Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2253
The Year 65 AH
تَرْجَمَةُ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ جَدِّ خُلَفَاءِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا بَعْدَهُ هُوَ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مَنَافٍ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْأُمَوِيُّ، أَبُو عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، وَيُقَالُ: أَبُو الْحَكَمِ. وَيُقَالُ: أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ. وَأُمُّهُ بِنْتُ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ مِنْ كِنَانَةَ، وَكَانَ مَوْلِدُهُ سَنَةَ اثْنَيْنِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، وَكَانَ أَبُوهُ قَدْ أَسْلَمَ عَامَ الْفَتْحِ، وَنَفَاهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الطَّائِفِ لِأَنَّهُ يَتَجَسَّسُ عَلَيْهِ، وَرَآهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمًا يَمْشِي وَيَتَخَلَّجُ فِي مَشْيِهِ كَأَنَّهُ يَحْكِيهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: كُنْ كَذَلِكَ، فَمَا زَالَ كَذَلِكَ حَتَّى مَاتَ. وَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَلَّمَ عُثْمَانُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فِي رَدِّهِ، لِأَنَّهُ عَمَّهُ، فَلَمْ يَفْعَلْ، فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَوَلِيَ عُمَرُ كَلَّمَهُ أَيْضًا فِي رَدِّهِ فَلَمْ يَفْعَلْ، فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ عُثْمَانُ رَدَّهُ وَقَالَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعَدَنِي أَنْ يَرُدَّهُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا أَنْكَرَ النَّاسُ عَلَيْهِ. وَتُوُفِّيَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثْمَانَ فَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ، وَقَدْ رُوِيَتُ أَخْبَارٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فِي لَعْنِهِ وَلَعْنِ مَنْ فِي صُلْبِهِ، رَوَاهَا الْحَافِظُ، وفِي أَسَانِيدِهَا كَلَامٌ. وَهُوَ صَحَابِيٌّ عِنْدَ طَائِفَةٍ كَثِيرَةٍ لِأَنَّهُ وُلِدَ فِي حَيَاةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَرَوَى عَنْهُ فِي حَدِيثِ صُلْحِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ، وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ فِي " صَحِيحِ الْبُخَارِيِّ "، عَنْ مَرْوَانَ وَالْمِسْوَرِ بْنِ مَخْرَمَةَ، الْحَدِيثَ بِطُولِهِ. وَرَوَى عَنْ عُمَرَ، وَعُثْمَانَ، وَكَانَ كَاتِبُهُ، وَعَلِيٍّ، وَزَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، وَبُسْرَةَ بِنْتِ صَفْوَانَ الْأَسَدِيَّةِ، وَكَانَتْ حَمَاتَهُ. وَقَالَ الْحَاكِمُ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ: كَانَتْ خَالَتَهُ. وَلَا مُنَافَاةَ بَيْنَ كَوْنِهَا حَمَاتَهُ وَخَالَتَهُ. وَرَوَى عَنْهُ ابْنُهُ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ، وَسَهْلُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ، وَعُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَعَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ زَيْنُ الْعَابِدِينَ، وَمُجَاهِدٌ وَغَيْرُهُمْ. قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ: أَدْرَكَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ، وَلَمْ يَحْفَظْ عَنْهُ شَيْئًا، وَكَانَ عُمْرُهُ ثَمَانِيَ سِنِينَ حِينَ تُوُفِّيَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ. وَذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ سَعْدٍ فِي الطَّبَقَةِ الْأُولَى مِنَ التَّابِعِينَ. مكانة مروان بن الحكم وشيء من أخباره وَقَدْ كَانَ مَرْوَانُ مِنْ سَادَاتِ قُرَيْشٍ وَفُضَلَائِهَا. رَوَى ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ وَغَيْرُهُ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ خَطَبَ امْرَأَةً إِلَى أُمِّهَا، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ جَرِيرًا الْبَجَلِيَّ يَخْطُبُ إِلَيْكُمْ أَسْلَمَ، وَهُوَ سَيِّدُ شَبَابِ الْمَشْرِقِ، وَمَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ، وَهُوَ سَيِّدُ شَبَابِ قُرَيْشٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ، وَهُوَ مَنْ قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ، وَعُمَرُ. فَقَالَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ: أَجَادٌّ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَتْ: قَدْ زَوَّجْنَاكَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. وَقَدْ كَانَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ يُكْرِمُهُ وَيُعَظِّمُهُ، وَكَانَ كَاتِبَ الْحُكْمِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، وَقَدْ قَاتَلَ مَرْوَانُ يَوْمَ الدَّارِ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، وَقَتَلَ بَعْضَ أُولَئِكَ الْخَوَارِجِ فَلَمَّا سَارَ طَلْحَةُ وَالزُّبَيْرُ وَعَائِشَةُ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ يَطْلُبُونَ بِدَمِ عُثْمَانَ سَارَ مَعَهُمْ فَقَاتَلَ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ إِلَى طَلْحَةَ، قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ إِنْ كَانَ دَمُ عُثْمَانَ إِلَّا عِنْدَ هَذَا، فَرَمَاهُ بِسَهْمٍ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَتَوَارَى إِلَى أَنْ أُخِذَ لَهُ الْأَمَانُ مِنْ عَلِيٍّ، فَأَتَاهُ فَبَايَعَهُ ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ بِهَا حَتَّى وُلِّيَ مُعَاوِيَةُ فَوَلَّاهُ الْمَدِينَةَ سَنَةَ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَأَرْبَعِينَ، فَلَمَّا وَثَبَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ أَيَّامَ الْحَرَّةِ أَخْرَجُوا بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ وَأَخْرَجُوهُ، فَجَعَلَ يُحَرِّضُ مُسْلِمَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَرَجَعَ مَعَهُ حَتَّى ظَفِرَ بِأَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَانْتَهَبَهَا ثَلَاثًا، وَقَدِمَ عَلَى يَزِيدَ، فَشَكَرَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبْدِ الْحَكَمِ: سَمِعْتُ الشَّافِعِيَّ يَقُولُ: كَانَ عَلِيٌّ يَوْمَ الْجَمَلِ حِينَ انْهَزَمَ النَّاسُ يُكْثِرُ السُّؤَالَ عَنْ مَرْوَانَ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ تَعْطِفُنِي عَلَيْهِ رَحِمٌ مَاسَّةٌ، وَهُوَ سَيِّدٌ مِنْ شَبَابِ قُرَيْشٍ. وعَنْ قَبِيصَةَ بْنِ جَابِرٍ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ: مَنْ تَرَى لِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ مِنْ بَعْدِكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: وَأَمَّا الْقَارِئُ لِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ، الْفَقِيهُ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ، الشَّدِيدُ فِي حُدُودِ اللَّهِ، فَمَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ. وَقَدِ اسْتَنَابَهُ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ غَيْرَ مَرَّةٍ، يَعْزِلُهُ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ إِلَيْهَا، وَأَقَامَ لِلنَّاسِ الْحَجَّ فِي سِنِينَ مُتَعَدِّدَةٍ. وَقَالَ حَنْبَلٌ عَنِ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ قَالَ: يُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ كَانَ عِنْدَ مَرْوَانَ قَضَاءٌ، وَكَانَ يَتَّبِعُ قَضَاءَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ وَهْبٍ: سَمِعْتُ مَالِكًا يَقُولُ وَذَكَرَ مَرْوَانَ يَوْمًا، فَقَالَ: قَالَ مَرْوَانُ: قَرَأْتُ كِتَابَ اللَّهِ مُنْذُ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً، ثُمَّ أَصْبَحْتُ فِيمَا أَنَا فِيهِ مِنْ هِرَاقَةِ الدِّمَاءِ وَهَذَا الشَّأْنِ. وَقَالَ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عَيَّاشٍ، بسنده عَنْ شُرَيْحِ بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ وَغَيْرِهِ قَالَ: كَانَ مَرْوَانُ إِذَا ذَكَرَ الْإِسْلَامَ قَالَ: بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّي لَا بِمَا قَدَّمَتْ يَدِي وَلَا بِبَرَاتِي إِنَّنِي كُنْتُ خَاطِئَا وَقَالَ اللَّيْثُ، بسنده عَنْ سَالِمٍ أَبِي النَّضْرِ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: شَهِدَ مَرْوَانُ جِنَازَةً، فَلَمَّا صَلَّى عَلَيْهَا انْصَرَفَ، فَقَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ: أَصَابَ قِيرَاطًا وَحُرِمَ قِيرَاطًا. فَأُخْبِرَ بِذَلِكَ مَرْوَانُ، فَأَقْبَلَ يَجْرِي قَدْ بَدَتْ رُكْبَتَاهُ، فَقَعَدَ حَتَّى أُذِنَ لَهُ. وَرَوَى الْمَدَائِنِيُّ بسنده أَنَّ مَرْوَانَ كَانَ أَسْلَفَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ الْحُسَيْنِ حِينَ رَجَعَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ بَعْدَ مَقْتَلِ أَبِيهِ سِتَّةَ آلَافِ دِينَارٍ، فَلَمَّا حَضَرَتْهُ الْوَفَاةُ أَوْصَى إِلَى ابْنِهِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ أَنْ لَا يَسْتَرْجِعَ مِنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ شَيْئًا، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بِذَلِكَ، فَامْتَنَعَ مِنْ قَبُولِهَا، فَأَلَحَّ عَلَيْهِ فَقَبِلَهَا. وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ بسنده أَنَّ الْحَسَنَ وَالْحُسَيْنَ كَانَا يُصَلِّيَانِ خَلْفَ مَرْوَانَ وَلَا يُعِيدَانِهَا، وَيَعْتَدَّانِ بِهَا. وعَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ قَالَ: اجْتَمَعَ مَرْوَانُ وَابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ عِنْدَ عَائِشَةَ، فَذَكَرَ مَرْوَانُ بَيْتَ لَبِيدٍ: وَمَا الْمَرْءُ إِلَّا كَالشِّهَابِ وَضَوْئِهِ يَجُوزُ رَمَادًا بَعْدَ إِذْ هُوَ سَاطِعُ فَقَالَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ: لَوْ شِئْتُ لَقُلْتُ مَا هُوَ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ هَذَا: فَفَوِّضْ إِلَى اللَّهِ الْأُمُورَ إِذَا اعْتَرَتْ وَبِاللَّهِ لَا بِالْأَقْرَبِينَ لَدَافِعُ فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ: وَدَاوِ ضَمِيرَ الْقَلْبِ بِالْبِرِّ وَالتُّقَى وَلَا يَسْتَوِي قَلْبَانِ قَاسٍ وَخَاشِعُ فَقَالَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ: وَلَا يَسْتَوِي عَبْدَانِ عَبْدٌ مُكَلَّمُ عُتُلٌّ لِأَرْحَامِ الْأَقَارِبِ قَاطِعُ فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ: وَعَبْدٌ تَجَافَى جَنْبُهُ عَنْ فِرَاشِهِ يَبِيتُ يُنَاجِي رَبَّهُ وَهُوَ رَاكِعُ فَقَالَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ: وَلِلْخَيْرِ أَهْلٌ يُعْرَفُونَ بِهُدَاهُمُ إِذَا حَجَبَتْهُمْ فِي الْخُطُوبِ الْجَوَامِعُ فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ: وَلِلشَّرِّ أَهْلٌ يُعْرَفُونَ بِشَكْلِهِمْ تُشِيرُ إِلَيْهِمُ بِالْفُجُورِ الْأَصَابِعُ فَسَكَتَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، فَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: مَا لَكَ؟! فَمَا سَمِعْتُ بِمُحَاوَرَةٍ قَطُّ أَحْسَنَ مِنْ هَذِهِ، وَلَكِنْ لِمَرْوَانَ إِرْثٌ فِي الشِّعْرِ لَيْسَ لَكَ، فَقَالَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ لِمَرْوَانَ: عَرَّضْتَ، قَالَ: بَلْ أَنْتَ أَشَدُّ تَعْرِيضًا، طَلَبْتُ يَدَكَ فَأَعْطَيْتَنِي رِجْلَكَ. مروان بن الحكم أَوَّلُ مَنْ قَدَّمَ الْخُطْبَةَ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ يَوْمَ الْعِيدِ وَقَدْ رَوَى عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ بسنده عَنْ طَارِقِ بْنِ شِهَابٍ قَالَ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ قَدَّمَ الْخُطْبَةَ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ يَوْمَ الْعِيدِ مَرْوَانُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: خَالَفْتَ السُّنَّةَ. فَقَالَ لَهُ مَرْوَانُ: إِنَّهُ قَدْ تُرِكَ مَا هُنَالِكَ. فَقَالَ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ: أَمَّا هَذَا فَقَدْ قَضَى مَا عَلَيْهِ، سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: " مَنْ رَأَى مِنْكُمْ مُنْكَرًا فَلْيُغَيِّرْهُ بِيَدِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَبِلِسَانِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَبِقَلْبِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَضْعَفُ الْإِيمَانِ ". قَالُوا: وَلَمَّا كَانَ نَائِبًا بِالْمَدِينَةِ كَانَ إِذَا وَقَعَتْ مُعْضِلَةٌ جَمَعَ مَنْ عِنْدِهِ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ، فَاسْتَشَارَهُمْ فِيهَا. قَالُوا: وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَمَعَ الصِّيعَانَ، فَأَخَذَ بِأَعْدَلَهَا، فَنُسِبَ إِلَيْهِ الصَّاعُ، فَقِيلَ: صَاعُ مَرْوَانَ. وَقَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ بسنده عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: خَرَجَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ مِنْ عِنْدِ مَرْوَانَ، فَلَقِيَهُ قَوْمٌ قَدْ خَرَجُوا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ فَقَالُوا: إِنَّهُ أَشْهَدَنَا الْآنَ عَلَى مِائَةِ رَقَبَةٍ أَعْتَقَهَا السَّاعَةَ. قَالَ: فَغَمَزَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ يَدِي، وَقَالَ: يَا أَبَا سَعِيدٍ، يَكٌّ مِنْ كَسْبٍ طَيِّبٍ خَيْرٌ مِنْ مِائَةِ رَقَبَةٍ. قَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ: الْيَكُّ: الْوَاحِدُ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " إِذَا بَلَغَ بَنُو أَبِي فُلَانٍ ثَلَاثِينَ رَجُلًا اتَّخَذُوا مَالَ اللَّهِ دُوَلًا، وَدِينَ اللَّهِ دَخَلًا، وَعِبَادَ اللَّهِ خَوَلًا ". مروان بن الحكم كَانَ من أَكْبَرَ الْأَسْبَابِ فِي حِصَارِ عثمان بن عفان ؓ وَمَرْوَانُ كَانَ أَكْبَرَ الْأَسْبَابِ فِي حِصَارِ عُثْمَانَ، لِأَنَّهُ زَوَّرَ عَلَى لِسَانِهِ كِتَابًا إِلَى مِصْرَ بِقَتْلِ أُولَئِكَ الْوَفْدِ، وَلَمَّا كَانَ مُتَوَلِّيًا عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَ يَسُبُّ عَلِيًّا كُلَّ جُمُعَةٍ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ، وَقَالَ لَهُ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ: لَقَدْ لَعَنَ اللَّهُ أَبَاكَ الْحَكَمَ وَأَنْتَ فِي صُلْبِهِ عَلَى لِسَانِ نَبِيِّهِ، فَقَالَ: " لَعَنَ اللَّهُ الْحَكَمَ وَمَا وَلَدَ " وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. البيعة لمروان بن الحكم وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَنَّ حَسَّانَ بْنَ مَالِكِ بْنِ بَحْدَلٍ لَمَّا قَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ مَرْوَانُ أَرْضَ الْجَابِيَةِ، أَعْجَبَهُ إِتْيَانُهُ إِلَيْهِ، فَبَايَعَهُ، وَبَايَعَ لَهُ أَهْلَ الْأُرْدُنِّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِذَا انْتَظَمَ لَهُ الْأَمْرُ نَزَلَ عَنِ الْإِمْرَةِ لِخَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، وَيَكُونُ لِمَرْوَانَ إِمْرَةُ حِمْصَ، وَلِعَمْرِو بْنِ سَعِيدٍ نِيَابَةُ دِمَشْقَ. وَكَانَتِ الْبَيْعَةُ لِمَرْوَانَ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ لِلنِّصْفِ مِنْ ذِي الْقِعْدَةِ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَسِتِّينَ. قَالَهُ اللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ وَغَيْرُهُ. وَقَالَ اللَّيْثُ: وَكَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ فِي ذِي الْحِجَّةِ، مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ بَعْدَ عِيدِ النَّحْرِ بِيَوْمَيْنِ. قَالُوا: فَغَلَبَ الضَّحَّاكَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، وَاسْتَوْسَقَ لَهُ مُلْكُ الشَّامِ وَمِصْرَ، فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ مُلْكُهُ فِي هَذِهِ الْبِلَادِ بَايَعَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ لِوَلَدِهِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، ثُمَّ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ لِوَلَدِهِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ - وَالِدِ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ - وَتَرَكَ الْبَيْعَةَ لِخَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ ; لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ لَا يَرَاهُ أَهْلًا لِلْخِلَافَةِ، وَوَافَقَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ حَسَّانُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ، وَإِنْ كَانَ خَالًا لِخَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي قَامَ بِأَعْبَاءِ بَيْعَةِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، وفاة مروان بن الحكم ثُمَّ إِنَّ أُمَّ خَالِدٍ دَبَّرَتْ أَمْرَ مَرْوَانَ فَسَمَّتْهُ، وَيُقَالُ: بَلْ وَضَعَتْ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ وَهُوَ نَائِمٌ وِسَادَةً، فَمَاتَ مَخْنُوقًا، ثُمَّ إِنَّهَا أَعْلَنَتِ الصُّرَاخَ هِيَ وَجَوَارِيهَا وَصِحْنَ: مَاتَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَجْأَةً. فَقَامَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَلَدُهُ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ فِي الْخِلَافَةِ. