Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2593
Then the Year 125 AH Began
ذِكْرُ وَفَاتِهِ وَتَرْجَمَتِهِ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. اسمه ونسبه وشيء من صفته وصفاته هُوَ هِشَامُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسٍ، أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْأُمَوِيُّ الدِّمَشْقِيُّ، أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. وَأَمَّهُ أُمُّ هِشَامٍ بِنْتُ هِشَامِ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الْمَخْزُومِيِّ وَكَانَتْ دَارُهُ بِدِمَشْقَ عِنْدَ بَابِ الْخَوَّاصِينَ وَبَعْضُهَا الْيَوْمَ مَدْرَسَةُ نُورِ الدِّينِ الشَّهِيدِ الَّتِي يُقَالُ لَهَا: النُّورِيَّةُ الْكَبِيرَةُ. وَتُعْرَفُ بِدَارِ الْقَبَّابِينَ يَعْنِي الَّذِينَ يَبِيعُونَ الْقِبَابَ. وَهِيَ الْخِيَامُ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدْ بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالْخِلَافَةِ بَعْدَ أَخِيهِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بِعَهْدٍ مِنْهُ إِلَيْهِ، وَذَلِكَ يَوْمُ الْجُمُعَةِ لِأَرْبَعٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَمِائَةٍ، وَكَانَ لَهُ مِنَ الْعُمْرِ يَوْمَئِذٍ أَرْبَعٌ وَثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً، وَكَانَ جَمِيلًا أَبْيَضَ أَحْوَلَ، يُخَضِّبُ بِالسَّوَادِ، وَهُوَ الرَّابِعُ مِنْ وَلَدِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ لِصُلْبِهِ الَّذِينَ وُلُّوا الْخِلَافَةَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ رَأَى فِي الْمَنَامِ كَأَنَّهُ بَالَ فِي الْمِحْرَابِ أَرْبَعَ مَرَّاتٍ، فَدَسَّ إِلَى سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ مَنْ سَأَلَهُ عَنْهَا، فَفَسَّرَهَا لَهُ بِأَنَّهُ يَلِي الْخِلَافَةَ مِنْ وَلَدِهِ أَرْبَعَةٌ، فَوَقَعَ ذَلِكَ، فَكَانَ هِشَامٌ آخِرَهُمْ، وَكَانَ فِي خِلَافَتِهِ حَازِمَ الرَّأْيِ، جَمَّاعًا لِلْأَمْوَالِ يُبَخَّلُ، وَكَانَ ذَكِيًّا مُدَبِّرًا، لَهُ بَصَرٌ بِالْأُمُورِ جَلِيلِهَا وَحَقِيرِهَا، وَكَانَ فِيهِ حِلْمٌ وَأَنَاةٌ، شَتَمَ مَرَّةً رَجُلًا مِنَ الْأَشْرَافِ، فَقَالَ: أَتَشْتُمُنِي وَأَنْتَ خَلِيفَةُ اللَّهِ فِي الْأَرْضِ ؟ فَاسْتَحْيَا وَقَالَ: اقْتَصَّ مِنِّي بَدَلَهَا. أَوْ قَالَ: بِمِثْلِهَا. فَقَالَ: إِذَنْ أَكُونُ سَفِيهًا مِثْلَكَ. قَالَ: فَخُذْ عِوَضًا مِنْهَا. قَالَ: لَا أَفْعَلُ. قَالَ: فَاتْرُكْهَا لِلَّهِ. قَالَ: هِيَ لِلَّهِ، ثُمَّ لَكَ. فَقَالَ هِشَامٌ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ: وَاللَّهِ لَا أَعُودُ إِلَى مِثْلِهَا. وَقَالَ الْأَصْمَعِيُّ: أَسْمَعَ رَجُلٌ هِشَامًا كَلَامًا، فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَتَقُولُ لِي مِثْلَ هَذَا وَأَنَا خَلِيفَتُكَ ؟ وَغَضِبَ مَرَّةً عَلَى رَجُلٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: اسْكُتْ وَإِلَّا ضَرَبْتُكَ سَوْطًا. وَكَانَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ قَدِ اقْتَرَضَ مِنْ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ مَالًا ; أَرْبَعَةَ آلَافِ دِينَارٍ، فَلَمْ يَتَعَرَّضْ لَهُ أَحَدٌ مِنْ بَنِي مَرْوَانَ حَتَّى اسْتُخْلِفَ هِشَامٌ فَقَالَ: مَا فَعَلَ حَقُّنَا قِبَلَكَ ؟ قَالَ: مَوْفُورٌ مَشْكُورٌ. فَقَالَ: هُوَ لَكَ. وَكَانَ هِشَامٌ مِنْ أَكْرَهِ النَّاسِ لِسَفْكِ الدِّمَاءِ، وَلَقَدْ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَقْتَلِ زَيْدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ وَابْنِهِ يَحْيَى أَمْرٌ شَدِيدٌ، وَقَالَ: وَدِدْتُ أَنِّي افْتَدَيْتُهُمَا بِجَمِيعِ مَا أَمْلِكُ. مواقفه وآثاره وعَنْ بِشْرٍ مَوْلَى هِشَامٍ قَالَ: أُتِيَ هِشَامٌ بِرَجُلٍ عِنْدَهُ قِيَانٌ وَخَمْرٌ وَبَرْبَطٌ. فَقَالَ: اكْسِرُو الطُّنْبُورَ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ وَقَرْنِهِ. فَبَكَى الشَّيْخُ. قَالَ بِشْرٌ: فَضَرَبَهُ، فَقُلْتُ لَهُ وَأَنَا أُعَزِّيهِ: عَلَيْكَ بِالصَّبْرِ. فَقَالَ: أَتُرَانِي أَبْكِي لِلضَّرْبِ، إِنَّمَا أَبْكِي لِاحْتِقَارِهِ الْبَرْبَطَ حَتَّى سَمَّاهُ طُنْبُورًا. قَالَ: وَأَغْلَظَ لِهِشَامٍ رَجُلٌ يَوْمًا فِي الْكَلَامِ فَقَالَ: لَيْسَ لَكَ أَنْ تَقُولَ هَذَا لِإِمَامِكَ. قَالَ: وَتَفَقَّدَ أَحَدَ وَلَدِهِ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ: مَا لَكَ لَمْ تَشْهَدِ الْجُمُعَةَ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنَّ بَغْلَتِي عَجَزَتْ عَنِّي. فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ: أَمَا كَانَ يُمْكِنُكَ الْمَشْيُ. وَمَنَعَهُ أَنْ يَرْكَبَ سَنَةً. وَذَكَرَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ أَنَّ رَجُلًا أَهْدَى إِلَى هِشَامٍ طَيْرَيْنِ، فَأَوْرَدَهُمَا السَّفِيرُ إِلَى هِشَامٍ وَهُوَ جَالِسٌ عَلَى سَرِيرٍ فِي وَسَطِ دَارِهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَرْسِلْهُمَا فِي الدَّارِ. فَأَرْسَلَهُمَا، ثُمَّ قَالَ: جَائِزَتِي يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكَ ! وَمَا جَائِزَتُكَ عَلَى هَدِيَّةٍ طَيْرَيْنِ ؟ خُذْ أَحَدَهُمَا. فَجَعَلَ الرَّجُلُ يَسْعَى خَلْفَ أَحَدِهِمَا، فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكَ ! مَا لَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: أَخْتَارُ أَجْوَدَهُمَا. قَالَ: وَتَخْتَارُ أَيْضًا الْجَيِّدَ وَتَتْرُكَ الرَّدِيءَ ؟ ثُمَّ أَمَرَ لَهُ بِأَرْبَعِينَ أَوْ خَمْسِينَ دِرْهَمًا. وعَنْ قَحْذَمٍ كَاتِبِ يُوسُفَ بْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي يُوسُفُ إِلَى هِشَامٍ بِيَاقُوتَةٍ حَمْرَاءَ وَلُؤْلُؤَةٍ كَانَتَا لِرَائِقَةَ جَارِيَةِ خَالِدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْقَسْرِيِّ مُشْتَرَى الْيَاقُوتَةِ ثَلَاثَةٌ وَسَبْعُونَ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. قَالَ: فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ عَلَى سَرِيرٍ فَوْقَهُ فَرْشٌ لَمْ أَرَ رَأْسَ هِشَامٍ مِنْ عُلُوِّ تِلْكَ الْفُرُشِ، فَأَوْرَدْتُهَا لَهُ، فَقَالَ: كَمْ زِنْتُهُمَا ؟ فَقُلْتُ: إِنَّ مِثْلَ هَذِهِ لَا مِثْلَ لَهَا. فَسَكَتَ. قَالُوا: وَرَأَى قَوْمًا يَفْرِطُونَ الزَّيْتُونَ، فَقَالَ: الْقُطُوهُ لَقْطًا، وَلَا تَنْفُضُوهُ نَفَضَا، فَتُفْقَأَ عُيُونُهُ وَتَنْكَسِرَ غُصُونُهُ. وَكَانَ يَقُولُ: ثَلَاثَةٌ لَا يَضَعْنَ الشَّرِيفَ ; تَعَاهُدُ الصَّنِيعَةِ، وَإِصْلَاحُ الْمَعِيشَةِ، وَطَلَبُ الْحَقِّ وَإِنْ قَلَّ. وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْخَرَائِطِيُّ: يُقَالُ: إِنَّ هِشَامًا لَمْ يَقُلْ مِنَ الشِّعْرِ سِوَى هَذَا الْبَيْتِ: إِذَا أَنْتَ لَمْ تَعْصِ الْهَوَى قَادَكَ الْهَوَى إِلَى كُلِّ مَا فِيهِ عَلَيْكَ مَقَالُ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ لَهُ شِعْرٌ غَيْرُ هَذَا. ورعه عن أموال المسلمين وزهده فيها وَعَنْ عَقَّالِ بْنِ شَبَّةَ قَالَ: دَخَلْتُ عَلَى هِشَامٍ وَعَلَيْهِ قَبَاءُ فَنَكٍ أَخْضَرُ، فَوَجَّهَنِي إِلَى خُرَاسَانَ 72، ثُمَّ جَعَلَ يُوصِينِي وَأَنَا أَنْظُرُ إِلَى الْقَبَاءِ، فَفَطِنَ، فَقَالَ: مَا لَكَ ؟ قُلْتُ: رَأَيْتُ عَلَيْكَ قَبَاءَ فَنَكٍ أَخْضَرَ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ، فَجَعَلْتُ أَتَأَمَّلُ هَذَا ; أَهْوَ ذَاكَ أَمْ غَيْرُهُ ؟ قَالَ: هُوَ وَاللَّهِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ غَيْرُهُ ذَاكَ، مَا لِي قَبَاءٌ غَيْرُهُ، وَأَمَّا مَا تَرَوْنَ مِنْ جَمْعِي لِهَذَا الْمَالِ وَصَوْنِهِ فَإِنَّهُ لَكُمْ. قَالَ عَقَّالٌ: وَكَانَ هِشَامٌ مَحْشُوًّا عَقْلًا. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ عَمِّ السَّفَّاحِ: جَمَعْتُ دَوَاوِينَ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ فَلَمْ أَرَ أَصْلَحَ لِلْعَامَّةِ وَالسُّلْطَانِ مِنْ دِيوَانِ هِشَامٍ. وَقَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ، عَنْ غَسَّانَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَمِيدِ: لَمْ يَكُنْ أَحَدٌ مِنْ بَنِي مَرْوَانَ أَشَدَّ نَظَرًا فِي أَمْرِ أَصْحَابِهِ وَدَوَاوِينِهِ، وَلَا أَشَدَّ مُبَالَغَةً فِي الْفَحْصِ عَنْهُمْ مِنْ هِشَامٍ. قتل هشام غيلان القدري وَهُوَ الَّذِي قَتَلَ غَيْلَانَ الْقَدَرِيَّ وَلَمَّا أُحْضِرَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ قَالَ لَهُ: وَيْحَكَ ! قُلْ مَا عِنْدَكَ، إِنْ كَانَ حَقًّا اتَّبَعْنَاهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ بَاطِلًا رَجَعْتَ عَنْهُ. فَنَاظَرَهُ مَيْمُونُ بْنُ مِهْرَانَ فَقَالَ لِمَيْمُونٍ: أَشَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يُعْصَى ؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ مَيْمُونٌ: أَيُعْصَى اللَّهُ كَارِهًا ؟ فَسَكَتَ غَيْلَانُ، فَقَيَّدَهُ حِينَئِذٍ هِشَامٌ وَقَتَلَهُ. وَقَالَ الْأَصْمَعِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ مُنْذِرِ بْنِ أَبِي ثَوْرٍ قَالَ: أَصَبْنَا فِي خَزَائِنِ هِشَامٍ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ أَلْفَ قَمِيصٍ، كُلُّهَا قَدْ أُثِرَ بِهَا. وَشَكَى هِشَامٌ إِلَى أَبِيهِ ثَلَاثًا ; إِحْدَاهَا أَنَّهُ يَهَابُ الصُّعُودَ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ، وَالثَّانِيَةُ، قِلَّةُ تَنَاوُلِ الطَّعَامِ، وَالثَّالِثَةُ، أَنَّ عِنْدَهُ فِي الْقَصْرِ مِائَةُ جَارِيَةٍ لَا يَكَادُ يَصِلُ إِلَى وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ. فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ أَبُوهُ: أَمَّا صُعُودُكَ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ فَإِذَا عَلَوْتَ فَوْقَهُ فَارْمِ بِبَصَرِكَ إِلَى مُؤَخَّرِ النَّاسِ فَإِنَّهُ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْكَ، وَأَمَّا قِلَّةُ الطَّعَامِ فَمُرِ الطَّبَّاخَ فَلْيُكْثِرِ الْأَلْوَانَ، فَلَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَتَنَاوَلَ مِنْ كُلِّ لَوْنٍ لُقْمَّةً، وَعَلَيْكَ بِكُلِّ بَيْضَاءَ بَضَّةٍ ذَاتِ جَمَالٍ وَحُسْنٍ. ما ورد في ذكر مدة ملك هشام وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي خَيْثَمَةَ بسنده عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ قَالَ: مَشَيْتُ مَعَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ - يَعْنِي ابْنَ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ - إِلَى دَارِهِ عِنْدَ الْحَمَّامِ، فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: إِنَّهُ قَدْ طَالَ مُلْكُ هِشَامٍ وَسُلْطَانُهُ، وَقَدْ قَرُبَ مِنَ الْعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً، وَقَدْ زَعَمَ النَّاسُ أَنَّ سُلَيْمَانَ سَأَلَ رَبَّهُ مُلْكًا لَا يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ، فَزَعَمَ النَّاسُ أَنَّهَا الْعِشْرُونَ. فَقَالَ: مَا أَدْرِي مَا أَحَادِيثُ النَّاسِ، وَلَكِنْ أَبِي حَدَّثَنِي، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: لَنْ يُعَمِّرَ اللَّهُ مَلِكًا فِي أُمَّةِ نَبِيٍّ مَضَى قَبْلَهُ مَا بَلَغَ ذَلِكَ النَّبِيُّ مِنَ الْعُمْرِ فِي أُمَّتِهِ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَمَّرَ نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ ثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً بِمَكَّةَ وَعَشْرًا بِالْمَدِينَةِ. وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي خَيْثَمَةَ: لَيْسَ حَدِيثٌ فِيهِ تَوْقِيتٌ غَيْرَ هَذَا، وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ فِي " تَارِيخِهِ" وَعَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ عَلِيًّا يَقُولُ: هَلَاكُ مُلْكِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ عَلَى يَدِ رَجُلٍ أَحْوَلَ. يَعْنِي هِشَامًا. وَقَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الشَّافِعِيُّ: لَمَّا بَنَى هِشَامُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ الرُّصَافَةَ قَالَ: أُحِبَّ أَنْ أَخْلُوَ بِهَا يَوْمًا لَا يَأْتِينِي فِيهِ خَبَرُ غَمٍّ. فَمَا انْتَصَفَ النَّهَارُ حَتَّى أَتَتْهُ رِيشَةُ دَمٍ مِنْ بَعْضِ الثُّغُورِ فَقَالَ: وَلَا يَوْمًا وَاحِدًا ؟ وَرُوِيَتْ هَذِهِ الْحِكَايَةُ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ، وَأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَمْكُثْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ إِلَّا شَهْرًا وَاحِدًا. وَقَالَ سُفْيَانُ بْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ: كَانَ هِشَامٌ لَا يُكْتَبُ إِلَيْهِ بِكِتَابٍ فِيهِ ذِكْرُ الْمَوْتِ. وَرَوَى أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا بسنده عَنْ سَالِمٍ كَاتِبِ هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ قَالَ: خَرَجَ عَلَيْنَا يَوْمًا هِشَامٌ وَعَلَيْهِ كَآبَةٌ، وَقَدْ ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ الْحُزْنُ، فَاسْتَدْعَى الْأَبْرَشَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ فَجَاءَهُ، فَقَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، مَا لِي أَرَاكَ هَكَذَا ؟ فَقَالَ: مَا لِي لَا أَكُونُ وَقَدْ زَعَمَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ بِالنُّجُومِ أَنِّي أَمُوتُ إِلَى ثَلَاثٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ مِنْ يَوْمِي هَذَا. قَالَ: فَكَتَبْنَا ذَلِكَ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ آخَرَ لَيْلَةٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ جَاءَنِي رَسُولُهُ فِي اللَّيْلِ يَقُولُ: أَحْضِرْ مَعَكَ دَوَاءً لِلذَّبْحَةِ، وَكَانَتْ قَدْ أَصَابَتْهُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ فَاسْتَعْمَلَ مِنْهُ فَعُوفِيَ، فَذَهَبْتُ إِلَيْهِ وَمَعِي ذَلِكَ الدَّوَاءُ، فَتَنَاوَلَهُ وَهُوَ فِي وَجَعٍ شَدِيدٍ، وَاسْتَمَرَّ فِيهِ عَامَّةُ اللَّيْلِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: يَا سَالِمُ اذْهَبْ إِلَى مَنْزِلِكَ فَقَدْ وَجَدْتُ خِفَّةً، وَذَرِ الدَّوَاءَ عِنْدِي. فَذَهَبْتُ، فَمَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنْ وَصَلْتُ إِلَى مَنْزِلِي حَتَّى سَمِعْتُ الصِّيَاحَ عَلَيْهِ، فَإِذَا هُوَ قَدْ مَاتَ. وَذَكَرَ غَيْرُهُ أَنَّ هِشَامًا نَظَرَ إِلَى أَوْلَادِهِ وَهُمْ يَبْكُونَ حَوْلَهُ، فَقَالَ: جَادَ لَكُمْ هِشَامٌ بِالدُّنْيَا وَجُدْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ بِالْبُكَاءِ، وَتَرَكَ لَكُمْ مَا جَمَعَ، وَتَرَكْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مَا كَسَبَ، مَا أَعْظَمَ مُنْقَلَبَ هِشَامٍ إِنْ لَمْ يَغْفِرِ اللَّهُ لَهُ. وفاة هشام بن عبد الملك وعمره ومدة خلافته وَكَانَتْ وَفَاتُهُ بِالرُّصَافَةِ يَوْمَ الْأَرْبِعَاءِ لِسِتٍّ بَقِينَ مِنْ رَبِيعٍ الْآخِرِ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ بِضْعٍ وَخَمْسِينَ سَنَةً، وَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُ جَاوَزَ السِّتِّينَ. وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ الَّذِي وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ بَعْدَهُ، وَكَانَتْ خِلَافَةُ هِشَامٍ تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَسَبْعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا. وَقِيلَ: وَثَمَانِيَةُ أَشْهُرٍ وَأَيَّامٌ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَكَانَ نَقْشُ خَاتَمِهِ: الْحُكْمُ لِلْحَكَمِ الْحَكِيمِ. وَعَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: تُرْفَعُ زِينَةُ الدُّنْيَا سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ قَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي فُدَيْكٍ: زِينَتُهَا نُورُ الْإِسْلَامِ وَبَهْجَتُهُ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: يَعْنِي الرِّجَالَ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قُلْتُ: لَمَّا مَاتَ هِشَامٌ تَوَلَّى مُلْكُ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ وَاضْطَرَبَ أَمْرُهُمْ جِدًّا، وَإِنْ كَانَ قَدْ تَأَخَّرَتْ أَيَّامُهُمْ بَعْدَهُ نَحْوًا مِنْ سَبْعِ سِنِينَ، وَلَكِنْ فِي اخْتِلَافٍ وَهَيْجٍ، وَمَا زَالُوا حَتَّى خَرَجَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ بَنُو الْعَبَّاسِ فَاسْتَلَبُوهُمْ نِعْمَتَهُمْ وَمُلْكَهُمْ، وَقَتَلُوا مِنْهُمْ خَلْقًا، وَسَلَبُوهُمُ الْخِلَافَةَ.
Translation
✧ Mention of his death and his biography, may God have mercy on him. His name and lineage and something of his description and attributes. He is Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ b. Umayyah b. ʿAbd Shams, Abū al-Walīd al-Qurashī al-Umawī al-Dimashqī, Commander of the Faithful. His mother was Umm Hishām bt. Hishām b. Ismāʿīl al-Makhzūmī. His residence in Damascus was at the Gate of the Khawwāṣīn (sellers of palm leaves), part of which is today the school of Nūr al-Dīn the Martyr called al-Nūriyyah al-Kabīrah. It is known as the Dār al-Qabbābīn, meaning those who sell qubbab (domed tents), which are tents—and God knows best. Allegiance was given to him for the caliphate after his brother Yazīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik, by a covenant from him, on Friday, four nights remaining of Shaʿbān, year 105 AH. On that day he was thirty-four years old. He was handsome, fair-skinned, with a squint (aḥwal). He dyed his hair black. He was the fourth of the sons of ʿAbd al-Malik from his own loins to be appointed to the caliphate. ʿAbd al-Malik had seen in a dream as if he urinated in the miḥrāb four times, and he sent secretly to Saʿīd b. al-Musayyib someone to ask him about it. He interpreted it for him that four of his descendants would hold the caliphate, and that came to pass; Hishām was the last of them. In his caliphate he was resolute in judgment, a gatherer of wealth—he was called miserly—intelligent, a good planner, with insight into affairs, great and small. He possessed forbearance and deliberateness. Once a man of the nobles reviled him, saying, “Do you revile me while you are God’s caliph on earth?” He felt ashamed and said, “Take retaliation from me in its place” or “with its like.” The man said, “Then I would be a fool like you.” He said, “Then take compensation for it.” He said, “I will not.” He said, “Then leave it for God.” He said, “It is for God, then for you.” Hishām said at that, “By God, I will never return to anything like it.” Al-Aṣmaʿī said: A man made Hishām hear some words, and he said to him, “Do you say to me something like this while I am your caliph?” Once he became angry at a man and said to him, “Be silent or I will strike you with a whip.” ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn had borrowed money from Marwān b. al-Ḥakam—four thousand dinars—and none of the Banū Marwān demanded it of him until Hishām became caliph. He said, “What has become of our right owed by you?” He replied, “Abundant and gratefully acknowledged.” Hishām said, “It is yours.” Hishām was among the people most averse to shedding blood. The killing of Zayd b. ʿAlī and his son Yaḥyā weighed on him severely, and he said, “I wish I had ransomed them both with all that I possess.” His stances and his traces. From Bishr, the mawlā of Hishām, who said: A man was brought to Hishām who had singing-girls, wine, and a barbaṭ (lute). Hishām said, “Break the ṭunbūr on his head and his horn.” The old man wept. Bishr said: He was beaten, and I said to him while consoling him, “You must be patient.” He said, “Do you think I weep for the beating? I weep only because he belittled the barbaṭ so much that he called it a ṭunbūr.” He said: One day a man spoke harshly to Hishām, and he said, “It is not for you to say this to your imam.” He said: He missed one of his sons on Friday and sent to him, “What is the matter with you that you did not attend the Friday prayer?” The son said, “My mule was too weak for me.” He sent to him, “Could you not have walked?” And he forbade him from riding for a year. Al-Madāʾinī mentioned that a man gave Hishām two birds as a gift. The envoy brought them to Hishām while he was seated on a couch in the middle of his house. He said to him, “Release them in the house.” He released them, then said, “My reward, O Commander of the Faithful.” Hishām said, “Woe to you! What reward do you deserve for a gift of two birds? Take one of them.” The man began chasing after one of them. Hishām said, “Woe to you! What is the matter with you?” He said, “I want to choose the better of the two.” He said, “And you also choose the good one and leave the inferior one?” Then he ordered forty or fifty dirhams for him. From Qaḥdham, the scribe of Yūsuf b. ʿUmar, who said: Yūsuf sent me to Hishām with a red ruby and a pearl that had belonged to Rāʾiqah, the slave-girl of Khālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Qasrī. The ruby had been purchased for seventy-three thousand dinars. He said: I entered upon him while he was on a couch above which were furnishings so high that I could not see Hishām’s head. I presented them to him, and he said, “How much do they weigh?” I said, “Things like these have no like.” He fell silent. They said: He saw people shaking olives excessively, and he said, “Pick them by hand, and do not beat them with sticks, lest their eyes be gouged and their branches broken.” He used to say: “Three things do not lower a noble man: tending to one’s favor, setting right one’s livelihood, and seeking the truth even if it is little.” Abū Bakr al-Kharāʾiṭī said: It is said that Hishām composed no poetry except this verse: If you do not disobey passion, passion will lead you To everything for which you are blamed. Other poetry has also been reported from him. His scrupulousness regarding the wealth of the Muslims and his abstemiousness in it. From ʿAqqāl