Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2432
The Year 100 of the Prophetic Hijrah
خُرُوجِ شَوْذَبٍ الْخَارِجِيِّ وفِي سنة مائة من الهجرة خَرَجَ شَوْذَبٌ، وَاسْمُهُ بِسْطَامٌ، مِنْ بَنِي يَشْكُرَ، فِي جُوخَى، وَكَانَ فِي ثَمَانِينَ رَجُلًا، فَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِلَى عَبْدِ الْحَمِيدِ عَامِلِهِ بِالْكُوفَةِ أَنْ لَا يُحَرِّكَهُمْ حَتَّى يَسْفِكُوا دِمَاءً، وَيُفْسِدُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ، فَإِنْ فَعَلُوا وَجِّهْ إِلَيْهِمْ رَجُلًا صَلِيبًا حَازِمًا فِي جُنْدٍ. فَبَعَثَ عَبْدُ الْحَمِيدِ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ جَرِيرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبَجَلِيَّ فِي أَلْفَيْنِ وَأَمْرَهُ بِمَا كَتَبَ بِهِ عُمَرُ، وَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى بِسْطَامٍ يَسْأَلُهُ عَنْ مَخْرَجِهِ، فَقَدِمَ كِتَابُ عُمَرَ عَلَيْهِ وَقَدْ قَدِمَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، فَقَامَ بِإِزَائِهِ لَا يَتَحَرَّكُ. فَكَانَ فِي كِتَابِ عُمَرَ: بَلَغَنِي أَنَّكَ خَرَجْتَ غَضَبًا لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ، وَلَسْتَ أَوْلَى بِذَلِكَ مِنِّي، فَهَلُمَّ إِلَيَّ أُنَاظِرُكَ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الْحَقُّ بِأَيْدِينَا دَخَلْتَ فِيمَا دَخَلَ النَّاسُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ فِي يَدِكَ نَظَرْنَا فِي أَمْرِكَ. فَكَتَبَ بِسْطَامٌ إِلَى عُمَرَ: قَدْ أَنْصَفْتَ وَقَدْ بَعَثْتُ إِلَيْكَ رَجُلَيْنِ يُدَارِسَانِكَ وَيُنَاظِرَانِكَ. وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى عُمَرَ مَوْلًى لِبَنِي شَيْبَانَ حَبَشِيًّا اسْمُهُ عَاصِمٌ، وَرَجُلًا مِنْ بَنِي يَشْكُرَ، فَقَدِمَا عَلَى عُمَرَ بِخُنَاصِرَةَ، فَدَخَلَا إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمَا: مَا أَخْرَجَكُمَا هَذَا الْمَخْرَجَ، وَمَا الَّذِي نَقَمْتُمْ ؟ فَقَالَ عَاصِمٌ: مَا نَقَمْنَا سِيرَتَكَ، إِنَّكَ لَتَتَحَرَّى الْعَدْلَ وَالْإِحْسَانَ، فَأَخْبِرْنَا عَنْ قِيَامِكَ بِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ، أَعَنْ رِضًى مِنَ النَّاسِ وَمَشُورَةٍ، أَمِ ابْتَزَزْتُمْ أَمْرَهُمْ ؟ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: مَا سَأَلْتُهُمُ الْوِلَايَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلَا غَلَبْتُهُمْ عَلَيْهَا، وَعَهِدَ إِلَيَّ رَجُلٌ كَانَ قَبْلِي فَقُمْتُ وَلَمْ يُنْكِرْهُ عَلَيَّ أَحَدٌ، وَلَمْ يَكْرَهْهُ غَيْرُكُمْ، وَأَنْتُمْ تَرَوْنَ الرِّضَا بِكُلِّ مَنْ عَدَلَ وَأَنْصَفَ مَنْ كَانَ مِنَ النَّاسِ، فَاتْرُكُونِي ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلَ، فَإِنْ خَالَفْتُ الْحَقَّ وَرَغِبْتُ عَنْهُ; فَلَا طَاعَةَ لِي عَلَيْكُمْ. قَالَا: بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكَ أَمْرٌ وَاحِدٌ. قَالَ: مَا هُوَ ؟ قَالَا: رَأَيْنَاكَ خَالَفْتَ أَعْمَالَ أَهْلِ بَيْتِكَ، وَسَمَّيْتَهَا مَظَالِمَ، فَإِنْ كُنْتَ عَلَى هُدًى وَهُمْ عَلَى الضَّلَالَةِ، فَالْعَنْهُمْ وَابْرَأْ مِنْهُمْ. فَقَالَ عُمَرً: قَدْ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّكُمْ لَمْ تَخْرِجُوا طَلَبًا لِلدُّنْيَا، وَلَكِنَّكُمْ أَرَدْتُمُ الْآخِرَةَ، فَأَخْطَأْتُمْ طَرِيقَهَا، إِنَّ اللَّهَ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، لَمْ يَبْعَثْ رَسُولَهُ، ﷺ، لَعَّانًا، وَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ: فَمَنْ تَبِعَنِي فَإِنَّهُ مِنِّي وَمَنْ عَصَانِي فَإِنَّكَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ. وَقَالَ اللَّهُ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ هَدَى اللَّهُ فَبِهُدَاهُمُ اقْتَدِهِ. وَقَدْ سَمَّيْتُ أَعْمَالَهُمْ ظُلْمًا، وَكَفَى بِذَلِكَ ذَمًّا وَنَقْصًا، وَلَيْسَ لَعْنُ أَهْلِ الذُّنُوبِ فَرِيضَةً لَا بُدَّ مِنْهَا، فَإِنْ قُلْتُمْ إِنَّهَا فَرِيضَةٌ فَأَخْبِرْنِي مَتَى لَعَنْتَ فِرْعَوْنَ ؟ قَالَ: مَا أَذْكُرُ مَتَى لَعَنْتُهُ. قَالَ: أَفَيَسَعُكَ أَنْ لَا تَلْعَنَ فِرْعَوْنَ وَهُوَ أَخْبَثُ الْخَلْقِ وَشَرُّهُمْ، وَلَا يَسَعُنِي أَنْ لَا أَلْعَنَ أَهْلَ بَيْتِي وَهُمْ مُصَلُّونَ صَائِمُونَ ! قَالَ: أَمَا هُمْ كُفَّارٌ بِظُلْمِهِمْ ؟ قَالَ: لَا، لِأَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، دَعَا النَّاسَ إِلَى الْإِيمَانِ، فَكَانَ مَنْ أَقَرَّ بِهِ وَبِشَرَائِعِهِ قَبِلَ مِنْهُ، فَإِنَّ أَحْدَثَ حَدَثًا أُقِيمَ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدُّ. فَقَالَ الْخَارِجِيُّ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، دَعَا النَّاسَ إِلَى تَوْحِيدِ اللَّهِ وَالْإِقْرَارِ بِمَا نَزَلَ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ. قَالَ عُمَرُ: فَلَيْسَ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ يَقُولُ: لَا أَعْمَلُ بِسُنَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، وَلَكِنَّ الْقَوْمَ أَسْرَفُوا عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ عَلَى عِلْمٍ مِنْهُمْ أَنَّهُ مُحَرَّمٌ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلَكِنْ غَلَبَ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّفَاءُ. قَالَ عَاصِمٌ: فَابْرَأْ مِمَّا خَالَفَ عَمَلَكَ وَرُدَّ أَحْكَامَهُمْ. قَالَ عُمَرُ: أَخْبِرَانِي عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ، أَلَيْسَا عَلَى حَقٍّ ؟ قَالَا: بَلَى. قَالَ: أَتَعْلَمَانِ أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ حِينَ قَاتَلَ أَهْلَ الرِّدَّةِ سَفَكَ دِمَاءَهُمْ، وَسَبَى الذَّرَارِيَّ، وَأَخَذَ الْأَمْوَالَ ؟ قَالَا: بَلَى. قَالَ: أَتَعْلَمَانِ أَنَّ عُمَرَ رَدَّ السَّبَايَا بَعْدَهُ إِلَى عَشَائِرِهِمْ بِفِدْيَةٍ ؟ قَالَا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَهَلْ عُمَرُ مِنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ؟ قَالَا: لَا. قَالَ: أَفَتَبْرَءُونَ أَنْتُمْ مِنْ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا ؟ قَالَا: لَا. قَالَ: فَأَخْبِرَانِي عَنْ أَهْلِ النَّهْرَوَانِ وَهُمْ أَسْلَافُكُمْ، هَلْ تَعْلَمَانِ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ خَرَجُوا فَلَمْ يَسْفِكُوا دَمًا، وَلَمْ يَأْخُذُوا مَالًا، وَأَنَّ مَنْ خَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ قَتَلُوا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ خَبَّابٍ وَجَارِيَتَهُ وَهِيَ حَامِلٌ ؟ قَالَا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَهَلْ بَرِئَ مَنْ لَمْ يَقْتُلْ مِمَّنْ قَتَلَ وَاسْتَعْرَضَ ؟ قَالَا: لَا: أَفَتَبْرَءُونَ أَنْتُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنَ الطَّائِفَتَيْنِ ؟ ( قَالَا: لَا ). قَالَ: أَفَيَسَعُكُمْ أَنْ تَتَوَلَّوْا أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَأَهْلَ الْبَصْرَةِ وَأَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ، وَقَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ اخْتِلَافَ أَعْمَالِهِمْ، وَلَا يَسَعُنِي إِلَّا الْبَرَاءَةُ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِي وَالدِّينُ وَاحِدٌ ! فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ ! فَإِنَّكُمْ جُهَّالٌ، تَقْبَلُونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ مَا رَدَّ عَلَيْهِمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَتَرُدُّونَ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا قَبِلَ، وَيَأْمَنُ عِنْدَكُمْ مَنْ خَافَ عِنْدَهُ، وَيَخَافُ عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْ أَمْنِ عِنْدَهُ، فَإِنَّكُمْ يَخَافُ عِنْدَكُمْ مَنْ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، وَكَانَ مَنْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ آمِنًا وَحَقَنَ دَمَهُ وَمَالَهُ، وَأَنْتُمْ تَقْتُلُونَهُ، وَيَأْمَنُ عِنْدَكُمْ سَائِرُ أَهْلِ الْأَدْيَانِ، فَتُحَرِّمُونَ دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ. قَالَ الْيَشْكُرِيُّ: أَرَأَيْتَ رَجُلًا وَلِيَ قَوْمًا وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ، فَعَدَلَ فِيهَا، ثُمَّ صَيَّرَهَا بَعْدَهُ إِلَى رَجُلٍ غَيْرِ مَأْمُونٍ، أَتَرَاهُ أَدَّى الْحَقَّ الَّذِي يَلْزَمُهُ لِلَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، أَوْ تَرَاهُ قَدْ سَلِمَ ؟ قَالَ: لَا. قَالَ: أَفَتُسَلِّمُ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ إِلَى يَزِيدَ مِنْ بَعْدِكَ، وَأَنْتَ تَعْرِفُ أَنَّهُ لَا يَقُومُ فِيهِ بِالْحَقِّ ؟ قَالَ: إِنَّمَا وَلَّاهُ غَيْرِي وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ أَوْلَى بِمَا يَكُونُ مِنْهُمْ فِيهِ بَعْدِي. قَالَ: أَفْتَرَى ذَلِكَ مِنْ صُنْعِ مَنْ وَلَّاهُ حَقًّا ؟ فَبَكَى عُمَرُ وَقَالَ: أَنْظِرَانِي ثَلَاثًا. فَخَرَجَا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ ثُمَّ عَادَا إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ عَاصِمٌ: أَشْهَدُ أَنَّكَ عَلَى حَقٍّ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ لِلْيَشْكُرِيِّ: مَا تَقُولُ أَنْتَ ؟ قَالَ: مَا أَحْسَنَ مَا وَصَفْتَ، وَلَكِنِّي لَا أَفْتَاتُ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِأَمْرٍ، اعْرِضْ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا قُلْتَ وَاعْلَمْ مَا حُجَّتُهُمْ. فَأَمَّا عَاصِمٌ فَأَقَامَ عِنْدَ عُمَرَ، فَأَمَرَ لَهُ عُمَرُ بِالْعَطَاءِ، فَتُوُفِّيَ بَعْدَ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا. فَكَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يَقُولُ: أَهْلَكَنِي أَمْرُ يَزِيدَ وَخُصِمْتُ فِيهِ، فَأَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ. فَخَافَ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ أَنْ يُخْرِجَ مَا بِأَيْدِيهمْ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ، وَأَنْ يَخْلَعَ يَزِيدَ مِنْ وِلَايَةِ الْعَهْدِ، فَوَضَعُوا عَلَى عُمَرَ مَنْ سَقَاهُ سُمًّا، فَلَمْ يَلْبَثْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ إِلَّا ثَلَاثًا حَتَّى مَرِضَ وَمَاتَ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ مُقَابِلٌ الْخَوَارِجَ لَا يَتَعَرَّضُ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَتَعَرَّضُونَ إِلَيْهِ، كُلٌّ مِنْهُمْ يَنْتَظِرُ عَوْدَ الرُّسُلِ مِنْ عِنْدِ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَتُوُفِّيَ وَالْأَمْرُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ.
Translation
✧ The Going Forth of Shawdhab the Khārijī In the year one hundred of the Hijrah, Shawdhab—whose name was Bisṭām—of Banū Yashkur went forth in Jūkhā, and he was among eighty men. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wrote to ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, his governor in al-Kūfah, that he should not stir them until they shed blood and caused corruption in the land, and that if they did so, he should send against them a tough, resolute man with an army. So ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd sent Muḥammad b. Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bajalī at the head of two thousand, and commanded him in accordance with what ʿUmar had written. ʿUmar also wrote to Bisṭām asking him about his going forth. ʿUmar’s letter reached him after Muḥammad b. Jarīr had arrived, so he stood facing him without moving. In ʿUmar’s letter was: It has reached me that you have gone forth in anger for God and His Messenger, yet you are not more entitled to that than I. Come to me and I shall debate you. If the truth lies with us, you will enter into what the people have entered; and if it is in your hand, we shall consider your affair. So Bisṭām wrote to ʿUmar: You have been fair, and I have sent you two men to dispute and debate with you. He sent to ʿUmar an Abyssinian mawlā of Banū Shaybān named ʿĀṣim, and a man of Banū Yashkur. They arrived before ʿUmar at Khunāṣirah and entered upon him. He said to them: What brought you out in this manner, and what do you find fault with? ʿĀṣim said: We do not find fault with your conduct, for you indeed seek justice and excellence. So tell us about your undertaking of this affair: was it with the consent of the people and consultation, or did you seize their affair by force? ʿUmar said: I did not ask them for authority over them, nor did I overpower them over it. A man who was before me entrusted it to me, so I undertook it, and no one denounced it against me, and none disliked it except you. You yourselves regard as acceptable anyone who is just and equitable among the people. So leave me to be that man. If I oppose the truth and turn away from it, then no obedience is due to me from you. They said: Between us and you is one matter. He said: What is it? They said: We see that you have opposed the deeds of your family and called them injustices. If you are upon guidance and they are upon error, then curse them and disavow them. ʿUmar said: I know that you have not gone forth seeking this world, but you desire the Hereafter, yet you have missed its path. God, mighty and glorious, did not send His Messenger ﷺ as a curser. Abraham said: “Whoever follows me is of me, and whoever disobeys me, You are Forgiving, Merciful.” And God, mighty and glorious, said: “Those are they whom God guided, so follow their guidance.” I have called their deeds wrongdoing, and that suffices as blame and deficiency. Cursing the people of sins is not an obligatory duty from which there is no escape. If you say it is an obligation, then tell me: When did you curse Pharaoh? He said: I do not remember when I cursed him. He said: Does it suffice you not to curse Pharaoh, though he is the most wicked of creation and the worst of them, yet it does not suffice me not to curse my own family while they are praying and fasting? He said: Are they not disbelievers because of their wrongdoing? He said: No, because the Messenger of God ﷺ called people to faith, and whoever affirmed it and its laws, it was accepted from him. If he committed an offense, the punishment was carried out on him. So the Khārijī said: The Messenger of God ﷺ called people to the oneness of God and the affirmation of what was sent down from Him. ʿUmar said: None of them says, “I will not act according to the Sunnah of the Messenger of God.” Rather, the people were extravagant against themselves, knowing it was forbidden to them, but folly overcame them. ʿĀṣim said: Then disavow what contradicts your practice and reject their judgments. ʿUmar said: Tell me about Abū Bakr and ʿUmar—are they not upon truth? They said: Yes. He said: Do you know that when Abū Bakr fought the people of apostasy, he shed their blood, took captives, and seized their wealth? They