Dalil
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2078

The caliphate of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib

ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثَمَانٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ بعث معاوية عمرو بن العاص إلى مصر فِيهَا بَعَثَ مُعَاوِيَةُ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ إِلَى دِيَارِ مِصْرَ لِيَأْخُذَهَا مِنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ.  وَاسْتَنَابَ مُعَاوِيَةُ عَمْرًا عَلَيْهَا، وَذَلِكَ كَمَا سَنُبَيِّنُهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ عَلِيٌّ، ؓ، اسْتَنَابَ عَلَيْهَا قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ، وَانْتَزَعَهَا مِنْ يَدِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ أَخَذَهَا مِنَ ابْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ نَائِبِ عُثْمَانَ عَلَيْهَا، وَكَانَ عُثْمَانُ قَدْ عَزَلَ عَنْهَا عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ، وَكَانَ عَمْرٌو هُوَ الَّذِي افْتَتَحَهَا، كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ عَلِيًّا عَزَلَ عَنْهَا قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ، وَوَلَّى عَلَيْهَا مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَكَانَ قَيْسٌ كُفْئًا لِمُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرٍو، فَلَمَّا وُلِّيَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيهِ قُوَّةٌ تُعَادِلُ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرًا، وَحِينَ عُزِلَ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْهَا رَجَعَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ بِالْعِرَاقِ فَكَانَ مَعَهُ. وَكَانَ مُعَاوِيَةُ يَقُولُ: وَاللَّهِ لَقَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عِنْدَ عَلِيٍّ أَبْغَضُ إِلَيَّ مِنْ مِائَةِ أَلْفِ مُقَاتِلٍ تَكُونُ مَعَهُ بَدَلَهُ. فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ عَلِيٌّ مِنْ صِفِّينَ، وَبَلَغَهُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ مِصْرَ قَدِ اسْتَخَفُّوا بِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ; لِكَوْنِهِ شَابًّا ابْنَ سِتٍّ وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً، أَوْ نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ عَزَمَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَى رَدِّ قَيْسِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ إِلَيْهَا، وَكَانَ عَلِيٌّ قَدْ جَعَلَهُ عَلَى شُرَطَتِهِ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُ اسْتَمَرَّ بِقَيْسٍ عِنْدَهُ، وَوَلَّى الْأَشْتَرَ النَّخَعِيَّ مِصْرَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ نَائِبَهُ عَلَى الْمَوْصِلِ وَنَصِيبِينَ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ فَاسْتَقْدَمَهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَوَلَّاهُ مِصْرَ. تَوْلِيَةُ الْأَشْتَرِ النَّخَعِيِّ مِصْرَ بَدَلَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ومقتل الأشتر فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مُعَاوِيَةَ تَوْلِيَةُ الْأَشْتَرِ النَّخَعِيِّ مِصْرَ بَدَلَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَعَلِمَ أَنَّ الْأَشْتَرَ سَيَمْنَعُهَا مِنْهُ ; لِجُرْأَتِهِ وَشَجَاعَتِهِ، فَسَارَ الْأَشْتَرُ إِلَيْهَا، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ الْقُلْزُمَ اسْتَقْبَلَهُ الْجَايْسَارُ، وَهُوَ مُقَدَّمُ عَلِيٍّ عَلَى الْخَرَاجِ، فَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ طَعَامًا، وَسَقَاهُ شَرَابًا مِنْ عَسَلٍ فَمَاتَ مِنْهُ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ ذَلِكَ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرًا وَأَهْلَ الشَّامِ قَالُوا: إِنَّ لِلَّهِ لَجُنُودًا مِنْ عَسَلٍ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ فِي تَارِيخِهِ أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَ قَدْ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَى هَذَا الرَّجُلِ فِي أَنْ يَحْتَالَ عَلَى الْأَشْتَرِ ; فَيَقْتُلَهُ، وَوَعَدَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ بِأُمُورٍ فَفَعَلَ ذَلِكَ. وَفِي هَذَا نَظَرٌ، وَبِتَقْدِيرِ صِحَّتِهِ فَإِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ يَسْتَجِيزُ قَتْلَ الْأَشْتَرِ ; لِأَنَّهُ مِنْ قَتَلَةِ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ. وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَأَهْلَ الشَّامِ فَرِحُوا فَرَحًا شَدِيدًا بِمَوْتِ الْأَشْتَرِ النَّخَعِيِّ تولية علي محمد بن أبي بكر ديار مصر بعد الأشتر مرة أخرى وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ ذَلِكَ عَلِيًّا تَأَسَّفَ عَلَى شَجَاعَتِهِ وَغَنَائِهِ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ بِاسْتِقْرَارِهِ وَاسْتِمْرَارِهِ بِدِيَارِ مِصْرَ، وَلَكِنَّهُ ضَعُفَ جَأْشُهُ مَعَ مَا كَانَ فِيهِ مِنَ الْخِلَافِ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْعُثْمَانِيَّةِ الَّذِينَ بِبَلَدِ خِرِبْتَا، وَقَدْ كَانُوا اسْتَفْحَلَ أَمْرُهُمْ حِينَ انْصَرَفَ عَلِيٌّ مِنْ صِفِّينَ وَكَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِ التَّحْكِيمِ مَا كَانَ، وَحِينَ نَكَلَ أَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ عَنْ قِتَالِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ مَعَهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ أَهْلُ الشَّامِ لَمَّا انْقَضَتِ الْحُكُومَةُ بِدُومَةِ الْجَنْدَلِ سَلَّمُوا عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بِالْخِلَافَةِ، وَقَوِيَ أَمْرُهُمْ جِدًّا. فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ جَمَعَ مُعَاوِيَةُ أُمَرَاءَهُ ; عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ، وَشُرَحْبِيلَ بْنَ السِّمْطِ، وَحَبِيبَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَعَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، وَالضَّحَّاكَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، وَبُسْرَ بْنَ أَبِي أَرْطَاةَ، وَأَبَا الْأَعْوَرِ السُّلَمِيَّ، وَحَمْزَةَ بْنَ سِنَانٍ الْهَمْدَانِيَّ، وَغَيْرَهُمْ، فَاسْتَشَارَهُمْ فِي الْمَسِيرِ إِلَى مِصْرَ فَاسْتَجَابُوا لَهُ، وَقَالُوا: سِرْ حَيْثُ شِئْتَ فَنَحْنُ مَعَكَ. وَعَيَّنَ مُعَاوِيَةُ نِيَابَتَهَا لِعَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ إِذَا فَتَحَهَا، فَفَرِحَ بِذَلِكَ عَمْرٌو، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ: أَرَى أَنْ تَبْعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ رَجُلًا مَعَهُ جُنْدٌ مَأْمُونٌ عَارِفٌ بِالْحَرْبِ، فَإِنَّ بِهَا جَمَاعَةً مِمَّنْ يُوَالِي عُثْمَانَ فَيُسَاعِدُونَهُ عَلَى حَرْبِ مَنْ خَالَفَهُمْ، فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: لَكِنْ أَرَى أَنْ أَبْعَثَ إِلَى شِيعَتِنَا مِمَّنْ هُنَالِكَ كِتَابًا نُعْلِمُهُمْ بِقُدُومِنَا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَنَبْعَثُ إِلَى مُخَالِفِينَا كِتَابًا نَدْعُوهُمْ فِيهِ إِلَى الصُّلْحِ. وَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ لِعَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ: إِنَّكَ يَا عَمْرُو رَجُلٌ بُورِكَ لَكَ فِي الْعَجَلَةِ، وَإِنِّي امْرُؤٌ بُورِكَ لِي فِي التُّؤَدَةِ. فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو: اعْمَلْ مَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ، وَمَا أَرَى أَمْرَكَ وَأَمْرَهُمْ إِلَّا سَيَصِيرُ إِلَى الْحَرْبِ الْعَوَانِ. فَكَتَبَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ مُعَاوِيَةُ إِلَى مَسْلَمَةَ بْنِ مَخْلَدٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ، وَإِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنَ حُدَيْجٍ السَّكُونِيِّ - وَهُمَا رَئِيسَا الْعُثْمَانِيَّةِ بِبِلَادِ مِصْرَ وَكَانَا مِمَّنْ لَمْ يُبَايِعُ عَلِيًّا، وَلَمْ يَأْتَمِرْ بِأَمْرِ نُوَّابِهِ بِمِصْرَ فِي نَحْوٍ مَنْ عَشَرَةَ آلَافٍ - يُخْبِرُهُمْ بِقُدُومِ الْجَيْشِ إِلَيْهِمْ سَرِيعًا، وَبَعَثَ بِهِ مَعَ مَوْلًى لَهُ يُقَالُ لَهُ: سُبَيْعٌ. فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ الْكِتَابُ إِلَى مَسْلَمَةَ وَمُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ حُدَيْجٍ فَرِحَا بِهِ وَرَدَّا جَوَابَهُ بِالِاسْتِبْشَارِ وَالْمُعَاوَنَةِ وَالْمُنَاصَرَةِ لَهُ، وَلِمَنْ يَبْعَثُهُ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ. فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ جَهَّزَ مُعَاوِيَةُ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ فِي سِتَّةِ آلَافٍ، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُ مُوَدِّعًا وَأَوْصَاهُ بِتَقْوَى اللَّهِ وَالرِّفْقِ وَالْمَهْلِ وَالتُّؤَدَةِ، وَأَنْ يَقْتُلَ مَنْ قَاتَلَ وَيَعْفُوَ عَمَّنْ أَدْبَرَ، وَأَنْ يَدْعُوَ النَّاسَ إِلَى الصُّلْحِ وَالْجَمَاعَةِ، فَإِذَا أَنْتَ ظَهَرْتَ فَلْيَكُنْ أَنْصَارُكَ آثَرَ النَّاسِ عِنْدَكَ. دخول عمرو بن العاص مصر فَسَارَ عَمْرٌو فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ مِصْرَ، اجْتَمَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الْعُثْمَانِيَّةُ فَقَادَهُمْ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَتَنَحَّ عَنِّي بِدَمِكَ، فَإِنِّي لَا أُحِبُّ أَنْ يُصِيبَكَ مِنِّي ظُفُرٌ ; فَإِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدِ اجْتَمَعُوا بِهَذِهِ الْبِلَادِ عَلَى خِلَافِكَ وَرَفْضِ أَمْرِكَ، وَنَدِمُوا عَلَى اتِّبَاعِكَ، فَهُمْ مُسْلِمُوكَ لَوْ قَدِ الْتَقَتْ حَلْقَتَا الْبِطَانِ، فَاخْرُجْ مِنْهَا فَإِنِّي لَكَ لَمِنَ النَّاصِحِينَ وَالسَّلَامُ. وَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ عَمْرٌو أَيْضًا بِكِتَابِ مُعَاوِيَةَ إِلَيْهِ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّ غِبَّ الْبَغْيِ وَالظُّلْمِ عَظِيمُ الْوَبَالِ، وَإِنَّ سَفْكَ الدَّمِ الْحَرَامِ لَا يَسْلَمُ فَاعِلُهُ مِنَ النِّقْمَةِ فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَالتَّبِعَةِ الْمُوبِقَةِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ، وَإِنَّا لَا نَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا كَانَ أَشَدَّ خِلَافًا عَلَى عُثْمَانَ مِنْكَ حِينَ تَطْعَنُ بِمَشَاقِصِكَ بَيْنَ حُشَاشَتِهِ وَأَوْدَاجِهِ، ثُمَّ أَنْتَ تَظُنُّ أَنِّي عَنْكَ نَائِمٌ أَوْ لِفِعْلِكَ نَاسٍ، حَتَّى تَأْتِيَ فَتَتَأَمَّرَ عَلَى بِلَادٍ أَنْتِ بِهَا جَارِي، وَجُلُّ أَهْلِهَا أَنْصَارِي، وَقَدْ بَعَثْتُ إِلَيْكَ بِجُيُوشٍ يَتَقَرَّبُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ بِجِهَادِكَ، وَلَنْ يُسَلِّمَكَ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْقَصَّاصِ أَيْنَمَا كُنْتَ، وَالسَّلَامُ. قَالَ: فَطَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الْكِتَابَيْنِ، وَبَعَثَ بِهِمَا إِلَى عَلِيٍّ وَأَعْلَمَهُ بِقُدُومِ عَمْرٍو إِلَى مِصْرَ فِي جَيْشٍ مِنْ قِبَلِ مُعَاوِيَةَ ; فَإِنْ كَانَتْ لَكَ بِأَرْضِ مِصْرَ حَاجَةٌ فَابْعَثْ إِلَيَّ بِأَمْوَالٍ وَرِجَالٍ، وَالسَّلَامُ. فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عَلِيٌّ يَأْمُرُهُ بِالصَّبْرِ وَبِمُجَاهَدَةِ الْعَدُوِّ، وَأَنَّهُ سَيَبْعَثُ إِلَيْهِ الرِّجَالَ وَالْأَمْوَالَ، وَيَمُدُّهُ بِالْجُيُوشِ. وَكَتَبَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ كِتَابًا فِي جَوَابِ مَا قَالَ وَفِيهِ غِلْظَةٌ. وَكَذَلِكَ كَتَبَ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ كِتَابًا فِيهِ كَلَامٌ غَلِيظٌ. وَقَامَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي النَّاسِ فَخَطَبَهُمْ وَحَثَّهُمْ عَلَى الْجِهَادِ وَمُنَاجَزَةِ مَنْ قَصَدَهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ. وَتَقَدَّمَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ إِلَى مِصْرَ فِي جُيُوشِهِ، وَمَنْ لَحِقَ بِهِ مِنَ الْعُثْمَانِيَّةِ، وَالْجَمِيعُ فِي قَرِيبٍ مِنْ سِتَّةَ عَشَرَ أَلْفًا. وَرَكِبَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي قَرِيبٍ مِنْ أَلْفَيْ فَارِسٍ وَهُمُ الَّذِينَ انْتَدَبُوا مَعَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ مِصْرَ، وَقَدَّمَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ جَيْشِهِ كِنَانَةَ بْنَ بِشْرٍ، فَجَعَلَ لَا يَلْقَى أَحَدًا مِنَ الشَّامِيِّينَ إِلَّا قَاتَلَهُمْ حَتَّى يُلْحِقَهُمْ مَغْلُوبِينَ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، مقتل محمد بن أبي بكر فَبَعَثَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ إِلَيْهِ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنَ حُدَيْجٍ، فَجَاءَهُ مِنْ وَرَائِهِ، وَأَقْبَلَ إِلَيْهِ الشَّامِيُّونَ حَتَّى أَحَاطُوا بِهِ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ ; فَتَرَجَّلَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ كِنَانَةُ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: وَمَا كَانَ لِنَفْسٍ أَنْ تَمُوتَ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ كِتَابًا مُؤَجَّلًا الْآيَةَ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 145 ]. ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ، وَتَفَرَّقَ أَصْحَابُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ عَنْهُ، وَرَجَعَ يَمْشِي فَرَأَى خَرِبَةً فَأَوَى إِلَيْهَا، وَدَخَلَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ فُسْطَاطَ مِصْرَ، وَذَهَبَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ حُدَيْجٍ فِي طَلَبِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَمَرَّ بِعُلُوجٍ فِي الطَّرِيقِ فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: هَلْ مَرَّ بِكُمْ أَحَدٌ تَسْتَنْكِرُونَهُ ؟ قَالُوا: لَا. فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ: إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ رَجُلًا جَالِسًا فِي هَذِهِ الْخَرِبَةِ. فَقَالَ: هُوَ هُوَ وَرَبِّ الْكَعْبَةِ. فَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ فَاسْتَخْرَجُوهُ مِنْهَا - وَقَدْ كَادَ يَمُوتُ عَطَشًا - فَانْطَلَقَ أَخُوهُ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَكَانَ قَدْ قَدِمَ مَعَهُ إِلَى مِصْرَ، فَقَالَ: أَيُقْتَلُ أَخِي صَبْرًا ؟ فَبَعَثَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ حُدَيْجٍ أَنْ يَأْتِيَهُ بِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَلَا يَقْتُلَهُ. فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: كَلَّا وَاللَّهِ، أَيَقْتُلُونَ كِنَانَةَ بْنَ بِشْرٍ وَأَتْرُكُ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَقَدْ كَانَ فِي مَنْ قَتَلَ عُثْمَانَ، وَقَدْ سَأَلَهُمْ عُثْمَانُ الْمَاءَ فَلَمْ يَسْقُوهُ ؟ وَقَدْ سَأَلَهُمْ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ أَنْ يَسْقُوهُ شَرْبَةً مِنَ الْمَاءِ. فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: لَا سَقَانِي اللَّهُ إِنْ سَقَيْتُكَ قَطْرَةً مِنَ الْمَاءِ أَبَدًا ; إِنَّكُمْ مَنَعْتُمْ عُثْمَانَ أَنْ يَشْرَبَ الْمَاءَ حَتَّى قَتَلْتُمُوهُ صَائِمًا مُحْرِمًا، فَتَلَقَّاهُ اللَّهُ بِالرَّحِيقِ الْمَخْتُومِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، أَنَّ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ نَالَ مِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ حُدَيْجٍ هَذَا وَشَتَمَهُ، وَمِنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَمِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَمِنْ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ أَيْضًا ; فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ غَضِبَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ حُدَيْجٍ، فَقَدَّمَهُ فَقَتَلَهُ، ثُمَّ جَعَلَهُ فِي جِيفَةِ حِمَارٍ فَأَحْرَقَهُ بِالنَّارِ. جزع عائشة ؓ من مقتل محمد بن أبي بكر فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ ذَلِكَ عَائِشَةَ جَزِعَتْ عَلَيْهِ جَزَعًا شَدِيدًا، وَضَمَّتْ عِيَالَهُ إِلَيْهَا، وَكَانَ فِيهِمُ ابْنُهُ الْقَاسِمُ، وَجَعَلَتْ تَدْعُو عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ دُبُرَ الصَّلَوَاتِ. وَذَكَرَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ أَنَّ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ قَدِمَ مِصْرَ فِي أَرْبَعَةِ آلَافٍ، فِيهِمْ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ السُّلَمِيُّ، فَالْتَقَوْا مَعَ الْمِصْرِيِّينَ بِالْمُسَنَّاةِ فَاقْتَتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا حَتَّى قُتِلَ كِنَانَةُ بْنُ بِشْرِ بْنِ غَيَّاثِ التُّجِيبِيُّ، فَهَرَبَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَاخْتَبَأَ عِنْدَ رَجُلٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: جَبَلَةُ بْنُ مَسْرُوقٍ. فَدَلَّ عَلَيْهِ فَجَاءَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ حُدَيْجٍ وَأَصْحَابُهُ فَأَحَاطُوا بِهِ فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَقَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ. قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي صَفَرٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ. قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: وَلَمَّا قُتِلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ بَعَثَ عَلِيٌّ الْأَشْتَرَ النَّخَعِيَّ إِلَى مِصْرَ فَمَاتَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. مقتل محمد بن أبي حذيفة بن عتبة قَالَ: وَكَانَتْ أَذْرُحُ فِي شَعْبَانَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أَيْضًا، فَلَمَّا قُتِلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، كَتَبَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ يُخْبِرُهُ بِمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ، وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَتَحَ عَلَيْهِ بِلَادَ مِصْرَ وَرَجَعُوا إِلَى السَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ. وَقَدْ زَعَمَ هِشَامُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْكَلْبِيُّ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ مُسِكَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ بَعْدَ مَقْتَلِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ - وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ وَغَيْرُهُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ قُتِلَ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ وَثَلَاثِينَ، كَمَا قَدَّمْنَا. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. استحلال عمرو بن العاص مال قبطي من قبط مصر وَعَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي حَبِيبٍ أَنَّ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ اسْتَحَلَّ مَالَ قِبْطِيٍّ مِنْ قِبْطِ مِصْرَ ; لِأَنَّهُ اسْتَقَرَّ عِنْدَهُ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يُظْهِرُ الرُّومَ عَلَى عَوْرَاتِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ - يَكْتُبُ إِلَيْهِمْ بِذَلِكَ - فَاسْتَخْرَجَ مِنْ مَالِهِ بِضْعًا وَخَمْسِينَ إِرْدَبًّا دَنَانِيرَ. قَالَ أَبُو صَالِحٍ: وَالْإِرْدَبُّ سِتُّ وَيْبَاتٍ، وَالْوَيْبَةُ مِثْلُ الْقَفِيزِ، وَاعْتَبَرْنَا الْوَيْبَةَ فَوَجَدْنَاهَا تِسْعًا وَثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. قُلْتُ: فَعَلَى هَذَا يَكُونُ مَبْلَغُ مَا أَخَذَ مِنْهُ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ. حزن علي ؓ على مقتل محمد بن أبي بكر وترحمه عليه قَالَ أَبُو مِخْنَفٍ بِإِسْنَادِهِ: وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ مَقْتَلُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ، وَتَمَلُّكُ عَمْرٍو مِصْرَ، وَاجْتِمَاعُ النَّاسِ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ، قَامَ فِي النَّاسِ خَطِيبًا، فَحَثَّهُمْ عَلَى الْجِهَادِ وَالصَّبْرِ وَالْمَسِيرِ إِلَى أَعْدَائِهِمْ مِنَ الشَّامِيِّينَ وَالْمِصْرِيِّينَ، وَوَاعَدَهُمُ الْجَرَعَةَ بَيْنَ الْكُوفَةِ وَالْحِيرَةِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْغَدُ خَرَجَ يَمْشِي إِلَيْهَا حَتَّى نَزَلَهَا فَلَمْ يَخْرُجْ إِلَيْهِ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْعَشِيُّ بَعَثَ إِلَى أَشْرَافِهِمْ، فَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ حَزِينٌ كَئِيبٌ، فَقَامَ فِيهِمْ خَطِيبًا فَقَالَ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ عَلَى مَا قَضَى مِنْ أَمْرٍ، وَقَدَّرَ مِنْ فِعْلٍ، وَابْتَلَانِي بِكُمْ، وَبِمَنْ لَا يُطِيعُ إِذَا أَمَرْتُ، وَلَا يُجِيبُ إِذَا دَعَوْتُ، أَوَلَيْسَ عَجَبًا أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ يَدْعُو الْجُفَاةَ الطَّغَامَ فَيَتَّبِعُونَهُ بِغَيْرِ عَطَاءٍ وَلَا مَعُونَةٍ وَيُجِيبُونَهُ فِي السَّنَةِ الْمَرَّتَيْنِ وَالثَّلَاثَ إِلَى أَيِّ وَجْهٍ شَاءَ، وَأَنَا أَدْعُوكُمْ - وَأَنْتُمْ أُولُو النُّهَى وَبَقِيَّةُ النَّاسِ - عَلَى الْمَعُونَةِ وَالْعَطَاءِ فَتَتَفَرَّقُونَ وَتَنْفِرُونَ عَنِّي وَتَعْصُونِي وَتَخْتَلِفُونَ عَلَيَّ ؟ فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ مَالِكُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ الْهَمْدَانِيُّ، ثُمَّ الْأَرْحَبِيُّ، فَنَدَبَ النَّاسَ إِلَى امْتِثَالِ أَمْرِ عَلِيٍّ، وَالسَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ لَهُ، فَانْتَدَبَ أَلْفَانِ، فَأَمَّرَ عَلَيْهِمْ مَالِكَ بْنَ كَعْبٍ هَذَا، فَسَارَ بِهِمْ خَمْسًا ثُمَّ قَدِمَ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ جَمَاعَةٌ مِمَّنْ كَانَ مَعَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، بِمِصْرَ فَأَخْبَرُوهُ كَيْفَ وَقَعَ الْأَمْرُ، وَكَيْفَ قُتِلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَكَيْفَ اسْتَقَرَّ أَمْرُ عَمْرٍو بِهَا. فَبَعَثَ إِلَى مَالِكِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ فَرَدَّهُ مِنَ الطَّرِيقِ ; وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ خَشِيَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ قَبْلَ وُصُولِهِمْ إِلَى مِصْرَ. وَاسْتَقَرَّ أَمْرُ الْعِرَاقِيِّينَ عَلَى مُخَالَفَةِ عَلِيٍّ فِيمَا يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِهِ وَيَنْهَاهُمْ عَنْهُ، وَالْخُرُوجِ عَلَيْهِ، وَانْتِقَادِ أَحْكَامِهِ، وَرَدِّ أَقْوَالِهِ، وَحَلِّ إِبْرَامِهِ ; لِجَهْلِهِمْ وَقِلَّةِ عَقْلِهِمْ وَجَفَائِهِمْ وَغِلْظَتِهِمْ وَفُجُورِ كَثِيرٍ مِنْهُمْ. وَلَمَّا جَاءَ عَلِيًّا الْخَبَرُ عَنْ مِصْرَ وَمَا حَلَّ بِهَا، وَقَتْلُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، حَزِنَ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ حُزْنًا كَثِيرًا، وَتَرَحَّمَ وَرُئِيَ الْحُزْنُ وَالْكَآبَةُ عَلَيْهِ، مَعَ مَا اجْتَمَعَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مُخَالَفَةِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ لَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِلنَّاسِ: إِنِّي وَاللَّهِ بِمَوَاضِعِ الْحَرْبِ لَجَدِيرٌ خَبِيرٌ، وَإِنِّي لَأَعْرِفُ وَجْهَ الْحَزْمِ، وَأَقُومُ فِيكُمْ بِالرَّأْيِ الْمُصِيبِ فَأَسْتَصْرِخُكُمْ مُعْلِنًا، وَأُنَادِيكُمْ نِدَاءَ الْمُسْتَغِيثِ، وَلَا أَرَى فِيكُمْ مُغِيثًا، وَلَا تَسْمَعُونَ لِي قَوْلًا، وَلَا تُطِيعُونَ لِي أَمْرًا حَتَّى تَصِيرَ بِيَ الْأُمُورُ إِلَى عَوَاقِبِ الْمَسَاءَةِ، فَأَنْتُمْ وَاللَّهِ الْقَوْمُ لَا يُدْرَكُ بِكُمْ ثَأْرٌ، دَعَوْتُكُمْ إِلَى غِيَاثِ إِخْوَانِكُمْ مُنْذُ خَمْسِينَ لَيْلَةً فَتَجَرْجَرْتُمْ جَرْجَرَةَ الْجَمَلِ الْأَشْدَقِ، وَتَثَاقَلْتُمْ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ تَثَاقُلَ مَنْ لَيْسَتْ لَهُ نِيَّةٌ فِي جِهَادِ الْعَدُوِّ وَلَا اكْتِسَابِ الْأَجْرِ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ إِلَيَّ مِنْكُمْ مَرَايِبُ كَأَنَّمَا يُسَاقُونَ إِلَى الْمَوْتِ وَهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ فَأُفٍّ لَكُمْ. مخالفة الناس لعلي وشكوته لابن عباس ؓ ثُمَّ كَتَبَ عَلِيٌّ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ - وَهُوَ نَائِبُهُ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ - يَشْكُو إِلَيْهِ مَا يَلْقَاهُ مِنَ النَّاسِ مِنَ الْمُخَالَفَةِ وَيَقُولُ: إِنِّي دَعَوْتُهُمْ إِلَى غَوْثِ إِخْوَانِهِمْ ; فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ أَتَى كَارِهًا، وَمِنْهُمُ الْمُعْتَذِرُ كَاذِبًا، أَسْأَلُ اللَّهَ أَنْ يَجْعَلَ لِي مِنْهُمْ فَرَجًا وَمَخْرَجًا وَأَنْ يُرِيحَنِي مِنْهُمْ عَاجِلًا، وَلَوْلَا مَا أُحَاوِلُ مِنَ الشَّهَادَةِ لَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ لَا أَبْقَى مَعَ هَؤُلَاءِ يَوْمًا وَاحِدًا، عَزْمُ اللَّهِ لَنَا وَلَكُمْ عَلَى تَقْوَاهُ وَهُدَاهُ، إِنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ. وَالسَّلَامُ. فَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ يُسَلِّيهِ عَنِ النَّاسِ، وَيُعَزِّيهِ فِي مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَيَحُثُّهُ عَلَى مُلَاطَفَةِ النَّاسِ وَالصَّبْرِ عَلَى مُسِيئِهِمْ، فَإِنَّ ثَوَابَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ وَأَبْقَى. وَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ النَّاسَ رُبَّمَا تَثَاقَلُوا ثُمَّ نَشَطُوا، فَارْفُقْ بِهِمْ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. ثُمَّ رَكِبَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ مِنَ الْبَصْرَةِ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ، وَهُوَ بِالْكُوفَةِ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ زِيَادًا. بعث معاوية عبد الله بن عمرو الحضرمي إلى البصرة وَفِي هَذَا الْعَامِ بَعَثَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ كِتَابًا مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو الْحَضْرَمِيِّ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الْإِقْرَارِ بِمَا حَكَمَ لَهُ بِهِ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَهَا نَزَلَ عَلَى بَنِي تَمِيمٍ فَأَجَارُوهُ، فَنَهَضَ إِلَيْهِ زِيَادٌ وَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ أَعْيَنَ بْنَ ضُبَيْعَةَ فِي جَمَاعَةٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ، فَثَارُوا إِلَيْهِمْ فَاقْتَتَلُوا فَقُتِلَ أَعْيَنُ بْنُ ضُبَيْعَةَ أَمِيرُ السَّرِيَّةِ الَّتِي بَعَثَهَا عَلِيٌّ، فَكَتَبَ نَائِبُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ زِيَادٌ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ يُعْلِمُهُ بِمَا وَقَعَ بِالْبَصْرَةِ مِنَ الْمُخَالَفَةِ بَعْدَ خُرُوجِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ مِنْهَا، فَبَعَثَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ عَلِيٌّ جَارِيَةَ بْنَ قُدَامَةَ التَّمِيمِيَّ فِي خَمْسِينَ رَجُلًا إِلَى قَوْمِهِ بَنِي تَمِيمٍ، وَكَتَبَ مَعَهُ كِتَابًا إِلَيْهِمْ، فَرَجَعَ أَكْثَرُهُمْ عَنِ ابْنِ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ فَقَصَدَهُ جَارِيَةُ فَحَصَرَهَ فِي دَارٍ هُوَ وَجَمَاعَةٌ مَعَهُ - قِيلَ: كَانَ عَدَدُهُمْ أَرْبَعِينَ رَجُلًا. وَقِيلَ: سَبْعِينَ - فَحَرَّقَهُمْ بِالنَّارِ، بَعْدَ أَنْ أَعْذَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَأَنْذَرَهُمْ ; فَلَمْ يَقْبَلُوا وَلَمْ يَرْجِعُوا عَمَّا جَاءُوا لَهُ مِنْ جِهَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ. قتال علي ؓ بني ناجية من الخوارج فَصْلٌ ( قِتَالُ عَلِيٍّ بَنِي نَاجِيَةَ مِنَ الْخَوَارِجِ   ) وَقَدْ صَحَّحَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ أَنَّ قِتَالَ عَلِيٍّ لِأَهْلِ النَّهْرَوَانِ كَانَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ، وَكَذَلِكَ خُرُوجُ الْخِرِّيتِ بْنِ رَاشِدٍ النَّاجِيِّ كَانَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أَيْضًا، وَكَانَ مَعَ الْخِرِّيتِ ثَلَاثُمِائَةِ رَجُلٍ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ بَنِي نَاجِيَةَ - وَكَانَ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ بِالْكُوفَةِ - فَجَاءَ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ فَقَامَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ وَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ يَا عَلِيُّ لَا أُطِيعُ أَمْرَكَ وَلَا أُصَلِّي خَلْفَكَ إِنِّي لَكَ غَدًا لَمُفَارِقٌ. فَقَالَ لَهُ عَلِيٌّ: ثَكِلَتْكَ أُمُّكَ، إِذًا تَعْصِي رَبَّكَ، وَتَنْقُضُ عَهْدَكَ، وَلَا تَضُرُّ إِلَّا نَفْسَكَ، وَلِمَ تَفْعَلُ ذَلِكَ ؟ قَالَ: لِأَنَّكَ حَكَّمْتَ فِي الْكِتَابِ، وَضَعُفْتَ عَنْ قِيَامِ الْحَقِّ إِذْ جَدَّ الْجِدُّ، وَرَكَنْتَ إِلَى الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ، فَأَنَا عَلَيْكَ زَارٍ وَعَلَيْكَ نَاقِمٌ، وَإِنَّا لَكُمْ جَمِيعًا مُبَايِنُونَ. ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ فَسَارَ بِهِمْ نَحْوَ بِلَادِ الْبَصْرَةِ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلِيٌّ مَعْقِلَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، ثُمَّ أَرْدَفَهُ بِخَالِدِ بْنِ مَعْدَانَ الطَّائِيِّ - وَكَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الصَّلَاحِ وَالدِّينِ وَالْبَأْسِ وَالنَّجْدَةِ - وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَسْمَعَ لَهُ وَيُطِيعَ، فَلَمَّا اجْتَمَعُوا صَارُوا جَيْشًا وَاحِدًا، ثُمَّ خَرَجُوا فِي آثَارِ الْخِرِّيتِ وَأَصْحَابِهِ فَلَحِقُوهُمْ، وَقَدْ أَخَذُوا فِي جِبَالِ رَامَهُرْمُزَ قَالَ: فَصَفَفْنَا لَهُمْ ثُمَّ أَقْبَلْنَا إِلَيْهِمْ، فَجَعَلَ مَعْقِلٌ عَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِ يَزِيدَ بْنَ مَعْقِلَ، وَعَلَى مَيْسَرَتِهِ مِنْجَابَ بْنَ رَاشِدٍ الضَّبِّيَّ، وَوَقَفَ الْخِرِّيتُ فِي مَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ فَكَانُوا مَيْمَنَةً، وَجَعَلَ مَنِ اتَّبَعَهُ مِنَ الْأَكْرَادِ وَالْعُلُوجِ مَيْسَرَةً. قَالَ: وَسَارَ فِينَا مَعْقِلُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ فَقَالَ: عِبَادَ اللَّهِ لَا تَبْدَأُوا الْقَوْمَ وَغُضُّوا أَبْصَارَكُمْ، وَأَقِلُّوا الْكَلَامَ، وَوَطِّنُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ عَلَى الطَّعْنِ وَالضَّرْبِ، وَأَبْشِرُوا فِي قِتَالِهِمْ بِالْأَجْرِ، إِنَّمَا تُقَاتِلُونَ مَارِقَةً مَرَقَتْ مِنَ الدِّينِ، وَعُلُوجًا كَسَرُوا الْخَرَاجَ، وَلُصُوصًا وَأَكْرَادًا، فَإِذَا حَمَلْتُ فَشُدُّوا شَدَّةَ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ. ثُمَّ تَقَدَّمَ فَحَرَّكَ دَابَّتَهُ تَحْرِيكَتَيْنِ، ثُمَّ حَمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي الثَّالِثَةِ وَحَمَلْنَا مَعَهُ جَمِيعًا، فَوَاللَّهِ مَا صَبَرُوا لَنَا سَاعَةً وَاحِدَةً حَتَّى وَلَّوْا مُنْهَزِمِينَ، وَقَتَلْنَا مِنَ الْعُلُوجِ وَالْأَكْرَادِ نَحْوًا مِنْ ثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ، وَفَرَّ الْخِرِّيتُ مُنْهَزِمًا حَتَّى لَحِقَ بِأَسْيَافَ - وَبِهَا جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ كَثِيرَةٌ - فَاتَّبَعُوهُ فَقَتَلُوهُ مَعَ جَمَاعَةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ بِسَيْفِ الْبَحْرِ، قَتَلَهُ النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ صُهْبَانَ، وَقُتِلَ مَعَهُ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ مِائَةٌ وَسَبْعُونَ رَجُلًا. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَقَعَاتٍ كَثِيرَةً كَانَتْ فِيهَا بَيْنَ أَصْحَابِ عَلِيٍّ وَالْخَوَارِجِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي عُمَرُ بْنُ شَبَّةَ، ثَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ - يَعْنِي الْمَدَائِنِيَّ - عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ، عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُجَاهِدٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ: لَمَّا قَتَلَ عَلِيٌّ أَهْلَ النَّهْرَوَانِ، خَالَفَهُ قَوْمٌ كَثِيرُونَ، وَانْتَقَضَتْ أَطْرَافُهُ وَخَالَفَهُ بَنُو نَاجِيَةَ، وَقَدِمَ ابْنُ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ، وَانْتَقَضَ أَهْلُ الْجِبَالِ، وَطَمِعَ أَهْلُ الْخَرَاجِ فِي كَسْرِهِ، وَأَخْرَجُوا سَهْلَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ مِنْ فَارِسَ - وَكَانَ عَامِلًا عَلَيْهَا لِعَلِيٍّ - فَأَشَارَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ بِزِيَادِ بْنِ أَبِيهِ أَنْ يُوَلِّيَهُ إِيَّاهَا فَوَلَّاهُ إِيَّاهَا، فَسَارَ إِلَيْهَا فِي السَّنَةِ الْآتِيَةِ فِي جَمْعٍ كَثِيرٍ، فَوَطِئَهُمْ حَتَّى أَدَّوُا الْخَرَاجَ. من حج بالناس في هذه السنة قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَغَيْرُهُ: وَحَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ قُثَمُ بْنُ الْعَبَّاسِ، نَائِبُ عَلِيٍّ عَلَى مَكَّةَ، وَكَانَ أَخُوهُ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ نَائِبَ الْيَمَنِ، وَأَخُوهُمَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ نَائِبَ الْبَصْرَةِ، وَأَخُوهُمْ تَمَّامُ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ نَائِبَ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَعَلَى خُرَاسَانَ خَالِدُ بْنُ قُرَّةَ الْيَرْبُوعِيُّ، وَقِيلَ: ابْنُ أَبْزَى، وَاسْتَقَرَّتْ مِصْرُ بِيَدِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَاسْتَنَابَ عَلَيْهَا عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.

Translation

✧ Then the year thirty-eight began Muʿāwiyah sent ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ to Egypt In it, Muʿāwiyah sent ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ to the lands of Egypt to take it from Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. Muʿāwiyah appointed ʿAmr as his deputy over it, and that is as we shall explain. ʿAlī, ؓ, had appointed over it Qays b. Saʿd b. ʿUbādah, and he had seized it from the hand of Muḥammad b. Abī Ḥudhayfah, who had taken it from Ibn Abī Sarḥ, ʿUthmān's deputy over it. ʿUthmān had dismissed ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ from it, and ʿAmr was the one who had conquered it, as has preceded. Then ʿAlī dismissed Qays b. Saʿd from it and appointed Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr over it. Qays had been a match for Muʿāwiyah and ʿAmr, but when Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr was appointed, he did not have the strength to equal Muʿāwiyah and ʿAmr. When Qays b. Saʿd was dismissed from it, he returned to Madinah, then went to ʿAlī in Iraq and remained with him. Muʿāwiyah used to say: By Allah, Qays b. Saʿd being with ʿAlī is more hateful to me than a hundred thousand fighters who would be with him in his place. When ʿAlī finished from Ṣiffīn and learned that the people of Egypt had made light of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr because he was a young man of twenty-six years or so, ʿAlī resolved to send Qays b. Saʿd back to it. ʿAlī had made him commander of his shurṭah. It is said that he kept Qays with him and appointed al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī over Egypt, and he had been his deputy over Mosul and Naṣībīn. He wrote to him, summoned him, and appointed him over Egypt. The appointment of al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī over Egypt in place of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr and the killing of al-Ashtar When Muʿāwiyah learned of the appointment of al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī over Egypt in place of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr, and knew that al-Ashtar would prevent it from him because of his boldness and courage, al-Ashtar set out toward it. When he reached al-Qulzum, al-Jāysār met him—he was ʿAlī's supervisor over the land tax—and he presented food to him and gave him a drink of honey, and he died from it. When that reached Muʿāwiyah, ʿAmr, and the people of Syria, they said: Indeed Allah has soldiers of honey. Ibn Jarīr mentioned in his History that Muʿāwiyah had previously instructed this man to contrive against al-Ashtar and kill him, and promised him things for that, so he did it. There is some question about this, and assuming it is true, Muʿāwiyah considered it permissible to kill al-Ashtar because he was one of the killers of ʿUthmān, ؓ. The point is that Muʿāwiyah and the people of Syria rejoiced greatly at the death of al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī. ʿAlī's appointment of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr over the lands of Egypt again after al-Ashtar When that reached ʿAlī, he grieved over his courage and his service, and wrote to Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr confirming his continuation in the lands of Egypt. But his resolve weakened, along with the opposition against him from the ʿUthmānīs who were in the town of Khiribtā. Their affair had grown strong when ʿAlī returned from Ṣiffīn, and what happened with the arbitration