، وَجَعَلَ الْعُلَمَاءُ يَنْهَوْنَ طَالُوتَ عَنْ قَتْلِ دَاوُدَ، فَتَسَلَّطَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَقَتَلَهُمْ، حَتَّى لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا الْقَلِيلُ، ثُمَّ حَصَلَ لَهُ تَوْبَةٌ وَنَدَمٌ وَإِقْلَاعٌ عَمَّا سَلَفَ مِنْهُ، وَجَعَلَ يُكْثِرُ مِنَ الْبُكَاءِ، وَيَخْرُجُ إِلَى الْجَبَّانَةِ فَيَبْكِي حَتَّى يَبُلَّ الثَّرَى بِدُمُوعِهِ، فَنُودِيَ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ مِنَ الْجَبَّانَةِ: أَنْ يَا طَالُوتُ، قَتَلْتَنَا وَنَحْنُ أَحْيَاءٌ، وَآذَيْتَنَا وَنَحْنُ أَمْوَاتٌ. فَازْدَادَ لِذَلِكَ بُكَاؤُهُ وَخَوْفُهُ، وَاشْتَدَّ وَجَلُهُ، ثُمَّ جَعَلَ يَسْأَلُ عَنْ عَالِمٍ يَسْأَلُهُ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ، وَهَلْ لَهُ مِنْ تَوْبَةٍ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: وَهَلْ أَبْقَيْتَ عَالِمًا؟ حَتَّى دُلَّ عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ مِنَ الْعَابِدَاتِ، فَأَخَذَتْهُ فَذَهَبَتْ بِهِ إِلَى قَبْرِ يُوشَعَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، قَالُوا: فَدَعَتِ اللَّهَ فَقَامَ يُوشَعُ مِنْ قَبْرِهِ، فَقَالَ: أَقَامَتِ الْقِيَامَةُ؟ فَقَالَتْ: لَا وَلَكِنَّ هَذَا طَالُوتُ يَسْأَلُكَ: هَلْ لَهُ مِنْ تَوْبَةٍ؟ فَقَالَ: نَعَمْ، يَنْخَلِعُ مِنَ الْمُلْكِ، وَيَذْهَبُ فَيُقَاتِلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ حَتَّى يُقْتَلَ. ثُمَّ عَادَ مَيِّتًا. فَتَرَكَ الْمُلْكَ لِدَاوُدَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَذَهَبَ وَمَعَهُ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ مِنْ أَوْلَادِهِ، فَقَاتَلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ حَتَّى قُتِلُوا. قَالُوا: فَذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَآتَاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَهُ مِمَّا يَشَاءُ هَكَذَا ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ فِي " تَارِيخِهِ " مِنْ طَرِيقِ السُّدِّيِّ بِإِسْنَادِهِ. وَفِي بَعْضِ هَذَا نَظَرٌ وَنَكَارَةٌ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: النَّبِيُّ الَّذِي بُعِثَ فَأَخْبَرَ طَالُوتَ بِتَوْبَتِهِ، هُوَ الْيَسَعُ بْنُ أَخْطُوبَ. حَكَاهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ أَيْضًا. وَذَكَرَ الثَّعْلَبِيُّ أَنَّهَا أَتَتْ بِهِ إِلَى قَبْرِ أَشْمَوِيلَ، فَعَاتَبَهُ عَلَى مَا صَنَعَ بَعْدَهُ مِنَ الْأُمُورِ. وَهَذَا أَنْسَبُ. وَلَعَلَّهُ إِنَّمَا رَآهُ فِي النَّوْمِ، لَا أَنَّهُ قَامَ مِنَ الْقَبْرِ حَيًّا; فَإِنَّ هَذَا إِنَّمَا يَكُونُ مُعْجِزَةً لِنَبِيٍّ، وَتِلْكَ الْمَرْأَةُ لَمْ تَكُنْ نَبِيَّةً. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَزَعَمَ أَهْلُ التَّوْرَاةِ أَنَّ مُدَّةَ مُلْكِ طَالُوتَ إِلَى أَنْ قُتِلَ مَعَ أَوْلَادِهِ، كَانَتْ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ The ʿAmāliqah, with their king Jālūt, had inflicted great harm upon the Children of Israel, so much so that they nearly destroyed them. When the Children of Israel saw that, they said: “Send us a king so that we may fight in the path of God.” He said: “Would you perhaps, if fighting were prescribed for you, refrain from fighting?” They said: “And what is it with us that we should not fight in the path of God, when we have been expelled from our homes and from our children?” — meaning: what prevents us from fighting, when we have been expelled from our homes and from our children? They were saying: we are robbed and bereaved, so it is fitting for us to fight for our children who have been plundered and oppressed among them, and taken captive in their grasp. So he supplicated to God, and He sent him a staff and a horn containing oil. It was said to him: “Your companion will be the height of this staff, and when a man enters upon you and the oil in the horn bubbles, then he is the king of the Children of Israel. Anoint his head with it and make him king over them.” So they measured themselves against the staff, but they were not like it. Ṭālūt was a tanner. It is said he was a water-carrier who sold water. His donkey went astray, so he set out looking for it. When he passed by the place where Ashmūʾīl was, he entered to ask him to supplicate for him so that God might return his donkey. When he entered, the oil bubbled. They measured him against the staff, and he was like it. And their prophet said to them: “Indeed God has sent you Ṭālūt as king.” In Syriac he is Shāwul b. Qays b. Anmār b. Ḍirār b. Yaḥruf b. Yaftaḥ b. Aysh b. Binyāmīn b. Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq. They said to him: “You have never been more lying than at this hour! We are of the tribe of kingship, and Ṭālūt has not been given abundance of wealth that we should follow him.” Ashmūʾīl said: “Indeed God has chosen him over you and increased him abundantly in knowledge and stature.” They said: “If you are truthful, bring a sign.” He said: “The sign of his kingship is that the Ark will come to you, containing a sakīnah from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Mūsā and the family of Hārūn left behind, carried by the angels.” This too was from the blessing of this righteous man’s authority over them and his good fortune for them: that God returned to them the Ark that had been taken from them, and over which the enemies had overpowered them; they had been aided against their enemies by means of it. “Containing a sakīnah from your Lord.” The interpretation of sakīnah: it is the head of a cat. It is said: a golden basin in which the hearts of the prophets are washed. It is said: other than that. In it were the tablets, which were made of pearl, ruby, and chrysolite. As for the remnant, it is the staff of Mūsā and the fragments of the tablets. So the angels carried it and brought it to Ṭālūt during the day, between heaven and earth, while the people were watching, so that it would be a sign from God to you and a dazzling proof of the truth of what I say to you, and of the soundness of this righteous king’s authority over you. For this reason He said: “Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers.” It is said: when the ʿAmāliqah overpowered this Ark, and in it was what has been mentioned of the sakīnah and the blessed remnant — and it is said that the Torah was also in it — when it settled in their hands, they placed it under an idol of theirs in their land. When morning came, the Ark was on top of the idol. They placed it underneath again. On the second day, the Ark was above the idol. When this recurred, they knew that this was a matter from God Almighty. So they took it out of their land and placed it in one of their villages. Then a disease seized them in their necks. When this went on for a long time, they placed it on a cart and tied it to two cows, and let them go. It is said that the angels drove the two cows until they brought them to the assembly of the Children of Israel while they were watching, just as their prophet had informed them. God knows best in what manner the angels brought it. The apparent meaning is that the angels carried it themselves, as is understood from the verse. God knows best — although the former has been mentioned by many, or most, of the commentators. So Ṭālūt brought it out to them, and they acknowledged his kingship reluctantly, and went out with him unwillingly. They were eighty thousand. When they set out, Ṭālūt said to them: “Indeed God will test you with a river. Whoever drinks from it is not of me, and whoever does not taste it is of me.” It is the river of Palestine; it is said: the Jordan. They drank from it except a few — they were four thousand. Whoever drank from it became thirsty, and whoever did not drink from it except a handful was satisfied. So when he crossed it, he and those who believed with him — Jālūt met them, and he was of mighty prowess. When they saw him, most of them turned back, and said: “We have no power today against Jālūt and his troops.” None remained with him except three hundred and ten-odd — the number of the people of Badr. When those who turned back had turned back, they said: “How many a small company has overcome a large company by God’s permission! And God is with the patient.” Among them was Īshā, the father of Dāwūd, and with him were thirteen of his sons. Dāwūd was the youngest of his sons, and he had left him behind to tend the sheep for them and bring them food. One day he had said to his father: “O my father, I do not throw anything with my sling but that I fell it.” Then he said to him: “I entered among the mountains and found a lion crouching, and I mounted it and took hold of its ears, and I was not afraid of it.” Then one other day he came to him and said: “I walk among the mountains and glorify God, and no mountain remains but that it glorifies with me.” He said to him: “Rejoice, for this is good that God has given you.” Then God sent to the prophet who was with Ṭālūt a horn containing oil and an iron oven. He sent it to Ṭālūt and said to him: “Your companion who will kill Jālūt — this oil will be placed on his head and will boil until it flows from the horn, but it will not pass from his head to his face, and will remain on his head like a crown; and he will enter this oven and fill it.” So Ṭālūt summoned the Children of Israel and tested them, but none of them matched. Then Dāwūd was brought from his shepherding. On his way he passed by three stones, and they spoke to him and said: “Take us, O Dāwūd, so that you may kill Jālūt with us.” So he took them and put them in his bag. Ṭālūt had said: “Whoever kills Jālūt, I will marry him to my daughter and assign his seal to my kingdom.” When Dāwūd came, they placed the horn on his head. It boiled until he was anointed from it, and he put on the oven and filled it. Dāwūd was small-bodied, short, and