Tarikh (al-Tabari) 21
Creation of the heavens and the earth
طَرَفٍ مِنْ عَجَائِبِ مَا فِي الْأَرْضِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، قَالَ: مِنَ الْعَجَائِبِ الَّتِي وُصِفَتْ فِي الدُّنْيَا أَرْبَعُ: مَنَارَةُ الإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ ، عَلَيْهَا مِرْآَةٌ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ يَقْعُدُ الْقَاعِدُ تَحْتَهَا قَبْلَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ وَقَبْلَ غُرُوبِهَا فَيَرَى مَنْ بِالْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةِ وَبَيْنَهَا عَرْضُ الْبَحْرِ، وَسَوْدَانِيٌّ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ عَلَى قَضِيبٍ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ عَلَى الْبَابِ الشَّرْقِيِّ بِرُومِيَّةَ، فَإِذَا كَانَ أَوَانُ الزَّيْتُونِ صَفَّرَ ذَلِكَ السَّوْدَانِيُّ صُفْرَةً فَلَا تَبْقَى سَوْدَانِيَّةٌ تَطِيرُ إِلَّا جَاءَتْ مَعَهَا بِثَلَاثِ زَيْتُونَاتٍ فِي رِجْلَيْهَا، وَزَيْتُونَةٍ فِي مِنْقَارِهَا فَأَلْقَتْهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ السَّوْدَانِيِّ فَيَحْمِلُهُ أَهْلُ رُومِيَّةَ فَيَعْصِرُونَ مَا يَكْفِيهِمْ لِسُرُجِهِمْ وَإِدَامِهِمْ إِلَى الْعَامِ الْمُقْبِلِ. وَرَجُلٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ بِأَرْضِ الْيَمَنِ مَا بَيْنَ الشَّجَرِ مَادًّا يَدَهُ إِلَى وَرَاءَ كَأَنَّهُ يَقُولُ: لَيْسَ وَرَائِي مَذْهَبٌ وَلَا مَسْلَكٌ، وَهُوَ أَرْضٌ رَجْرَاجَةٌ لَا تَسْتَقِرُّ عَلَيْهَا الْأَقْدَامُ، غَزَاهَا ذُو الْقَرْنَيْنِ فِي سَبْعِينَ أَلْفًا، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْهِمْ نَمْلٌ كَنْجَاتِيٌّ، وَكَانَتِ النَّمْلَةُ تَخْطَفُ الْفَارِسَ عَنْ سَرْجِهِ. وَبَطَّةٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ بَيْنَ عَمُودٍ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ فِيمَا بَيْنَ الْهِنْدِ وَالصِّينِ بِأَرْضٍ يُقَالُ لَهَا كُثَارُ، فَإِذَا كَانَ يَوْمُ عَاشُورَاءَ، شَرِبَتِ الْبَطَّةُ مِنَ الْمَاءِ حَاجَتَهَا، وَمَدَّتْ مِنْقَارَهَا فَيُفِيضُ مِنْ فِيهَا الْمَاءُ مَا يَكْفِيهِمْ لِزُرُوعِهِمْ وَمَوَاشِيهِمْ إِلَى الْعَامِ الْمُقْبِلِ. وعَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو عَنِ الْعَجَائِبِ الَّتِي وُضِعَتْ فِي الدُّنْيَا أَرْبَعُ: مِرْآَةٌ كَانَتْ مُعَلَّقَةً بِمَنَارَةِ الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ فَكَانَ الْجَالِسُ يَجْلِسُ تَحْتَهَا فَيَرَى [مَنْ] بِالْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةِ وَبَيْنَهَا عَرْضُ الْبَحْرِ، وَعَمُودٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ بِأَرْضِ رُومِيَّةَ فَإِذَا كَانَ لِقَاطُ الزَّيْتُونِ لَمْ يَبْقَ سُودَانِيَّةً إِلَّا جَاءَتْ إِلَيْهِ بِثَلَاثِ زَيْتُونَاتٍ فَيَعْصِرُهَا أَهْلُ رُومِيَّةَ لإِدَامِهِمْ وَمَصَابِيحِهِمْ، وَفَرَسٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ عَلَيْهِ رَاكِبٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ بِأَرْضِ طُلَيْلَةَ قَرِيبَةٌ مِنْ قُرَى الْأَنْدَلُسِ مِنْ خَلْفِهَا بِأَرْضٍ رَجْرَاجَةٍ لَا يَطَأُ عَلَيْهَا أَحَدٌ إِلَّا ابْتَلَعَهُ، وَالْفَرَسُ قَافِلٌ بِيَدِهِ هَكَذَا مَكْتُوبٌ فِي جَبْهَتِهِ لَيْسَ وَرَائِي مَسْلَكٌ، وَعَمُودٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ عَلَيْهِ شَجَرَةٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ تَمْثَالُ عَادٍ، فَإِذَا كَانَ أَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمِ هَطَلَ مِنْهَا الْمَاءُ فَمُلِئَ مِنْهُ الْحِيَاضُ وَيَشْرَبُ النَّاسُ مِنْهُ وَسَقَطُوا ظُهُورَهُمْ فَإِذَا تَصَرَّمَتْ أَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمِ انْقَطَعَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُمْ. وعَنْ أَبِي مُدْرِكٍ السَّعْدِيِّ، قَالَ: أَتَيْتُ طُلَيْلَةَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْأَنْدَلُسِ فَرَأَيْتُ صَنَمَيْنِ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ رُءُوسُهُمَا فِي الْهَوَاءِ قَائِمَيْنِ عَلَى رِجْلٍ وَاحِدَةٍ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهَا وَاضِعٌ كَفَّهُ الْيُسْرَى بَيْنَ عَيْنَيْهِ مَكْتُوبٌ: لَيْسَ خَلْفِي مَسْلَكٌ. قَالَ: وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَنِي أُنَاسٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ تِلْكَ النَّاحِيَةِ أَنَّ ذَا سَرْحٍ الْمَلِكُ سَارَ فِي الْجُمُوعِ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَى تِلْكَ النَّاحِيَةِ، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْهِ خَلْقٌ يُشْبِهُ النَّمْلَ، وَإِنْ كَانَتِ الدَّابَّةُ مِنْ تِلْكَ الدَّوَابِّ لَتَخْطِفُ بِرِجْلَيْهَا رَجُلَيْنِ وَتَأْخُذُ الرَّجُلَ مَعَ بَقَرَةٍ مَعَهُ فَتَحْمِلُهُ فَمَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ، فَلَمَّا رَأَى ذَلِكَ ذُو سَرْحٍ الْمَلِكُ انْصَرَفَ بِالْجَمْعِ. عجائب بأرض مصر وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ بَعْضُ الْعُلَمَاءِ فِي الْعَجَائِبِ: أَنَّهُ بِأَرْضِ مِصْرَ أُسْطُوَانَتَانِ مِنْ بَقَايَا أَسَاطِينَ كَانَتْ هُنَاكَ فِي رَأْسِ كُلِّ أُسْطُوَانَةٍ طَوْقٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ يَقْطُرُ مِنْ إِحْدَاهُمَا مَاءٌ مِنْ تَحْتِ الطَّوْقِ إِلَى نِصْفِ الْأُسْطُوَانَةِ لَا يُجَاوِزُهُ وَلَا يَنْقَطِعُ قَطْرُهُ لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا وَمَوْضِعُهُ مِنَ الْأُسْطُوَانَةِ أَخْضَرُ رَطْبٌ. وَالْهَرَمَتَانِ بِمِصْرَ سُمْكُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا أَرْبَعُمِائَةِ ذِرَاعٍ طُولًا فِي أَرْبَعِمِائَةِ ذِرَاعٍ عَرْضًا كُلَّمَا ارْتَفَعَ الْبِنَاءُ دَقَّ، وَهُمَا مِنْ رُخَامٍ وَمَرْمَرٍ مَكْتُوبٌ عَلَيْهَا طِبٌّ وَسِحْرٌ وَتَحْتَ ذَلِكَ مَكْتُوبٌ: "إِنِّي بَنْيَتُهَا بِمُلْكِي فَمَنْ يَدَّعِي قُوَّةً فِي مُلْكِهِ فَلْيَهْدِمْهَا فَإِنَّ الْهَدْمُ أَيْسَرُ مِنَ الْبِنَاءِ". قَالَ أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ: وَبَلَغَنَا أَنَّهُمْ قَدَرُوا فَإِذَا خَرَاجُ الدُّنْيَا مِرَارًا كَثِيرَةً لَا يَقُومُ بِهَدْمِهَا. وَيُقَالُ إِنَّهُ مَا مِنْ بِنَاءٍ بِالْحِجَارَةِ أَبْهَى مِنْ كَنِيسَةِ حِمْصَ، وَلَا بِنَاءٌ بِالْآجُرِّ وَالْجِصِّ أَبْهَى مِنْ إِيوَانِ كِسْرَى بِالْمَدَائِنِ، وَلَا مَنَارَةٌ أَعْجَبُ مِنْ مَنَارَةِ الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ، وَلَا بِنَاءٌ بِالْحِجَارَةِ أَحْكَمُ وَلَا أَبْهَى مِنْ شَاذِرْوَانَ تَسْتُرَ لِأَنَّهَا بِالصَّخْرِ وَأَعْمِدَةِ الْحَدِيدِ وَطَاطِ الرَّصَاصِ. وَأَعْجَبُ مِنْ هَذَا كُلِّهُ سَدُّ ذِي الْقَرْنَيْنِ الَّذِي أَمَدَّهُ اللَّهُ لِبِنَائِهِ،. من العجائب بصقلية وَمِنَ الْعَجَائِبِ: نَارٌ بِصِقِلِّيَةَ تَجِيءُ بِالْهِنْدِ وَبِالْأَنْدَلُسِ تُشْعَلُ فِي حِجَارَةٍ وَلَا يُمْكِنُ أَنْ يُوقَدَ مِنْهَا. وَأَهْلُ الْيَمَنِ يُمْطَرُونَ فِي الصَّيْفِ، وَلَيْسَ بِصِقِلِّيَةَ نَمْلٌ. وَمِنَ الْعَجَائِبِ: بَيْتَانِ وُجِدَا بِالْأَنْدَلُسِ عِنْدَ فَتْحِهَا فِي مَدِينَةِ الْمُلُوكِ، فَفُتِحَ أَحَدُ الْبَيْتَيْنِ وَهُوَ بَيْتُ الْمَالِ، فَوُجِدَ فِيهِ أَرْبَعَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ تَاجًا عِدَّةَ مُلُوكِهِمْ، لَا يُدْرَى مَا قِيمَةُ التَّاجِ مِنْهَا، وَعَلَى كُلِّ تَاجٍ اسْمُ صَاحِبِهِ وَمَبْلَغُ سِنِّهِ وَكَمْ مَلَكَ مِنَ السِّنِينَ وَوُجِدَ فِيهِ مَائِدَةُ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ دَاوُدَ. وَوُجِدَ عَلَى الْبَيْتِ الْآخَرِ أَرْبَعَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ قُفْلًا، كَانَ كُلَّمَا مَلَكَ مَلِكٌ مِنْهُمْ زَادَ قُفْلًا، وَلَا يَدْرُونَ مَا فِي الْبَيْتِ، فَلَمَّا مَلَكَ آخِرُ مُلُوكِهِمْ قَالَ: لَا بُدَّ لِي مِنْ أَنْ أَعْرِفَ مَا فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ، وَتَوَهَّمَ أَنَّ فِيهِ مَالًا، فَاجْتَمَعَتْ إِلَيْهِ الْأَسَاقِفَةُ وَالشَّمَامِسَةُ وَأَعْظَمُوا ذَلِكَ وَسَأَلُوهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ بِمَا فَعَلَهُ الْمُلُوكُ قَبْلَهُ فَأَبَى، وَقَالَ: انْظُرْ مَا تَحْطِبُ عَلَى مَالِكَ مِنْ مَالٍ يُظَنُّ أَنَّهُ فِيهِ فَنَحْنُ نَدْفَعُهُ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ أَمْوَالِنَا فَلَا تَفْتَحُهُ. فَعَصَاهُمْ وَفَتَحَ الْبَابَ، فَإِذَا فِيهِ تَصَاوِيرُ الْعَرَبِ عَلَى خُيُولِهِمْ بِعَمَائِمِهِمْ وَنِعَالِهِمْ وَقِسِيِّهِمْ وَنَبْلِهِمْ، فَدَخَلَتِ الْعَرَبُ جَزِيرَةَ الْأَنْدَلُسِ فِي السَّنَةِ الَّتِي فَتَحَ فِيهَا الْبَابَ. وَوَجَدَ قُتَيْبَةَ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ بِمَدِينَةٍ تُدْعَى بَيْكَنْدَ قُدُورًا عِظَامًا يُصْعَدُ إِلَيْهَا بِسَلَالِيمَ. وعن حُمَيْدًا دِهْقَانَ الْفَلُّوجَةِ السُّفْلَى، وَكَانَ عُمَرُ قَدْ فَرَضَ لَهُ فِي أَلْفَيْ مَعَ عِدَّةٍ مِنَ الدَّهَاقِينِ، قَالَ: كَانَ بِبَابِلَ سَبْعَ مَدَائِنَ فِي كُلِّ مَدِينَةٍ أُعْجُوبَةٌ لَيْسَتْ فِي الْأُخْرَى، وَكَانَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ الْأَوْلَى الَّتِي مِنْهَا مَلِكُهَا تِمْثَالُ الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعًا فَإِذَا أَتَوْا عَلَيْهِ بِعَيْنِ أَهْلِ مَمْلَكَتِهِ بِخَرَاجِهَا خَرَقَ أَنْهَارَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ فَعُرِفَتْ حَيْثُ كَانَتْ فَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ لَهَا سَدًّا حَتَّى يُؤَدُّونَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ فَإِذَا سَدَّهَا عَلَيْهِمْ فِي تَمَاثِيلِهِمُ انْسَدَّتْ فِي بِلَادِهِمْ. وَفِي الْمَدِينَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ حَوْضٌ فَإِذَا أَرَادَ الْمَلِكُ أَنْ يَجْمَعَهُمْ لِطَعَامِهِمْ إِلَى مَنْ أَحَبَّ مِنْهُمْ بِمَا لَا أُحِبُّ مِنَ الْأَشْرِبَةِ نَصَبَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ الْحَوْضِ، فَاخْتَلَطَ جَمِيعًا، ثُمَّ تَقَدَّمَ السُّقَاةُ فَأَخَذُوا الْآنِيَةَ، فَمَنْ صَبَّ فِي إِنَائِهِ تِنِّينًا صَارَ فِي شَرَابِهِ الَّذِي جَارِيهِ. وَفِي الْمَدِينَةِ الثَّالِثَةِ طَبْلٌ إِذَا غَابَ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا غَائِبٌ فَأَرَادُوا أَنْ يَعْلَمُوا أَحَيٌّ هُوَ أَمْ مَيِّتٌ أَتَوُا الطَّبْلَ فَضَرَبُوهُ، فَإِنْ كَانَ حَيًّا صَوَّتَ الطَّبْلُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مَيِّتًا لَمْ يُسْمَعْ لَهُ صَوْتٌ. وَفِي الْمَدِينَةِ الرَّابِعَةِ: مِرْآةٌ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ، إِذَا غَابَ الرَّجُلُ عَنْ أَهْلِهِ فَأَحَبُّوا أَنْ يَعْلَمُوا حَالَهُ كَيْفَ هُوَ، أَتَوُا الْمِرْآةَ فَنَظَرُوا فِيهَا فَأَبْصَرُوهُ عَلَى حَالِهِ الَّتِي هُوَ عَلَيْهَا. وَفِي الْمَدِينَةِ الْخَامِسَةِ: أَوَزَّةٌ مِنْ نُحَاسٍ إِذَا دَخَلَ الْمَدِينَةَ غَرِيبٌ صَوَّتَتْ صَوْتًا فَسَمِعَهُ جَمِيعُ أَهْلِ الْمُدُنِ فَيُعْلَمُ أَنَّهُ دَخَلَهَا غَرِيبٌ. وَفِي الْمَدِينَةِ السَّادِسَةِ: قَاضِيَانِ جَالِسَانِ عَلَى الْمَاءِ فَيَجِيءُ الْمُحِقُّ وَالْمُبْطِلُ، فَيَمْشِي الْمُحِقُّ عَلَى الْمَاءِ حَتَّى يَجْلِسَ مَعَ الْقَاضِي وَيُغْمَسُ الْمُبْطِلُ فِي الْمَاءِ. وَفِي الْمَدِينَةِ السَّابِعَةِ: شَجَرَةٌ لَا تُظِلُّ إِلَّا سَاقَهَا فَإِنْ جَلَسَ تَحْتَهَا رَجُلٌ إِلَى أَلْفٍ أَظَلَّتْهُمْ، وَإِنْ زَادَ وَاحِدٌ جُعِلُوا كُلُّهُمْ فِي الشَّمْسِ.
Translation
✧ A portion of the wonders that are in the earth From ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr, who said: Among the wonders that have been described in the world are four: the lighthouse of Alexandria, upon which is an iron mirror; a person sitting beneath it before sunrise and before sunset can see those in Constantinople, despite the breadth of the sea between them; and a black man of brass upon a rod of brass at the eastern gate of Rome, so when the season of olives comes, that black figure turns yellow, and no black woman flies but that she comes bearing three olives in her feet and one olive in her beak, and casts them upon that black figure, and the people of Rome take them and press enough for their lamps and their relish until the coming year. And a man of brass in the land of Yemen, among the trees, stretching his hand behind him as if to say: "There is no way or path behind me." It is a quaking land upon which feet cannot stand. Dhū al-Qarnayn raided it with seventy thousand, and ants like leather shields came out against them; an ant would snatch a rider from his saddle. And a duck of brass between a column of brass in the land between India and China, in a land called Kuthār. On the day of ʿĀshūrāʾ, the duck drinks its fill of water and extends its beak, and from its mouth water flows sufficient for their crops and their livestock until the coming year. And from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr, concerning the wonders that have been placed in the world, four: a mirror that was suspended on the lighthouse of Alexandria, so the seated one would sit beneath it and see those in Constantinople, despite the breadth of the sea between them; and a column of brass in the land of Rome, so when the gathering of olives comes, no black woman remains but that she comes to it with three olives, and the people of Rome press them for their relish and their lamps; and a horse of brass with a rider of brass upon it in the land of Ṭulaylah, near the villages of al-Andalus, behind which is a quaking