happened, and when the people of Iraq held back from fighting the people of Syria with him. When the arbitration concluded at Dūmat al-Jandal, the people of Syria had acclaimed Muʿāwiyah as caliph, and their affair became very strong. At that point, Muʿāwiyah gathered his commanders: ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, Shuraḥbīl b. al-Simṭ, Ḥabīb b. Maslamah, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Khālid b. al-Walīd, al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays, Busr b. Abī Arṭāh, Abū al-Aʿwar al-Sulamī, Ḥamzah b. Sinān al-Hamdānī, and others, and consulted them about marching to Egypt. They responded to him and said: Go wherever you wish, we are with you. Muʿāwiyah designated its governorship for ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ if he conquered it. ʿAmr rejoiced at that, then said to Muʿāwiyah: I think you should send to them a man with a trusted army, knowledgeable in war, for there is a group there who support ʿUthmān and will help him fight those who oppose them. Muʿāwiyah said: But I think I should send a letter to our partisans there informing them of our coming, and send to our opponents a letter calling them to peace. Muʿāwiyah said to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ: You, ʿAmr, are a man blessed in haste, and I am a man blessed in deliberateness. ʿAmr said: Do what Allah shows you, and I do not think your affair and theirs will end in anything but all-out war. At that point, Muʿāwiyah wrote to Maslamah b. Mukhallad al-Anṣārī and to Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj al-Sakūnī—they were the two leaders of the ʿUthmānīs in the lands of Egypt, and they were among those who had not pledged allegiance to ʿAlī and did not obey the commands of his deputies in Egypt, with about ten thousand men—informing them of the army's swift arrival. He sent it with a mawlā of his called Subayʿ. When the letter reached Maslamah and Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj, they rejoiced and replied with glad tidings, help, and support for him and for whomever he sent of the army. At that point, Muʿāwiyah equipped ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ with six thousand men, and went out with him to bid farewell, advising him to fear Allah, to be gentle, to act deliberately and with patience, to kill those who fight and pardon those who turn away, and to call people to peace and unity. When you prevail, let your supporters be the most favored of people to you. The entry of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ into Egypt ʿAmr marched, and when he entered Egypt, the ʿUthmānīs gathered around him and he led them. He wrote to Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr: To proceed: withdraw from me with your blood, for I would not like any harm from me to befall you. The people in these lands have united against you and rejected your authority, and they regret following you. They will hand you over when the two ends of the girth meet. Leave it, for I am one of your sincere advisers. Peace. ʿAmr also sent him Muʿāwiyah's letter to him: To proceed: The consequence of transgression and injustice is a grave calamity, and shedding sacred blood—its doer is not safe from retribution in this world and the destructive burden in the hereafter. We do not know anyone more opposed to ʿUthmān than you when you thrust your spearheads between his throat and his jugular veins. Then you think I am asleep about you or forgetful of your deed, until you come and take command over lands where you are my neighbor and most of whose people are my supporters. I have sent against you armies who seek nearness to Allah by fighting you, and Allah will never let you escape retribution wherever you are. Peace. He said: Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr folded the two letters and sent them to ʿAlī, informing him of ʿAmr's arrival in Egypt with an army from Muʿāwiyah. If you have any need in the land of Egypt, send me money and men. Peace. ʿAlī wrote to him commanding him to be patient and to fight the enemy, and that he would send him men and money and reinforce him with armies. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr wrote to Muʿāwiyah a letter in response to what he said, containing harshness. Likewise, he wrote to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ a letter containing harsh words. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr stood among the people, delivered a sermon, and urged them to jihād and to fight those from the people of Syria who came against them. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ advanced into Egypt with his armies and those of the ʿUthmānīs who joined him, all together about sixteen thousand. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr rode out with about two thousand horsemen—those who had volunteered with him from the people of Egypt. He placed before his army Kinānah b. Bishr, who encountered no one of the Syrians but fought them until he drove them defeated back to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ. The killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ sent against him Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj, who came upon him from behind, and the Syrians advanced until they surrounded him from every side. At that, Kinānah dismounted, saying: And no soul can die except by Allah's permission, at a decreed time [Āl ʿImrān: 145]. Then he fought until he was killed. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr's companions scattered from him, and he went back on foot. He saw a ruin and took refuge in it. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ entered Fusṭāṭ of Egypt, and Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj went in pursuit of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. He passed by some non-Arabs on the road and said to them: Did anyone pass by you whom you found strange? They said: No. One of them said: I saw a man sitting in this ruin. He said: It is he, by the Lord of the Kaʿbah. They entered upon him and brought him out—he was nearly dying of thirst. His brother ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr went to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ—he had come with him to Egypt—and said: Will my brother be killed in cold blood? ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ sent to Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj to bring him Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr and not kill him. Muʿāwiyah said: No, by Allah. They kill Kinānah b. Bishr and I leave Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr? He was among those who killed ʿUthmān. Did they not refuse ʿUthmān water when he asked? Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr asked them to give him a drink of water. Muʿāwiyah said: May Allah never give me drink if I ever give you a drop of water. You prevented ʿUthmān from drinking water until you killed him while fasting and in iḥrām, and Allah received him with the sealed nectar. Ibn Jarīr mentioned that Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr reviled this Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj and insulted him, and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, and Muʿāwiyah, and also ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān. At that, Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj became angry, brought him forward, and killed him. Then he put him in the carcass of a donkey and burned him with fire. The grief of ʿĀʾishah ؓ over the killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr When that reached ʿĀʾishah, she grieved deeply for him, took his family under her care—among them his son al-Qāsim—and began to supplicate against Muʿāwiyah and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ after the prayers. Al-Wāqidī mentioned that ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ came to Egypt with four thousand men, among them Abū al-Aʿwar al-Sulamī, and they met the Egyptians at al-Musannāh and fought a fierce battle until Kinānah b. Bishr b. Ghayyāth al-Tujībī was killed. At that, Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr fled and hid with a man called Jabalah b. Masrūq. He was pointed out, and Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj and his companions came and surrounded him. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr came out to them and fought until he was killed. Al-Wāqidī said: That was in Ṣafar of this year. Al-Wāqidī said: When Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr was killed, ʿAlī sent al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī to Egypt, and he died on the way. Allah knows best. The killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Ḥudhayfah b. ʿUtbah He said: Adhruḥ was in Shaʿbān of this year as well. When Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr was killed, ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ wrote to Muʿāwiyah informing him of what had happened and that Allah had opened for him the lands of Egypt, and they had returned to obedience. Hishām b. Muḥammad al-Kalbī claimed that Muḥammad b. Abī Ḥudhayfah b. ʿUtbah was seized in this year after the killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr—though al-Wāqidī and others mentioned that Muḥammad b. Abī Ḥudhayfah was killed in the year thirty-six, as we have stated. Allah knows best. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ's declaring lawful the wealth of a Copt of Egypt From Yazīd b. Abī Ḥabīb: ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ declared lawful the wealth of a Copt of the Copts of Egypt because it was established to him that he used to reveal the Muslims' weak points to the Byzantines—writing to them about that. He extracted from his wealth fifty-some irdabbs of dinars. Abū Ṣāliḥ said: An irdabb is six waybahs, and a waybah is like a qafīz. We examined the waybah and found it to be thirty-nine thousand dinars. I say: On this basis, the total of what he took from him would be thirteen million dinars. The grief of ʿAlī ؓ over the killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr and his prayer for mercy on him Abū Mikhnaf said with his chain: When the killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr reached ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, along with what had happened, and ʿAmr's taking possession of Egypt, and the people's uniting behind him and Muʿāwiyah, he stood among the people as a preacher and urged them to jihād, patience, and marching against their enemies from the Syrians and Egyptians. He appointed for them al-Jarʿah between Kufa and al-Ḥīrah. The next day, he went out walking to it until he stopped there, but not one of them came out to him. In the evening, he sent for their nobles, and they entered upon him while he was sad and dejected. He stood among them as a preacher and said: Praise be to Allah for what He has decreed and determined, and for testing me with you and with those who do not obey when I command and do not respond when I call. Is it not astonishing that Muʿāwiyah calls the coarse rabble and they follow him without pay or support, and they answer him two or three times a year to whatever direction he wishes, while I call you—you who are people of understanding and the remnant of the people—with support and pay, and you disperse, flee from me, disobey me, and oppose me? Mālik b. Kaʿb al-Hamdānī, then al-Arḥabī, stood up to him and called on the people to comply with ʿAlī's command and to hear and obey him. Two thousand volunteered, and he appointed Mālik b. Kaʿb over them. He marched with them for five [days], then a group of those who had been with Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr in Egypt came to ʿAlī and informed him how the affair had occurred, how Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr was killed, and how ʿAmr's rule became established there. He sent to Mālik b. Kaʿb and brought him back from the road, fearing for them from the people of Syria before they reached Egypt. The affair of the Iraqis settled into opposing ʿAlī in what he commanded and forbade them, rebelling against him, criticizing his judgments, rejecting his words, and undoing his resolutions, because of their ignorance, lack of intellect, coarseness, harshness, and the wickedness of many of them. When the news from Egypt and what befell it and the killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr came to ʿAlī, he grieved greatly for Muḥammad, prayed for mercy on him, and sadness and dejection were seen on him, along with the opposition of the people of Iraq that had gathered against him. Then he said to the people: By Allah, I am indeed worthy and knowledgeable of the positions of war. I know the face of sound judgment, and I stand among you with the right opinion. I cry out to you openly, and I call you with the call of one seeking help, but I see no helper among you, nor do you listen to my words or obey my command, until affairs lead me to evil ends. By Allah, you are a people with whom no vengeance is achieved. I called you to aid your brothers for fifty nights, and you rumbled like a slack-jawed camel and clung heavily to the ground like one who has no intention of fighting the enemy or earning reward. Then some of you came out to me as if they