said: Yes. He said: Do you know that ʿUmar afterward returned the captives to their clans for a ransom? They said: Yes. He said: Is ʿUmar free of Abū Bakr? They said: No. He said: Do you disavow either of them? They said: No. He said: Tell me about the people of al-Nahrawān, who are your predecessors. Do you know that the people of al-Kūfah went forth and did not shed blood or take wealth, while those of the people of al-Baṣrah who went out to them killed ʿAbd Allāh b. Khabbāb and his slave girl while she was pregnant? They said: Yes. He said: Is he who did not kill free of him who killed and attacked indiscriminately? They said: No. Do you disavow anyone of the two parties? They said: No. He said: Does it suffice you to be loyal to Abū Bakr and ʿUmar and the people of al-Baṣrah and the people of al-Kūfah, though you know their deeds differed, and it does not suffice me except to disavow my own family while the religion is one? Fear God! You are ignorant, accepting from people what the Messenger of God ﷺ rejected from them, and rejecting from them what he accepted. The one who feared before him is secure among you, and the one who was secure before him fears among you. He who testifies that there is no god but God and that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger fears among you, whereas the one who did that was secure before the Messenger of God and his blood and wealth were protected, yet you kill him. And those of other religions are secure among you, so you forbid their blood and wealth. The Yashkurī said: What do you think of a man who was placed in charge of a people and their wealth, and acted justly in it, then entrusted it after him to a man who is not trustworthy? Do you consider that he fulfilled the right incumbent upon him to God, mighty and glorious, or do you consider that he has been saved? He said: No. He said: Will you hand over this affair to Yazīd after you, while you know that he will not uphold truth in it? He said: Someone other than I appointed him, and the Muslims are more entitled to what arises among them after me. He said: Do you consider that a rightful act of the one who appointed him? So ʿUmar wept and said: Give me three days’ respite. So they went out from his presence and then returned to him. ʿĀṣim said: I bear witness that you are upon truth. ʿUmar said to the Yashkurī: What do you say? He said: What you have described is most excellent, but I will not act presumptuously against the Muslims in a matter. Present to them what you have said and learn what their argument is. As for ʿĀṣim, he remained with ʿUmar, and ʿUmar ordered a stipend for him. Then he died fifteen days later. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz used to say: The affair of Yazīd has destroyed me, and I have been defeated in it, so I seek God’s forgiveness. The Banū Umayyah feared that he would take out the wealth that was in their hands and that he would remove Yazīd from the succession. So they assigned someone to ʿUmar who gave him poison to drink. After that he remained only three days until he fell ill and died, while Muḥammad b. Jarīr was facing the Khawārij, neither attacking them nor they attacking him, each side awaiting the return of the messengers from ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. So he died while the matter was in that state.
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