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي مَذْعُورٍ: حَدَّثَنِي بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ قَالَ: كَانَ آخِرُ مَا تَكَلَّمَ بِهِ مَرْوَانُ: وَجَبَتِ الْجَنَّةُ لِمَنْ خَافَ النَّارَ. وَكَانَ نَقْشُ خَاتَمِهِ: الْعِزَّةُ لِلَّهِ. وَقَالَ الْأَصْمَعِيُّ بسنده عَنْ حَرْبِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ قَالَ: كَانَ نَقْشُ خَاتَمِ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ آمَنْتُ بِالْعَزِيزِ الرَّحِيمِ. وَكَانَتْ وَفَاتُهُ بِدِمَشْقَ عَنْ إِحْدَى - وَقِيلَ: ثَلَاثٍ - وَسِتِّينَ سَنَةً. وَقَالَ أَبُو مَعْشَرٍ وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ: كَانَ عُمْرُهُ يَوْمَ تُوُفِّيَ إِحْدَى وَثَمَانِينَ سَنَةً. وَقَالَ خَلِيفَةُ: حَدَّثَنِي الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ قَالَ: مَاتَ مَرْوَانُ بِدِمَشْقَ لِثَلَاثٍ خَلَوْنَ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَسِتِّينَ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ ثَلَاثٍ وَسِتِّينَ وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ ابْنُهُ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ، وَكَانَتْ وِلَايَتُهُ تِسْعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: عَشَرَةَ أَشْهُرٍ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا وَغَيْرُهُ: كَانَ قَصِيرًا، أَحْمَرَ الْوَجْهِ، أَوْقَصَ، دَقِيقَ الْعُنُقِ، كَبِيرَ الرَّأْسِ وَاللِّحْيَةِ، وَكَانَ يُلَقَّبُ: خَيْطُ بَاطِلٍ. قَالَ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَذَكَرَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ كَثِيرِ بْنِ عُفَيْرٍ، أَنَّ مَرْوَانَ مَاتَ حِينَ انْصَرَفَ مِنْ مِصْرَ بِالصِّنَّبْرَةِ، وَيُقَالُ: بِلُدٍّ. وَقَدْ قِيلَ: إِنَّهُ مَاتَ بِدِمَشْقَ، وَدُفِنَ بَيْنَ بَابِ الْجَابِيَةِ وَبَابِ الصَّغِيرِ.
Translation
✧ Biography of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, ancestor of the Umayyad caliphs who came after him He is Marwān b. al-Ḥakam b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ b. Umayya b. ʿAbd Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf al-Qurashī al-Umawī, Abū ʿAbd al-Malik. It is also said: Abū al-Ḥakam. And it is said: Abū al-Qāsim. His mother was the daughter of ʿAlqama b. Ṣafwān b. Umayya of Kināna. His birth was in the year two of the Hijra. His father had embraced Islam in the year of the conquest, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ banished him to al-Ṭāʾif because he was spying on him. The Prophet ﷺ saw him one day walking with a swagger in his gait as though he was imitating him, so he said to him: “Be like that,” and he remained like that until he died. When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died, ʿUthmān spoke to Abū Bakr about bringing him back, because he was his paternal uncle, but he did not do it. When Abū Bakr died and ʿUmar took charge, he also spoke to him about bringing him back, but he did not do it. When ʿUthmān took charge, he brought him back and said: “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ promised me that he would return him to Madinah.” That was among the things for which people criticized him. He died during the caliphate of ʿUthmān, who prayed over him. Many reports have been narrated about cursing him and cursing those in his loins; the ḥāfiẓ narrated them, and there is discussion about their chains. He is a Companion according to many groups because he was born during the lifetime of the Prophet ﷺ, and narrated from him in the hadith of the treaty of al-Ḥudaybiya. In one narration in “Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī,” from Marwān and al-Miswar b. Makhrama, the hadith in full. He narrated from ʿUmar, ʿUthmān—and he was his scribe—ʿAlī, Zayd b. Thābit, and Busra bt. Ṣafwān al-Asadiyya, who was his mother-in-law. Al-Ḥākim Abū Aḥmad said: She was his maternal aunt. There is no contradiction between her being his mother-in-law and his maternal aunt. Narrated from him: his son ʿAbd al-Malik, Sahl b. Saʿd, Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab, ʿUrwa b. al-Zubayr, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Mujāhid and others. Al-Wāqidī and Muḥammad b. Saʿd said: He met the Prophet ﷺ but did not retain anything from him. He was eight years old when the Prophet ﷺ died. Ibn Saʿd mentioned him in the first class of the Successors. The standing of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam and some of his reports And Marwān was among the leaders of Quraysh and their distinguished men. Ibn ʿAsākir and others narrated that ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb proposed to a woman through her mother, and said: “Jarīr al-Bajalī is proposing to you Aslam, and he is the sayyid of the youth of the East; and Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, and he is the sayyid of the youth of Quraysh; and ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, and he is as you know; and ʿUmar.” The woman said: “Is this serious, O Commander of the Faithful?” He said: “Yes.” She said: “We have married you, O Commander of the Faithful.” ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān used to honor him and hold him in esteem, and he was his scribe for rulings before him. Marwān fought fiercely on the Day of the House and killed some of those Kharijites. When Ṭalḥa, al-Zubayr and ʿĀʾisha marched to Basra seeking vengeance for ʿUthmān’s blood, he marched with them and fought fiercely. When he saw Ṭalḥa, he said: “By Allah, the blood of ʿUthmān is only with this one,” and shot him with an arrow and killed him. He hid until a guarantee of safety was obtained for him from ʿAlī, then he came to him and gave allegiance to him, then left for Madinah. He remained there until Muʿāwiya took charge, who appointed him over Madinah in the year forty-two. When the people of Madinah rose during the days of al-Ḥarra, they expelled the Umayyads from Madinah and expelled him. He began inciting Muslim b. ʿUqba against them, and returned with him until he gained victory over the people of Madinah, and plundered it for three days. He came to Yazīd, who thanked him for that. Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam said: I heard al-Shāfiʿī say: On the Day of the Camel, when the people were defeated, ʿAlī kept asking repeatedly about Marwān. It was said to him about that, and he said: “A close kinship ties me to him, and he is a sayyid among the youth of Quraysh.” From Qabīṣa b. Jābir, that he said to Muʿāwiya: “Whom do you think should take this matter after you?” He said: “As for the reciter of the Book of Allah, the jurist in the religion of Allah, the strict one in the limits of Allah, then Marwān b. al-Ḥakam.” He appointed him as his deputy over Madinah more than once, dismissing him then restoring him to it, and he led the people in the pilgrimage in several years. Ḥanbal said from Imām Aḥmad: It is said that Marwān had judicial authority and used to follow the judgments of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. Ibn Wahb said: I heard Mālik say, when Marwān was mentioned one day: Marwān said: “I have read the Book of Allah for forty years, and yet this morning I find myself in what I am in, of shedding blood and this affair.” Ismāʿīl b. ʿAyyāsh said, with his chain from Shurayḥ b. ʿUbayd and others: When Marwān mentioned Islam, he would say: By the grace of my Lord, not by what my hands have brought forth, nor by my innocence—I have been a sinner. Al-Layth said, with his chain from Sālim Abū al-Naḍr, that he said: Marwān attended a funeral, and when he had prayed over it he