land that no one treads upon but that it swallows him, and the horse is turning back with its hand thus, written on its forehead: "There is no way behind me"; and a column of brass upon which is a tree of brass, the likeness of ʿĀd. When the sacred months come, water pours from it, and the cisterns are filled, and people drink from it and lay down on their backs. When the sacred months end, that ceases from them. And from Abū Mudrik al-Saʿdī, who said: I came to Ṭulaylah beyond al-Andalus and saw two idols of brass, their heads in the air, standing on one leg, each of them placing its left palm between its eyes, written: "There is no way behind me." He said: People from that region informed me that Dhū Sarḥ the king marched with his hosts until he reached that region, and creatures resembling ants came out against him. A beast from those beasts would snatch two men with its legs and would take a man along with a cow he had and carry him off, and he could not control himself. When Dhū Sarḥ the king saw that, he turned back with the host. Wonders in the land of Egypt Some scholars have mentioned among the wonders: that in the land of Egypt there are two columns from the remnants of columns that were there, on the top of each column is a collar of brass from one of which water drips from beneath the collar to the middle of the column, not exceeding it, and its dripping never ceases night or day, and its place on the column is green and moist. And the two pyramids in Egypt: the elevation of each of them is four hundred cubits in length and four hundred cubits in width; the higher the building rises, the narrower it becomes. They are of marble and alabaster, inscribed upon them with medicine and magic, and beneath that is written: "I built them with my kingdom, so let whoever claims strength in his kingdom demolish them, for demolition is easier than building." Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad b. Jaʿfar said: It has reached us that they estimated that the revenue of the world many times over would not suffice to demolish them. It is said that there is no building of stone more splendid than the church of Ḥimṣ, no building of baked brick and plaster more splendid than the īwān of Kisrā at al-Madāʾin, no lighthouse more wonderful than the lighthouse of Alexandria, and no building of stone more solid or more splendid than the shādhurwān of Tustar, for it is of rock, iron columns, and sheets of lead. More wonderful than all of this is the dam of Dhū al-Qarnayn which God aided him in building. Among the wonders of Sicily Among the wonders: a fire in Sicily that comes from India and al-Andalus; it is kindled in stones and cannot be lit from them. The people of Yemen receive rain in summer, and there are no ants in Sicily. Among the wonders: two houses found in al-Andalus at its conquest, in the city of the kings. One of the two houses was opened, and it was the treasury: in it were found twenty-four crowns, the number of their kings, the value of any one of which is unknown. On each crown was the name of