Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2241
The Year 64 AH
بَيْعَةِ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ وفِي سنة أربع وستين بُويِعَ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ بِالشَّامِ. وَكَانَ سَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ حُصَيْنَ بْنَ نُمَيْرٍ لَمَّا رَجَعَ مِنْ أَرْضِ الْحِجَازِ، وَارْتَحَلَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ مِنَ الْبَصْرَةِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَانْتَقَلَتْ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، اجْتَمَعُوا إِلَى مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ عَزَمَ عَلَى أَنْ يُبَايِعَ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ بِدِمَشْقَ، وَقَدْ بَايَعَ أَهْلُهَا الضَّحَّاكَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ عَلَى أَنْ يُصْلِحَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَيُقِيمَ لَهُمْ أَمْرَهُمْ حَتَّى تَجْتَمِعَ أُمَّةُ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ، وَالضَّحَّاكُ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يُبَايِعَ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَقَدْ بَايَعَ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ بَشِيرٍ بِحِمْصَ، وَبَايَعَ لَهُ زُفَرُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْكِلَابِيُّ بِقِنَّسْرِينَ، وَبَايَعَ لَهُ نَاتِلُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ بِفِلَسْطِينَ، وَأَخْرَجَ مِنْهَا رَوْحَ بْنَ زِنْبَاعٍ الْجُذَامِيَّ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ وَ الْحُصَيْنُ بْنُ نُمَيْرٍ بِمَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ، حَتَّى ثَنَوْهُ عَنْ رَأْيِهِ، وَحَذَّرُوهُ مِنْ دُخُولِ سُلْطَانِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَمُلْكِهِ إِلَى الشَّامِ وَقَالُوا لَهُ: أَنْتَ شَيْخُ قُرَيْشٍ وَسَيِّدُهَا، فَأَنْتَ أَحَقُّ بِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ. وَالْتَفَّ عَلَيْهِ هَؤُلَاءِ كُلُّهُمْ مَعَ قَوْمِهِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ وَمَعَ أَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ، فَوَافَقَهُمْ، وَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ: مَا فَاتَ شَيْءٌ. وَكَتَبَ حَسَّانُ بْنُ مَالِكِ بْنِ بَحْدَلٍ الْكَلْبِيُّ إِلَى الضَّحَّاكِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ يَثْنِيهِ عَنِ الْمُبَايَعَةِ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَيُعَرِّفُهُ أَيَادِيَ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ عِنْدَهُ وَإِحْسَانَهُمْ إِلَيْهِ، وَيَذْكُرُ فَضْلَهُمْ وَشَرَفَهُمْ، وَقَدْ بَايَعَ حَسَّانُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ أَهْلَ الْأُرْدُنِّ لِبَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، وَهُوَ يَدْعُو إِلَى ابْنِ أُخْتِهِ خَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَبَعَثَ إِلَى الضَّحَّاكِ بِذَلِكَ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَقْرَأَ كِتَابَهُ عَلَى أَهْلِ دِمَشْقَ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ، وَبَعَثَ بِالْكِتَابِ مَعَ رَجُلٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: نَاغِضَةُ بْنُ كُرَيْبٍ الطَّابِخِيُّ. وَقِيلَ: هُوَ مِنْ بَنِي كَلْبٍ. وَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنْ لَمْ يَقْرَأْهُ هُوَ عَلَى النَّاسِ فَاقْرَأْهُ أَنْتَ. وَأَعْطَاهُ نُسْخَةً بِهِ، فَسَارَ إِلَى الضَّحَّاكِ، فَأَمَرَهُ بِقِرَاءَةِ الْكِتَابِ، فَلَمْ يَقْبَلْ، فَقَامَ نَاغِضَةُ فَقَرَأَهُ عَلَى النَّاسِ، فَصَدَّقَهُ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ أُمَرَاءِ النَّاسِ، وَكَذَّبَهُ آخَرُونَ، وَثَارَتْ فِتْنَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ، فَقَامَ خَالِدُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ - وَهُوَ شَابٌّ حَدَثٌ - عَلَى دَرَجَتَيْنِ مِنَ الْمِنْبَرِ، فَسَكَّنَ النَّاسَ، وَنَزَلَ الضَّحَّاكُ فَصَلَّى بِالنَّاسِ الْجُمُعَةَ، وَأَمَرَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ بِأُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَّقُوا نَاغِضَةَ أَنْ يُسْجَنُوا، فَثَارَتْ قَبَائِلُهُمْ، فَأَخْرَجُوهُمْ مِنَ السِّجْنِ. يوم جيرون وَاضْطَرَبَ أَهْلُ دِمَشْقَ فِي ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَبَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، وَكَانَ اجْتِمَاعُ النَّاسِ وَوُقُوفُهُمْ بَعْدَ صَلَاةِ الْجُمُعَةِ بِبَابِ الْجَيْرُونِ، فَسُمِّيَ هَذَا الْيَوْمُ يَوْمَ جَيْرُونَ. قَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ: وَقَدْ أَرَادَ النَّاسُ الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ عَلَى أَنْ يَتَوَلَّى عَلَيْهِمْ فَأَبَى، وَهَلَكَ فِي تِلْكَ اللَّيَالِي، ثُمَّ إِنَّ الضَّحَّاكَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ صَعِدَ مِنْبَرَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْجَامِعِ، فَخَطَبَهُمْ بِهِ، وَنَالَ مِنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ شَابٌّ مِنْ بَنِي كَلْبٍ، فَضَرَبَهُ بِعَصًا كَانَتْ مَعَهُ وَالنَّاسُ جُلُوسٌ مُتَقَلِّدِي سُيُوفَهُمْ، فَقَامَ بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا فَقَيْسٌ وَمَنْ لَفَّ لَفِيفَهَا يَدْعُونَ إِلَى ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَيَنْصُرُونَ الضَّحَّاكَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، وَبَنُو كَلْبٍ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ وَإِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ لِخَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَيَتَعَصَّبُونَ لِيَزِيدَ وَأَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ، فَنَهَضَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، فَدَخَلَ دَارَ الْإِمَارَةِ وَأَغْلَقَ الْبَابَ، وَلَمْ يَخْرُجْ إِلَى النَّاسِ مِنْ يَوْمِ السَّبْتِ لِصَلَاةِ الْفَجْرِ، ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَ إِلَى بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، فَجَمَعَهُمْ إِلَيْهِ فَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَفِيهِمْ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَخَالِدٌ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ ابْنَا يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ. قَالَ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ: فَاعْتَذَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ مِمَّا كَانَ مِنْهُ، وَاتَّفَقَ مَعَهُمْ أَنْ يَرْكَبَ مَعَهُمْ إِلَى حَسَّانَ بْنِ مَالِكٍ الْكَلْبِيَّ، فَيَتَّفِقُوا عَلَى رَجُلٍ يَرْتَضُونَهُ مِنْ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ لِلْإِمَارَةِ، فَرَكِبُوا جَمِيعًا إِلَيْهِ، فَبَيْنَمَا هُمْ يَسِيرُونَ إِلَى الْجَابِيَةِ لِقَصْدِ حَسَّانَ، إِذْ جَاءَ ثَوْرُ بْنُ مَعْنِ بْنِ الْأَخْنَسِ فِي قَوْمِهِ قَيْسٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّكَ دَعَوْتَنَا إِلَى بَيْعَةِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ فَأَجَبْنَاكَ، وَأَنْتَ ذَاهِبٌ إِلَى هَذَا الْأَعْرَابِيِّ لِيَسْتَخْلِفَ ابْنَ أُخْتِهِ خَالِدَ بْنَ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ الضَّحَّاكُ: فَمَا الرَّأْيُ ؟ قَالَ: الرَّأْيُ أَنْ نُظْهِرَ مَا كُنَّا نُسِرُّ، وَأَنْ نَدْعُوَ إِلَى طَاعَةِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَنُقَاتِلُ عَلَيْهَا. فَمَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ، فَرَجَعَ إِلَى دِمَشْقَ فَأَقَامَ بِهَا بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ مِنْ قَيْسٍ وَمَنْ لَفَّ لَفِيفَهَا، وَبَعَثَ إِلَى أُمَرَاءِ الْأَجْنَادِ، وَبَايَعَ النَّاسَ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَكَتَبَ بِذَلِكَ إِلَى ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ يُعْلِمُهُ بِذَلِكَ، فَذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ لِأَهْلِ مَكَّةَ وَشَكَرَهُ عَلَى صَنِيعِهِ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ بِنِيَابَةِ الشَّامِ، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ بَايَعَ النَّاسَ لِنَفْسِهِ بِالْخِلَافَةِ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ أَيُّ ذَلِكَ كَانَ. وَالَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ الْمَدَائِنِيُّ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا دَعَا إِلَى بَيْعَةِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ أَوَّلًا، ثُمَّ حَسَّنَ لَهُ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ أَنْ يَدْعُوَ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ، وَذَلِكَ مَكْرٌ مِنْهُ بِهِ، فَدَعَا