departed. Abū Hurayra said: “He gained one qīrāṭ and was deprived of one qīrāṭ.” Marwān was told of that, so he came running with his knees showing, and sat until he was given permission. Al-Madāʾinī narrated with his chain that Marwān had lent ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, when he returned to Madinah after his father’s killing, six thousand dinars. When death approached him, he instructed his son ʿAbd al-Malik not to reclaim anything from ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ʿAbd al-Malik sent that to him, but he refused to accept it; he insisted, so he accepted it. Al-Shāfiʿī said with his chain that al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn used to pray behind Marwān and did not repeat the prayer, and considered it valid. From al-Zuhrī, he said: Marwān and Ibn al-Zubayr met at ʿĀʾisha’s, and Marwān recited Labīd’s verse: A man is but like a shooting star and its light— he passes into ashes after having blazed. Ibn al-Zubayr said: If I wished I could say something better than this: So entrust matters to Allah when they befall— by Allah, not by kinsmen, is one defended. Marwān said: Treat the heart’s core with piety and righteousness— two hearts are not equal, one hard and one humble. Ibn al-Zubayr said: Two servants are not equal: a servant honored with speech, brutish, severing ties of kin— Marwān said: And a servant whose side forsakes his bed, spending the night conversing with his Lord while bowing. Ibn al-Zubayr said: For good there are people known by their guidance when great calamities conceal them. Marwān said: For evil there are people known by their appearance— fingers point at them with wickedness. Ibn al-Zubayr fell silent. ʿĀʾisha said: “What is the matter with you? I have never heard a dialogue finer than this, but Marwān has an inheritance in poetry that you do not.” Ibn al-Zubayr said to Marwān: “You insinuated.” He said: “Rather you are more insinuating. I sought your hand and you gave me your foot.” Marwān b. al-Ḥakam was the first to put the sermon before the prayer on the day of the festival ʿAbd al-Razzāq narrated with his chain from Ṭāriq b. Shihāb, who said: The first to put the sermon before the prayer on the day of the festival was Marwān. A man said to him: “You have contravened the Sunnah.” Marwān said to him: “What used to be there has been abandoned.” Abū Saʿīd said: “As for this man, he has fulfilled his duty. I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: ‘Whoever of you sees an evil, let him change it with his hand; if he cannot, then with his tongue; if he cannot, then with his heart, and that is the weakest of faith.’” They said: When he was deputy in Madinah, if a difficult matter arose he would gather the Companions who were with him and consult them about it. They said: He is the one who collected the measures and adopted the most equitable of them, so the ṣāʿ was attributed to him, and it was called the ṣāʿ of Marwān. Al-Zubayr b. Bakkār said with his chain from Ismāʿīl b. Abī Saʿīd al-Khudrī, from his father, who said: Abū Hurayra came out from Marwān’s presence, and he met people who had also come out from him. They said: “He has just made us witnesses to a hundred slaves that he freed this very hour.” He said: Abū Hurayra squeezed my hand and said: “O Abū Saʿīd, one from good earnings is better than a hundred slaves.” Al-Zubayr said: al-yakk means one. Imām Aḥmad said with his chain from Abū Saʿīd, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “When the sons of Abū so-and-so reach thirty men, they will take Allah’s wealth as personal property, Allah’s religion as deception, and Allah’s servants as slaves.” Marwān b. al-Ḥakam was among the greatest causes in the siege of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān ؓ And Marwān was the greatest cause in the siege of ʿUthmān, because he forged in his name a letter to Egypt ordering the killing of that delegation. When he was governor of Madinah for Muʿāwiya, he used to curse ʿAlī every Friday from the pulpit. Al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī said to him: “Allah has cursed your father al-Ḥakam, and you in his loins, on the tongue of His Prophet, for he said: ‘Allah has cursed al-Ḥakam and what he begot.’” And Allah knows best. The pledge of allegiance to Marwān b. al-Ḥakam It has been mentioned previously that when Ḥassān b. Mālik b. Baḥdal came to Marwān in the land of al-Jābiya, he was pleased by his coming to him, so he pledged allegiance to him, and the people of Jordan pledged allegiance to him on the condition that when the matter was settled for him, he would step down from command in favor of Khālid b. Yazīd, and Marwān would have command of Ḥimṣ, and ʿAmr b. Saʿīd would be deputy over Damascus. The pledge to Marwān was on Monday, the middle of Dhū al-Qaʿda in the year sixty-four. So said al-Layth b. Saʿd and others. Al-Layth said: The battle of Marj Rāhiṭ was in Dhū al-Ḥijja of this year, two days after the feast of the sacrifice. They said: He defeated al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays, and the rule of Syria and Egypt was consolidated for him. When his rule was established in these lands, he gave the pledge after him to his son ʿAbd al-Malik, then after him to his son ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz—the father of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz—and abandoned the pledge to Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya, because he did not consider him fit for the caliphate. Ḥassān b. Mālik agreed with him on that, even though he was the maternal uncle of Khālid b. Yazīd, and he was the one who undertook the burden of the pledge to ʿAbd al-Malik. The death of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam Then the mother of Khālid plotted against Marwān and poisoned him. It is also said: rather she placed a pillow over his face while he was sleeping, and he died suffocated. Then she raised the wailing, she and her slave girls, and cried: “The Commander of the Faithful has died suddenly.” His son ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān succeeded him in the caliphate. ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Madhʿūr said: Some people of knowledge told me: The last thing Marwān said was: “Paradise is assured for him who fears the Fire.” The inscription on his seal ring was: “Might belongs to Allah.” Al-Aṣmaʿī said with his chain from Ḥarb b. Ziyād, who said: The inscription on Marwān b. al-Ḥakam’s seal ring was: “I have believed in the Mighty, the Merciful.” His death was in Damascus at the age of sixty-one—or it is said sixty-three—years. Abū Maʿshar and more than one said: His age on the day he died was eighty-one years. Khalīfa said: Al-Walīd b. Hishām told me, from his father, from his grandfather, who said: Marwān died in Damascus on the third night of Ramaḍān in the year sixty-five, and he was sixty-three years old. His son ʿAbd al-Malik prayed over him. His tenure was nine months and eighteen days. Others said: ten months. Ibn Abī al-Dunyā and others said: He was short, red-faced, short-necked, thin-necked, with a large head and beard. He was nicknamed Khayṭ Bāṭil (thread of falsehood). Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir said: Saʿīd b. Kathīr b. ʿUfayr mentioned that Marwān died when he returned from Egypt at al-Ṣinnabra—or it is said at Ludd. It has also been said that he died in Damascus and was buried between Bāb al-Jābiya and Bāb al-Ṣaghīr.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.