were being driven to death while they looked on. Fie on you. The people's opposition to ʿAlī and his complaint to Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ Then ʿAlī wrote at that time to Ibn ʿAbbās—who was his deputy over Baṣrah—complaining to him of the opposition he was encountering from the people, saying: “I called them to the aid of their brethren; of them some came unwillingly, and some excused themselves falsely. I ask Allah to grant me relief and a way out from them, and to give me rest from them soon. Were it not for the martyrdom I seek, I would have loved not to remain with these people for a single day. May Allah’s resolve be for us and for you upon fear of Him and His guidance; indeed, He is capable of all things. And peace.” Ibn ʿAbbās replied, consoling him about the people and condoling him for Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr, urging him to gentleness toward the people and patience with their wrongdoers, for Allah’s reward is better and more lasting. He said to him: “People sometimes become sluggish, then become active; so be gentle with them, O Commander of the Faithful.” Then Ibn ʿAbbās rode from Baṣrah to ʿAlī, who was in Kūfah, and Ibn ʿAbbās appointed Ziyād as his deputy over Baṣrah. Muʿāwiyah sent ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr al-Ḥaḍramī to Baṣrah In this year Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān sent a letter with ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr al-Ḥaḍramī to the people of Baṣrah, summoning them to acknowledge what ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ had adjudicated for him. When he arrived, he alighted among the Banū Tamīm, who granted him protection. Ziyād rose against him, and ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib sent Aʿyan b. Ḍubayʿah with a group of people. They attacked them and fought, and Aʿyan b. Ḍubayʿah, the commander of the detachment that ʿAlī sent, was killed. Ziyād, the deputy of Ibn ʿAbbās, wrote to ʿAlī informing him of the opposition that had occurred in Baṣrah after Ibn ʿAbbās left it. At that point ʿAlī sent Jāriyah b. Qudāmah al-Tamīmī with fifty men to his people, the Banū Tamīm, and wrote a letter with him to them. Most of them turned away from Ibn al-Ḥaḍramī, so Jāriyah went after him and besieged him in a house with a group with him—it is said their number was forty men, and it is said seventy—and burned them with fire, after he had made the case clear to them and warned them; but they did not accept and did not turn back from what they had come for on behalf of Muʿāwiyah. ʿAlī’s fighting the Banū Nājiyah of the Khawārij Section: ʿAlī’s fighting the Banū Nājiyah of the Khawārij Ibn Jarīr has affirmed that ʿAlī’s fighting the people of Nahrawān was in this year, and likewise the rebellion of al-Khirrīt b. Rāshid al-Nājī was also in this year. With al-Khirrīt were three hundred men of his people, the Banū Nājiyah—and he was with ʿAlī in Kūfah. He came to ʿAlī, stood before him, and said: “By Allah, O ʿAlī, I will not obey your command nor pray behind you; tomorrow I shall part from you.” ʿAlī said to him: “May your mother be bereaved of you! Then you disobey your Lord, break your covenant, and harm none but yourself. Why would you do that?” He said: “Because you have arbitrated concerning the Book, and you weakened in upholding the truth when the matter became serious, and you inclined toward the wrongdoing people. I am critical of you and resentful of you, and we shall separate from all of you.” Then he returned to his companions and marched with them toward the lands of Baṣrah. ʿAlī sent Maʿqil b. Qays after them, then reinforced him with Khālid b. Maʿdān al-Ṭāʾī—who was a man of piety, religion, courage, and bravery—and commanded him to listen to him and obey him. When they gathered, they became one army, then they went out in pursuit of al-Khirrīt and his companions and caught up with them while they had entered the mountains of Rāmahurmuz. He said: We drew up in ranks against them, then advanced toward them. Maʿqil placed Yazīd b. Maʿqil on his right wing, and on his left wing Minjāb b. Rāshid al-Ḍabbī. Al-Khirrīt stood with the Arabs with him as a right wing, and he placed those who followed him of the Kurds and the non-Arab peasants as a left wing. He said: Maʿqil b. Qays moved among us and said: “Servants of Allah, do not begin against the people; lower your gazes, speak little, and steel yourselves for thrusting and striking. Rejoice in reward for fighting them; you are fighting renegades who have apostatized from the religion, and non-Arab peasants who have withheld the land tax, and thieves and Kurds. When I charge, then charge as one man.” Then he advanced, stirred his mount twice, then charged upon them on the third, and we all charged with him. By Allah, they did not withstand us for a single hour before they turned in flight. We killed about three hundred of the non-Arab peasants and Kurds, and al-Khirrīt fled in defeat until he reached the coast—where there was a large group of his people—so they followed him and killed him with a group of his companions at the seashore. Al-Nuʿmān b. Ṣuhbān killed him, and one hundred and seventy men were killed with him in the battle. Then Ibn Jarīr mentioned many battles that took place between the companions of ʿAlī and the Khawārij. Then he said: ʿUmar b. Shabbah narrated to me, Abū al-Ḥasan—meaning al-Madāʾinī—ʿAlī b. Muḥammad narrated, from ʿAlī b. Mujāhid, who said: Al-Shaʿbī said: When ʿAlī killed the people of Nahrawān, many people opposed him, his borders were breached, the Banū Nājiyah opposed him, Ibn al-Ḥaḍramī arrived in Baṣrah, the people of the mountains rebelled, the people of the land tax hoped to break it, and they expelled Sahl b. Ḥunayf from Fārs—he was ʿAlī’s governor there. Ibn ʿAbbās advised that Ziyād b. Abīhi be appointed over it, so he appointed him over it. He marched there in the following year with a large force and subdued them until they paid the land tax. Who led the pilgrimage for the people in this year Ibn Jarīr and others said: Qutham b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAlī’s deputy over Makkah, led the people in pilgrimage this year. His brother ʿUbayd Allāh b. ʿAbbās was deputy over Yemen, their brother ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās was deputy over Baṣrah, their brother Tammām b. ʿAbbās was deputy over Madīnah, and over Khurāsān was Khālid b. Qurrah al-Yarbūʿī—and it is said Ibn Abzā. Egypt remained in the hand of Muʿāwiyah, who appointed ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ as his deputy over it. And Allah knows best.

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