b. Shabbah, who said: I entered upon Hishām wearing a green cloak of fanak (a fur). He sent me to Khurasan 72, then began giving me instructions while I kept looking at the cloak. He noticed and said, “What is the matter with you?” I said, “I saw you wearing a green fanak cloak before you assumed the caliphate, and I kept wondering whether this is that one or another.” He said, “By God, other than Whom there is no god, it is that very one. I have no other cloak. As for what you see of my gathering and safeguarding this wealth, it is for you.” ʿAqqāl said: Hishām was filled with reason. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī, the paternal uncle of al-Saffāḥ, said: I collected the registers of the Umayyads and found none more sound for the common people and the ruler than the register of Hishām. Al-Madāʾinī, from Ghassān b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, said: None of the Banū Marwān was more careful in the affairs of his companions and his registers, nor more thorough in investigating them, than Hishām. Hishām’s killing of Ghaylān al-Qadarī. It was he who killed Ghaylān al-Qadarī. When he was brought before him, Hishām said to him, “Woe to you! Say what you have. If it is true, we will follow it; if it is false, you will recant it.” Maymūn b. Mihrān debated with him. Ghaylān said to Maymūn, “Did God will that He be disobeyed?” Maymūn said to him, “Is God disobeyed against His will?” Ghaylān fell silent. Hishām then put him in chains and killed him. Al-Aṣmaʿī, from Abū al-Zinād, from Mundhir b. Abī Thawr, said: We found in the treasuries of Hishām twelve thousand shirts, all of which had been worn. Hishām complained to his father about three things: one, that he was afraid to ascend the minbar; the second, his lack of appetite for food; the third, that he had in the palace a hundred slave-girls and could hardly reach any one of them. His father wrote to him: “As for your ascending the minbar, when you are upon it, cast your gaze to the back of the people, for that will be easier for you. As for your lack of food, command the cook to increase the variety of dishes, and perhaps you will take a morsel of each sort. And keep to fair, tender, beautiful, and lovely women.” What is reported concerning the length of Hishām’s reign. Abū Bakr b. Abī Khaythamah said with his chain from ʿUmar b. ʿAlī, who said: I walked with Muḥammad b. ʿAlī—meaning Ibn al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib—to his house near the bath, and I said to him, “The reign and authority of Hishām have lasted long, approaching twenty years. People allege that Sulaymān asked his Lord for a kingdom that would not befit anyone after him, and people allege that it is twenty years.” He said, “I do not know what people’s tales are, but my father narrated to me, from his father, from ʿAlī, from the Prophet ﷺ, who said: ‘God will not grant a king in the community of a prophet who passed before him a lifespan reaching what that prophet attained in age among his community.’ For God granted His Prophet ﷺ thirteen years in Makkah and ten in Madinah.” Abū Bakr b. Abī Khaythamah said: There is no hadith containing a specified time other than this one. Ibn Jarīr related it in his Tārīkh. From ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, that he heard ʿAlī say: “The destruction of the rule of the Umayyads will be at the hand of a squint-eyed man,” meaning Hishām. Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shāfiʿī said: When Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik built al-Ruṣāfah, he said, “I would love to be alone in it one day in which no news of grief comes to me.” But before midday a blood-stained feather came to him from one of the frontiers, and he said, “Not even one day?” This story has been related from another angle, and that he remained after that only one month. Sufyān b. ʿUyaynah said: No letter containing mention of death was ever written to Hishām. Abū Bakr b. Abī al-Dunyā related with his chain from Sālim, the scribe of Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, who said: One day Hishām came out to us with gloom on him and sadness apparent. He summoned al-Abrash b. al-Walīd, who came to him and said, “O Commander of the Faithful, why do I see you like this?” He said, “How should I not be, when the people learned in the stars assert that I will die within thirty-three days of this day of mine?” Sālim said: We wrote that down. When the last night of that period came, his messenger came to me at night saying, “Bring with you a remedy for quinsy.” He had been afflicted by it before and used this remedy and recovered. I went to him with that medicine. He took it while in severe pain, and the pain continued through most of the night. Then he said, “O Sālim, go to your house, for I feel some relief. Leave the medicine with me.” I went, and no sooner had I reached my house than I heard the cries over him, and behold, he had died. Someone other than him mentioned that Hishām looked at his children weeping around him and said, “Hishām has been generous to you with this world, and you have repaid him with weeping. He left you what he gathered, and you left him what he earned. How great is Hishām’s turn if God does not forgive him.” The death of Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, his age, and the duration of his caliphate. His death was at al-Ruṣāfah on Wednesday, six nights remaining of Rabīʿ al-Ākhir, year 125 AH. He was in his fifties—some said he had passed sixty. Al-Walīd b. Yazīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik, who assumed the caliphate after him, prayed over him. Hishām’s caliphate lasted nineteen years, seven months, and eleven days. It is also said: eight months and some days. God knows best. The inscription on his signet ring was: “Judgment belongs to the Judge, the Wise.” From Abū Salamah b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, from his father, that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: “The adornment of the world will be lifted in the year 125 AH.” Ibn Abī Fudayk said: “Its adornment is the light and splendor of Islam.” Someone else said: “It means the men.” God knows best. I say: When Hishām died, the rule of the Umayyads passed and their affairs became greatly disturbed, even though their days continued after him for about seven years, but in conflict and turmoil. They remained so until the Abbasids rose against them, stripped them of their blessing and their kingdom, killed many of them, and took the caliphate from them.
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