الضَّحَّاكُ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ، فَنَقَمَ النَّاسُ عَلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ، وَقَالُوا: دَعَوْتَنَا إِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ لِرَجُلٍ فَبَايَعْنَاهُ، ثُمَّ خَلَعْتَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ سَبَبٍ وَلَا عُذْرٍ، وَدَعَوْتَ إِلَى نَفْسِكَ ! فَرَجَعَ إِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، فَسَقَطَ بِذَلِكَ عِنْدَ النَّاسِ، وَذَلِكَ الَّذِي أَرَادَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ. وَكَانَ اجْتِمَاعُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ بِهِ بَعْدَ اجْتِمَاعِهِ بِمَرْوَانَ وَتَحْسِينِهِ لَهُ أَنْ يَدْعُوَ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ، ثُمَّ فَارَقَهُ لِيَخْدَعَ لَهُ الضَّحَّاكَ، فَنَزَلَ عِنْدَهُ بِدِمَشْقَ، وَجَعَلَ يَرْكَبُ إِلَيْهِ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ، ثُمَّ أَشَارَ ابْنُ زِيَادٍ عَلَى الضَّحَّاكِ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ مِنْ دِمَشْقَ إِلَى الصَّحْرَاءِ وَيَدْعُوَ بِالْجُيُوشِ إِلَيْهِ لِيَكُونَ أَمْكَنَ لَهُ، فَرَكِبَ الضَّحَّاكُ إِلَى مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ، فَنَزَلَ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْجُنُودِ، وَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ اجْتَمَعَتْ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ وَمَنْ تَبِعَهَا بِالْأُرْدُنِّ، وَاجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِمْ مِنْ هُنَالِكَ مِنْ قَوْمِ حَسَّانَ بْنِ مَالِكٍ مِنْ بَنِي كَلْبٍ. وَلَمَّا رَأَى مَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ مَا انْتَظَمَ مِنَ الْبَيْعَةِ لِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَمَا اسْتَوْسَقَ لَهُ مِنَ الْمُلْكِ، عَزَمَ عَلَى الرَّحِيلِ إِلَيْهِ لِيُبَايِعَهُ وَلِيَأْخُذَ مِنْهُ أَمَانًا لِبَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، فَسَارَ حَتَّى بَلَغَ أَذْرِعَاتٍ فَلَقِيَهُ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ مُقْبِلًا مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ، فَصَدَّهُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ، وَهَجَّنَ رَأْيَهُ، وَاجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ عَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَحُصَيْنُ بْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، وَابْنُ زِيَادٍ، وَأَهْلُ الْيَمَنِ وَخَلْقٌ، فَقَالُوا لِمَرْوَانَ: أَنْتَ كَبِيرُ قُرَيْشٍ وَرَئِيسُهَا، وَخَالِدُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ غُلَامٌ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ كَهْلٌ، وَإِنَّمَا يُقْرَعُ الْحَدِيدُ بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ، فَلَا تُبَارِهِ بِهَذَا الْغُلَامِ، وَارْمِ بْنحْرِكَ فِي نَحْرِهِ، وَنَحْنُ نُبَايِعُكَ، ابْسُطْ يَدَكَ. فَبَسَطَ يَدَهُ، فَبَايَعُوهُ بِالْجَابِيَةِ فِي يَوْمِ الْأَرْبِعَاءِ لِثَلَاثٍ خَلَوْنَ مِنْ ذِي الْقِعْدَةِ، سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَسِتِّينَ. قَالَهُ الْوَاقِدِيُّ. فَلَمَّا تَمَهَّدَ لَهُ الْأَمْرُ سَارَ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ نَحْوَ الضَّحَّاكِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ، فَالْتَقَيَا بِمَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ وَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ حِينَ بُويِعَ لَهُ: لَمَّا رَأَيْتُ الْأَمْرَ أَمْرًا نَهْبَا يَسَّرْتُ غَسَّانَ لَهُمْ وَكَلْبَا وَالسَّكْسَكِيِّينَ رِجَالًا غُلْبَا وَطِيِّئًا تَأْبَاهُ إِلَّا ضَرْبَا وَالِقِينُ تَمْشِي فِي الْحَدِيدِ نُكْبَا وَمِنْ تَنُوخَ مُشَمْخِرًّا صَعْبَا لَا يَأْخُذُونَ الْمُلْكَ إِلَّا غَصْبَا فَإِنْ دَنَتْ قَيْسٌ فَقُلْ لَا قُرْبَا وَقْعَةِ مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ وَقَتْلِ الضَّحَّاكِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ الْفِهْرِيِّ ، ؓ فَبَرَزَ الضَّحَّاكُ إِلَى مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ فَنَزَلَهُ، وَأَقَامَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ بِدِمَشْقَ وَمَرْوَانُ وَبَنُو أُمَيَّةَ بِتَدْمُرَ، وَخَالِدٌ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ عِنْدَ خَالِهِمْ حَسَّانَ بِالْجَابِيَةِ، فَكَتَبَ ابْنُ زِيَادٍ إِلَى مَرْوَانَ يَأْمُرُهُ أَنْ يُظْهِرَ دَعْوَتَهُ، فَدَعَا إِلَى نَفْسِهِ، وَتَزَوَّجَ بِأُمِّ خَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَهِيَ أُمُّ هَاشِمٍ بِنْتُ أَبِي هَاشِمِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ، فَعَظُمَ أَمْرُهُ وَبَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ، وَاجْتَمَعُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَسَارَ إِلَى مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ نَحْوَ الضَّحَّاكِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ، وَرَكِبَ إِلَيْهِ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ وَأَخُوهُ عَبَّادُ بْنُ زِيَادٍ، حَتَّى اجْتَمَعَ مَعَ مَرْوَانَ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ أَلْفًا، وَبِدِمَشْقَ مِنْ جِهَتِهِ يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي النِّمْسِ، وَقَدْ أَخْرَجَ عَامِلَ الضَّحَّاكِ مِنْهَا، وَهُوَ يَمُدُّ مَرْوَانَ بِالسِّلَاحِ وَالرِّجَالِ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ - وَيُقَالُ: كَانَ نَائِبَهُ عَلَى دِمَشْقَ يَوْمَئِذٍ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أُمِّ الْحَكَمِ - وَجَعَلَ مَرْوَانُ عَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِ عُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ زِيَادٍ، وَعَلَى مَيْسَرَتِهِ عَمْرَو بْنَ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَبَعَثَ الضَّحَّاكُ إِلَى النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ بَشِيرٍ، فَأَمَدَّهُ النُّعْمَانُ بِأَهْلِ حِمْصَ عَلَيْهِمْ شُرَحْبِيلُ بْنُ ذِي الْكَلَاعِ، وَرَكِبَ إِلَيْهِ زُفَرُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْكِلَابِيُّ فِي أَهْلِ قِنَّسْرِينَ، فَكَانَ الضَّحَّاكُ فِي ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا، عَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِ زِيَادُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الْعُقَيْلِيُّ، وَعَلَى مَيْسَرَتِهِ زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ شَمِرٍ الْهِلَالِيُّ، فَتَصَافُّوا، وَتَقَاتَلُوا بِالْمَرْجِ عِشْرِينَ يَوْمًا، يَلْتَقُونَ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ فَيَقْتَتِلُونَ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا. غدر أصحاب مروان بالضحاك بن قيس وأصحابه ثُمَّ أَشَارَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ عَلَى مَرْوَانَ أَنْ يَدْعُوَهُمْ إِلَى الْمُوَادَعَةِ خَدِيعَةً ; فَإِنَّ الْحَرْبَ خُدْعَةٌ، وَأَنْتَ وَأَصْحَابُكَ عَلَى الْحَقِّ، وَهُمْ عَلَى الْبَاطِلِ. فَنُودِيَ فِي النَّاسِ بِذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ غَدَرَ أَصْحَابُ مَرْوَانَ، فَمَالُوا يَقْتُلُونَهُمْ قَتْلًا شَدِيدًا، وَصَبَرَ أَصْحَابُ الضَّحَّاكِ صَبْرًا بَلِيغًا، فَقُتِلَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ، قَتَلَهُ رَجُلٌ يُقَالُ لَهُ: زُحْمَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ. مِنْ بَنِي كَلْبٍ، طَعَنَهُ بِحَرْبَةٍ، فَأَنْفَذَهُ وَلَمْ يَعْرِفْهُ. وَصَبَرَ مَرْوَانُ وَأَصْحَابُهُ صَبْرًا شَدِيدًا حَتَّى فَرَّ أُولَئِكَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، فَنَادَى: لَا يُتْبَعُ مُدْبِرٌ. ثُمَّ جِيءَ بِرَأْسِ الضَّحَّاكِ، وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَنْ بَشَّرَهُ بِقَتْلِهِ رَوْحُ بْنُ زِنْبَاعٍ الْجُذَامِيُّ. وَاسْتَقَرَّ مُلْكُ الشَّامِ بِيَدِ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ. وَرُوِيَ أَنَّهُ بَكَى عَلَى نَفْسِهِ يَوْمَ مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ، فَقَالَ: أَبَعْدَ مَا كَبِرْتُ وَضَعُفْتُ صِرْتُ إِلَى أَنْ أَقْتُلَ النَّاسَ بِالسُّيُوفِ عَلَى الْمُلْكِ ؟ ! قُلْتُ: وَلَمْ تَطُلْ مُدَّتُهُ فِي الْمُلْكِ إِلَّا تِسْعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ. وَلَمَّا انْهَزَمَ النَّاسُ مِنَ الْمَرْجِ لَحِقُوا بِأَجْنَادِهِمْ، فَانْتَهَى أَهْلُ حِمْصَ إِلَيْهَا وَعَلَيْهَا النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ بَشِيرٍ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهُ الْخَبَرُ خَرَجَ هَارِبًا لَيْلًا وَمَعَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ نَائِلَةُ بِنْتُ عُمَارَةَ الْكَلْبِيَّةُ وَثَقَلُهُ وَأَوْلَادُهُ، فَتَحَيَّرَ لَيْلَتَهُ كُلَّهَا، وَأَصْبَحَ أَهْلُ حِمْصَ فَطَلَبُوهُ، وَكَانَ طَلَبَهُ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْجَلِيِّ الْكَلَاعِيُّ، فَقَتَلَهُ وَرَدَّ أَهْلَهُ وَالرَّأْسَ مَعَهُ، وَجَاءَتْ كَلْبٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ حِمْصَ فَأَخَذُوا نَائِلَةَ وَوَلَدَهَا مَعَهَا. وَلَمَّا بَلَغَتِ الْهَزِيمَةُ زُفَرَ بْنَ الْحَارِثِ الْكِلَابِيَّ بِقِنِّسْرِينَ هَرَبَ مِنْهَا فَلَحِقَ بِقَرْقِيسْيَا وَعَلَيْهَا عِيَاضٌ الْحَرَشِيُّ، وَكَانَ يَزِيدُ وَلَّاهُ إِيَّاهَا، فَطَلَبَ مِنْهُ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ الْحَمَّامَ، وَيَحْلِفَ لَهُ بِالطَّلِاقِ وَالْعِتَاقِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ حِينَمَا يَخْرُجُ مِنَ الْحَمَّامِ لَا يُقِيمُ بِهَا، فَأَذِنَ لَهُ، فَدَخَلَهَا فَغَلَبَ عَلَيْهَا وَتَحَصَّنَ بِهَا وَلَمْ يَدْخُلْ حَمَّامَهَا، فَاجْتَمَعَتْ إِلَيْهِ قِيسٌ. وَهَرَبَ نَاتِلُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الْجُذَامِيُّ عَنْ فِلَسْطِينَ فَلَحِقَ بِابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ بِمَكَّةَ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ مَرْوَانُ بَعْدَهُ عَلَى فِلَسْطِينَ رَوْحَ بْنَ زِنْبَاعٍ وَاسْتَوْثَقَ الشَّامُ لِمَرْوَانَ وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عُمَّالَهُ عَلَيْهَا. الاختلاف في تاريخ وقعة مرج راهط فَإِنَّ الْوَاقِدِيَّ وَغَيْرَهُ قَالُوا: إِنَّمَا كَانَتْ هَذِهِ الْوَقْعَةُ فِي الْمُحَرَّمِ مِنْ أَوَّلِ سَنَةِ خَمْسٍ وَسِتِّينَ. وَفِي رِوَايَةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنِ الْوَاقِدِيِّ وَغَيْرِهِ قَالُوا: إِنَّمَا كَانَتْ فِي أَوَاخِرِ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ. وَقَالَ اللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، وَالْوَاقِدِيُّ، وَالْمَدَائِنِيُّ، وَأَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ بْنُ زَبْرٍ، وَأَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ: كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ لِلنِّصْفِ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَسِتِّينَ. وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ The Pledge of Allegiance to Marwān b. al-Ḥakam In the year sixty-four, Marwān b. al-Ḥakam was pledged allegiance in Syria. The reason for that was that when Ḥuṣayn b. Numayr returned from the land of the Ḥijāz, and ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād departed from al-Baṣrah to Syria, and the Banū Umayyah moved from al-Madīnah to Syria, they gathered around Marwān b. al-Ḥakam after the death of Muʿāwiyah b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah. He had resolved to pledge allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr in Damascus, while its people had pledged allegiance to al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays on the condition that he reconcile them and manage their affairs until the community of Muḥammad ﷺ united. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk intended to pledge allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, while al-Nuʿmān b. Bashīr had already pledged allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr in Ḥimṣ, Zufar b. al-Ḥārith al-Kilābī in Qinnasrīn, and Nātil b. Qays in Palestine, from which he expelled Rawḥ b. Zinbāʿ al-Judhāmī. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād and al-Ḥuṣayn b. Numayr kept at Marwān b. al-Ḥakam until they turned him from his opinion and warned him against Ibn al-Zubayr's authority and dominion entering Syria. They said to him: 'You are the elder of Quraysh and its chief, so you are more entitled to this matter.' All these joined him along with his people, the Banū Umayyah, and with the people of Yemen, and he agreed with them, saying: 'Nothing has been missed.' Ḥassān b. Mālik b. Baḥdal al-Kalbī wrote to al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays dissuading him from pledging allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, reminding him of the favors of the Banū Umayyah toward him and their kindness to him, and mentioning their excellence and nobility. Ḥassān b. Mālik had already taken the pledge