blue-eyed. When he entered the oven, it tightened on him until he filled it. Ashmūʾīl, Ṭālūt, and the Children of Israel rejoiced at that, and they advanced toward Jālūt and lined up for battle. Dāwūd went out toward Jālūt, took the stones, placed them in his sling, and shot them at Jālūt. The stone fell between his eyes and pierced his head, killing him. The stone kept killing everyone it struck, passing through him to another. Then the army of Jālūt was routed by God’s permission. And when they went forth against Jālūt and his troops, they said: “Our Lord, pour upon us patience, and make firm our feet, and give us victory over the disbelieving people.” They asked God to pour patience upon them — that is, to immerse them in it from above, so that their hearts would be settled and not agitated; and to make their feet firm in the field of battle, the arena of heroes, the thick of combat, and the call to duel. They asked for outward and inward steadfastness, and for Him to send down victory upon them over their enemies and His enemies — the disbelievers who deny His signs and His favors. And the Mighty, the Powerful, the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing, the Wise, the All-Aware answered them with what they asked, and granted them what they desired. For this reason He said: “So they put them to flight by God’s permission” — that is, by God’s power and might, not by their own strength, and by God’s strength and help, not by their own power and numbers, despite the multitude of their enemies and their full count. As God Almighty said: “And God certainly helped you at Badr when you were weak. So fear God, that you may be grateful.” And His saying, Almighty: “And Dāwūd killed Jālūt, and God gave him sovereignty and wisdom, and taught him of what He willed.” — The courage of Dāwūd ﷺ. In this is an indication of the courage of Dāwūd ﷺ, and that he killed him in a way that humiliated his troops and broke his army. There is nothing greater than a battle in which a king kills his enemy, and thereby gains abundant spoils, captures heroes, brave men, and rivals, and the word of faith is exalted over idols, and God’s allies are given the upper hand over His enemies, and the true religion prevails over falsehood and its allies. And Ṭālūt fulfilled what he had promised, married his daughter to Dāwūd, and gave effect to his authority in his kingdom. Dāwūd ﷺ became great in the eyes of the Children of Israel, and they loved him and inclined to him more than to Ṭālūt. It is mentioned that Ṭālūt envied him and wanted to kill him, and plotted for that, but he could not reach him. The scholars began to forbid Ṭālūt from killing Dāwūd, so he turned on them and killed them, until only a few of them remained. Then he attained repentance and remorse and desisted from what he had done, and he began to weep profusely, and to go out to the cemetery and weep until he moistened the soil with his tears. One day a voice called out from the cemetery: “O Ṭālūt, you killed us while we were alive, and harmed us while we are dead.” So his weeping and fear increased, and his terror intensified. Then he began to ask about a scholar whom he could ask about his affair and whether he had any repentance. It was said to him: “Have you left any scholar?” Until he was guided to a woman among the devoted worshippers. She took him and went with him to the grave of Yūshaʿ ﷺ. They said: she supplicated to God, and Yūshaʿ rose from his grave and said: “Has the Hour come?” She said: “No, but this is Ṭālūt asking you: does he have any repentance?” He said: “Yes, he must renounce the kingship, and go and fight in the path of God until he is killed.” Then he returned to being dead. So he left the kingship to Dāwūd ﷺ, and went with thirteen of his sons, and they fought in the path of God until they were killed. They said: that is His saying, Almighty: “And God gave him sovereignty and wisdom, and taught him of what He willed.” Thus Ibn Jarīr mentioned it in his History from the way of al-Suddī with his chain. In some of this there is doubt and disapproval. God knows best. Muhammad b. Isḥāq said: the prophet who was sent and informed Ṭālūt of his repentance was al-Yasaʿ b. Akhṭūb. Ibn Jarīr also related it. Al-Thaʿlabī mentioned that she brought him to the grave of Ashmawīl, and he reproached him for what he had done after him of those matters. This is more fitting. Perhaps he only saw him in a dream, not that he rose from the grave alive; for this would only be a miracle of a prophet, and that woman was not a prophet. God knows best. Ibn Jarīr said: The People of the Torah claim that the duration of Ṭālūt’s kingship, until he was killed with his sons, was forty years. God knows best.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.