its owner, his age, and how many years he reigned. In it was found the table of Solomon b. David. On the other house were found twenty-four locks; each time one of their kings ruled, he added a lock, and they did not know what was in the house. When the last of their kings reigned, he said: "I must know what is in this house," and he imagined that it contained wealth. The bishops and deacons gathered to him, and they deemed it momentous and asked him to follow what the kings before him had done, but he refused. They said: "Consider what you would heap upon your wealth from wealth that is thought to be in it, and we will give it to you from our own wealth, so do not open it." He disobeyed them and opened the door, and behold, in it were images of the Arabs upon their horses, with their turbans, their sandals, their bows, and their arrows. The Arabs entered the peninsula of al-Andalus in the year in which he opened the door. And Qutaybah b. Muslim found in a city called Baykand huge cauldrons that were climbed up to with ladders. From Ḥumayd, the dihqān of lower al-Fallūjah — and ʿUmar had assigned him a stipend of two thousand along with a number of the dihqāns — he said: In Babylon there were seven cities, in each city a wonder not found in the others. In the first city, where their king was, there was a representation of the entire earth. When they brought before it the leaders of his kingdom with its land tax, it broke open its rivers upon them, so the land was known as it was, and they could not dam them until they paid what they owed. When it closed them upon them in their images, they closed in their lands. In the second city was a basin. When the king wanted to gather them for their food, for whomever of them he wished, with whatever drinks I do not love, he set it in that basin, and it all mixed together. Then the cupbearers came forward and took the vessels, and whoever poured into his vessel a dragon, it became in the drink of the one he contended with. In the third city was a drum. When one of its people was absent and they wanted to know whether he was alive or dead, they came to the drum and struck it; if he was alive, the drum sounded, and if he was dead, no sound was heard from it. In the fourth city was an iron mirror. When a man was absent from his family and they wanted to know his condition and how he was, they came to the mirror and looked into it and saw him in the state he was in. In the fifth city was a goose of brass. When a stranger entered the city, it made a sound that all the people of the cities heard, and it was known that a stranger had entered it. In the sixth city were two judges sitting upon the water. The truthful and the false would come, and the truthful would walk upon the water until he sat with the judge, while the false would be plunged into the water. In the seventh city was a tree that shaded no one but its trunk. If up to a thousand men sat beneath it, it shaded them, but if one more was added, they were all placed in the sun.
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