of the people of Jordan for the Banū Umayyah, and he was calling for his nephew Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah. He sent that to al-Ḍaḥḥāk and ordered him to read his letter to the people of Damascus on Friday from the pulpit. He sent the letter with a man called Nāghiḍah b. Kurayb al-Ṭābikhī—though it is said he was from Banū Kalb—and told him: 'If he does not read it to the people, then read it yourself.' He gave him a copy of it. He went to al-Ḍaḥḥāk, who ordered him to read the letter, but he refused. So Nāghiḍah stood and read it to the people. A group of the people's commanders believed him, while others denied him, and a great fitnah arose among the people. Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah—a young man—stood on two steps of the pulpit and calmed the people. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk descended and led the people in the Friday prayer. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays ordered those who had believed Nāghiḍah to be imprisoned, but their tribes rose up and freed them from prison. The Day of Jayrūn The people of Damascus were divided over Ibn al-Zubayr and the Banū Umayyah, and the gathering and standing of the people after the Friday prayer was at the Gate of Jayrūn, so that day was called the Day of Jayrūn. Al-Madāʾinī said: The people wanted al-Walīd b. ʿUtbah b. Abī Sufyān to take charge over them, but he refused, and he died in those nights. Then al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays ascended the pulpit of the congregational mosque and delivered a sermon in which he disparaged Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah. A young man from Banū Kalb stood up to him and struck him with a staff he had, while the people were seated with their swords slung. Some rose against others and fought fiercely in the mosque. Qays and those who joined them called for Ibn al-Zubayr and supported al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays, while Banū Kalb called for the Banū Umayyah and for the pledge to Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah, showing partisanship for Yazīd and his household. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays stood up, entered the governor's palace, and locked the door, not coming out to the people from Saturday until the dawn prayer. Then he sent for the Banū Umayyah and gathered them to him. They entered upon him, including Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, ʿAmr b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, and Khālid and ʿAbd Allāh, the two sons of Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah. Al-Madāʾinī said: He apologized to them for what he had done and agreed with them to ride with them to Ḥassān b. Mālik al-Kalbī, so that they might agree on a man from the Banū Umayyah whom they would accept for the command. They all rode to him. While they were riding to al-Jābiyah to seek Ḥassān, Thawr b. Maʿn b. al-Akhnas came with his people of Qays and said to him: 'You called us to pledge allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, and we answered you, yet you are going to this bedouin so that he may appoint his nephew Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah as successor.' Al-Ḍaḥḥāk said to him: 'What is the right course?' He said: 'The right course is that we make public what we have kept secret, call for obedience to Ibn al-Zubayr, and fight for it.' Al-Ḍaḥḥāk turned back with those with him to Damascus and stayed there with the troops with him from Qays and those who joined them. He sent to the commanders of the military districts and took the people's pledge for Ibn al-Zubayr. He wrote of that to Ibn al-Zubayr informing him, and Ibn al-Zubayr mentioned it to the people of Makkah and thanked him for his deed, writing to him appointing him deputy over Syria. It is also said that he took the people's pledge for himself as caliph. God knows best which of these it was. What al-Madāʾinī mentioned is that he first called for the pledge to Ibn al-Zubayr, then ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād made it seem good to him to call for himself, and that was a trick by him against him. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk called for himself for three days, and the people resented that, saying: 'You called us to pledge allegiance to a man, and we pledged to him, then you deposed him without cause or excuse and called for yourself!' So he returned to the pledge for Ibn al-Zubayr, and he fell in the people's eyes. That is what ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād intended. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād's meeting with him came after his meeting with Marwān, in which he had made it seem good to him to call for himself, and then he left him to deceive al-Ḍaḥḥāk for him. He stayed with him in Damascus and would ride to him every day. Then Ibn Ziyād advised al-Ḍaḥḥāk to go out from Damascus to the open country and summon the armies to him, so that he would be in a stronger position. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk rode to Marj Rāhiṭ and encamped with the troops with him. At that point the Banū Umayyah and their followers gathered in Jordan, and the people of Ḥassān b. Mālik from Banū Kalb joined them there. When Marwān b. al-Ḥakam saw how the pledge to Ibn al-Zubayr had become organized and how dominion had become consolidated for him, he resolved to travel to him to pledge allegiance and to obtain from him safe-conduct for the Banū Umayyah. He set out until he reached Adhriʿāt, where ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād met him coming from Iraq and turned him from that, making his opinion seem foolish. ʿAmr b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, Ḥuṣayn b. Numayr, Ibn Ziyād, the people of Yemen, and a multitude gathered to him and said to Marwān: 'You are the elder of Quraysh and its chief. Khālid b. Yazīd is a boy, while ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr is a middle-aged man. Iron is only struck against iron. Do not contend with this boy, but cast your breast against his breast. We will pledge allegiance to you; stretch out your hand.' He stretched out his hand, and they pledged allegiance to him at al-Jābiyah on Wednesday, three nights into Dhū al-Qaʿdah, in the year sixty-four. Al-Wāqidī said this. When the matter was settled for him, he marched with those with him toward al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays, and they met at Marj Rāhiṭ. Marwān said when allegiance was pledged to him: When I saw the affair as plunder, I mobilized Ghassān for them and Kalb, And the Saksakīs, mighty men, And Ṭayyiʾ, who will accept nothing but striking, And al-Qayn walking in iron, bent, And from Tanūkh, towering and difficult, They take kingship only by force. If Qays draw near, then say: No nearness! The Battle of Marj Rāhiṭ and the Killing of al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays al-Fihrī ؓ Al-Ḍaḥḥāk went out to Marj Rāhiṭ and encamped there. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād stayed in Damascus, while Marwān and the Banū Umayyah were at Tadmur, and Khālid and ʿAbd Allāh were with their maternal uncle Ḥassān at al-Jābiyah. Ibn Ziyād wrote to Marwān ordering him to proclaim his call, so he called for himself and married the mother of Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah, who was Umm Hāshim bt. Abī Hāshim b. ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah. His standing grew great, and the people pledged allegiance to him and gathered around him. He marched to Marj Rāhiṭ toward al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād and his brother ʿAbbād b. Ziyād rode to him until Marwān had gathered thirteen thousand men. In Damascus on his side was Yazīd b. Abī al-Nims, who had expelled al-Ḍaḥḥāk's governor from it and was supplying Marwān with weapons, men, and other things—though it is said that his deputy over Damascus at that time was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Umm al-Ḥakam. Marwān placed ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād on his right wing and ʿAmr b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ on his left wing. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk sent to al-Nuʿmān b. Bashīr, who reinforced him with the people of Ḥimṣ under Shuraḥbīl b. Dhī al-Kalāʿ, and Zufar b. al-Ḥārith al-Kilābī rode to him with the people of Qinnasrīn. Thus al-Ḍaḥḥāk had thirty thousand men, with Ziyād b. ʿAmr al-ʿUqaylī on his right wing and Zakariyyā b. Shimr al-Hilālī on his left wing. They drew up in ranks and fought at the meadow for twenty days, meeting each day and fighting fiercely. The Treachery of Marwān's Companions against al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays and His Companions Then ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād advised Marwān to call them to a truce by way of deception, for war is deception, and you and your companions are upon the truth while they are upon falsehood. A proclamation was made among the people to that effect. Then Marwān's companions acted treacherously and set about killing them severely. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk's companions endured with great fortitude, and al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays was killed in the battle. A man called Zuḥmah b. ʿAbd Allāh of Banū Kalb killed him, piercing him with a spear and running him through without recognizing him. Marwān and his companions stood firm with great steadfastness until those others fled before him, and he called out: 'No fugitive is to be pursued.' Then al-Ḍaḥḥāk's head was brought, and it is said that the first to bring him news of his death was Rawḥ b. Zinbāʿ al-Judhāmī. The dominion of Syria became firmly established in the hand of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam. It is related that he wept for himself on the day of Marj Rāhiṭ and said: 'After I have grown old and weak, have I come to killing people with swords for kingship?!' I say: His time in power lasted only nine months. When the people fled from the meadow, they rejoined their military districts. The people of Ḥimṣ reached it, where al-Nuʿmān b. Bashīr was governor. When the news reached him, he fled by night with his wife Nāʾilah bt. ʿUmārah al-Kalbiyyah, his baggage, and his children. He wandered all that night, and in the morning the people of Ḥimṣ sought him. ʿAmr b. al-Jalī al-Kalāʿī pursued him and killed him, bringing back his family and the head. Kalb from the people of Ḥimṣ came and took Nāʾilah and her children with her. When the defeat reached Zufar b. al-Ḥārith al-Kilābī in Qinnasrīn, he fled from it and joined Qarqīsiyā, which was under ʿIyāḍ al-Ḥarashī, whom Yazīd had appointed over it. He asked him to let him enter the bathhouse and to swear to him by divorce and manumission that as soon as he came out of the bathhouse he would not remain there. He permitted him, and he entered, but then he seized control of it and fortified himself there without entering its bathhouse. Qays gathered to him. Nātil b. Qays al-Judhāmī fled from Palestine and joined Ibn al-Zubayr in Makkah. Marwān appointed Rawḥ b. Zinbāʿ as governor of Palestine after him, and Syria became firmly secured for Marwān, who appointed his governors over it. Disagreement over the Date of the Battle of Marj Rāhiṭ Al-Wāqidī and others said: This battle took place in Muḥarram at the beginning of the year sixty-five. In the narration of Muḥammad b. Saʿd, from al-Wāqidī and others, they said: It took place at the end of this year. Al-Layth b. Saʿd, al-Wāqidī, al-Madāʾinī, Abū Sulaymān b. Zabr, Abū ʿUbaydah, and more than one said: The Battle of Marj Rāhiṭ took place in the middle of Dhū al-Ḥijjah in the year sixty-four. And God, glorified and exalted be He, knows best.
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