Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2056
The caliphate of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib
بَابُ خِلَافَةِ عَلِيٍّ رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ أَوَّلُ مَنْ بَايَعَهُ قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَنَفِيَّةِ ؓ: كُنْتُ مَعَ أَبِي حِينَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ ؓ، فَقَامَ فَدَخَلَ مَنْزِلَهُ، فَأَتَاهُ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالُوا لَهُ: إِنَّ هَذَا الرَّجُلَ قَدْ قُتِلَ، وَلَا بُدَّ لِلنَّاسِ مِنْ إِمَامٍ، وَلَا نَجِدُ الْيَوْمَ أَحَدًا أَحَقَّ بِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ مِنْكَ، لَا أَقْدَمَ سَابِقَةً، وَلَا أَقْرَبَ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: لَا تَفْعَلُوا، فَإِنِّي أَكُونُ وَزِيرًا خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَنْ أَكُونَ أَمِيرًا، فَقَالُوا: لَا وَاللَّهِ مَا نَحْنُ بِفَاعِلِينَ حَتَّى نُبَايِعَكَ، قَالَ: فَفِي الْمَسْجِدِ، فَإِنَّ بَيْعَتِي لَا تَكُونُ إِلَّا عَنْ رِضَا الْمُسْلِمِينَ. فَدَخَلَ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَالْأَنْصَارُ فَبَايَعُوهُ، ثُمَّ بَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ. وَقِيلَ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ بَايَعَهُ طَلْحَةُ . وَعَنْ قَيْسٍ، قَالَ: رَأَى أَعْرَابِيٌّ طَلْحَةَ يُبَايِعُ عَلِيًّا ؓ، قَالَ: يَدٌ شَلَّاءُ وَأَمْرٌ لَا يَتِمُّ. وَقَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ: أَرْسَلَ إِلَى طَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرِ فَدَعَاهُمَا إِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ فَتَلَكَّأَ طَلْحَةُ، فَقَالَ الْأَشْتَرُ وَسَلَّ سَيْفَهُ: وَاللَّهِ لِتَبُايِعَنَّ أَوْ لَأَضْرِبَنَّ بِهِ بَيْنَ عَيْنَيْكَ، فَقَالَ طَلْحَةُ: وَأَيْنَ الْمَذْهَبُ عَنْهُ، فَبَايَعَهُ وَبَايَعَهُ الزُّبَيْرُ. من لم يبايعه من الصحابة وَهَرَبَ قَوْمٌ إِلَى الشَّامِ فَلَمْ يُبَايِعُوهُ، وَلَمْ يُبَايِعْهُ قُدَامَةُ بْنُ مَظْعُونٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَلَامٍ، وَالْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ. قَالَ حَبِيبُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْهَاشِمِيُّ: تَرَبَّصَ سَبْعَةً فَلَمْ يُبَايِعُوهُ: سَعْدٌ، وَابْنُ عُمَرَ، وَصُهَيْبٌ، وَزَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَسَلَمَةُ بْنُ سَلَامِ بْنِ وَقْشٍ، وَأُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ. أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَوَادٍ، وَطَلْحَةُ بْنُ الْأَعْلَمِ، وَأَبُو حَارِثَةَ، وَأَبُو عُثْمَانَ، قَالُوا: بَقِيَتِ الْمَدِينَةُ بَعْدَ قَتْلِ عُثْمَانَ خَمْسَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَأَمِيرُهَا الْغَافِقِيُّ يَلْتَمِسُونَ مَنْ يُجِيبُهُمْ إِلَى الْقِيَامِ بِالْأَمْرِ فَلَا يَجِدُونَهُ، يَأْتِي الْمِصْرِيُّونَ عَلِيًّا فَيَخْتَبِئُ مِنْهُمْ وَيَلُوذُ بِحِيطَانِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَإِذَا لَقُوهُ بَاعَدَهُمْ وَتَبَرَّأَ مِنْهُمْ وَمِنْ مَقَالَتِهِمْ مَرَّةً بَعْدَ مَرَّةٍ، وَيَطْلُبُ الْكُوفِيُّونَ الزُّبَيْرَ فَلَا يَجِدُونَهُ، فَأَرْسَلُوا إِلَيْهِ حَيْثُ هُوَ رُسُلًا فَبَاعَدَهُمْ وَتَبَرَّأَ مِنْهُمْ، وَيَطْلُبُ الْبَصْرِيُّونَ طَلْحَةَ فَإِذَا لَقُوهُ بَاعَدَهُمْ وَتَبَرَّأَ مِنْ مَقَالَتِهِمْ مَرَّةً بَعْدَ مَرَّةٍ، وَكَانُوا مُجْتَمِعِينَ عَلَى قَتْلِ عُثْمَانَ مُخْتَلِفِينَ فِيمَنْ يَهْوَوْنَ، فَلَمَّا لَمْ يَجِدُوا مُمَالِئًا وَلَا مُجِيبًا جَمَعَهُمُ الشَّرُّ عَلَى أَوَّلِ مَنْ أَجَابَهُمْ، وَقَالُوا: لَا نُوَلِّي أَحَدًا مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةِ، فَبَعَثُوا إِلَى سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، فَقَالُوا: إِنَّكَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشُّورَى، وَرَأْيُنَا فِيكَ مُجْتَمِعٌ، فَأَقْدِمْ نُبَايِعْكَ ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ: إِنِّي وَابْنُ عَمِّي خَرَجْنَا مِنْهَا فَلَا حَاجَةَ لِي فِيهَا عَلَى حَالٍ، وَتَمَثَّلَ: لَا تَخْلِطَنَّ خَبِيثَاتٍ بِطَيِّبَةٍ وَاخْلَعْ ثِيَابَكَ مِنْهَا وَانْجُ عُرْيَانَا ثُمَّ وَجَدُوا سَعْدًا وَالزُّبَيْرَ خَارِجَيْنِ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَطَلْحَةُ فِي حَائِطٍ لَهُ، وَبَنِي أُمَيَّةَ قَدْ هَرَبُوا إِلَّا مَنْ لَمْ يُطِقِ الْهَرَبَ، وَكَانَ الْوَلِيدُ وَسَعِيدٌ وَمَرْوَانُ قَدْ لَحِقُوا بِمَكَّةَ. ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمْ لَقُوا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، فَقَالُوا: أَنْتَ ابْنَ عُمَرَ فَقُمْ بِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ لِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ انْتِقَامًا، وَاللَّهِ لَا أَتَعَرَّضُ لَهُ، فَالْتَمِسُوا غَيْرِي. فَبَقُوا حَيَارَى لَا يَدْرُونَ مَا يَصْنَعُونَ. وَعَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ وَطَلْحَةَ، قَالَا: قَالُوا: يَا أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ قَدْ أَجَّلْنَاكُمْ يَوْمَكُمْ، فَوَ اللَّهِ لَئِنْ لَمْ تَفْرُغُوا لَنَقْتُلَنَّ غَدًا عَلِيًّا وَطَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرَ وَأُنَاسًا كَثِيرًا، فَغَشِيَ النَّاسُ عَلِيًّا، فَقَالُوا: نُبَايِعُكَ فَقَدْ تَرَى مَا نَزَلَ بِالْإِسْلَامِ، فَقَالَ: دَعُونِي وَالْتَمِسُوا غَيْرِي، فَقَالُوا: نَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ إِلَّا مَا فَعَلْتَ، فَقَالَ: قَدْ أَجَبْتُكُمْ لِمَا أَرَى، وَاعْلَمُوا أَنِّي إِنْ أَجَبْتُكُمْ رَكَّبْتُ بِكُمْ مَا أَعْلَمُ، وَإِنْ تَرَكْتُمُونِي فَإِنَّمَا أَنَا كَأَحَدِكُمْ، إِلَّا أَنِّي أَسْمَعُكُمْ وَأَطْوَعُكُمْ. فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحُوا مِنْ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ حَضَرَ النَّاسُ الْمَسْجِدَ، وَجَاءَ عَلِيٌّ حَتَّى صَعِدَ الْمِنْبَرَ، وَجَاءُوا بِطَلْحَةَ فَقَالُوا: بَايِعْ، فَقَالَ: إِنِّي إِنَّمَا أُبَايِعُ كَرْهًا، فَبَايَعَ أَوَّلَ النَّاسِ، وَكَانَ بِهِ شَلَلٌ، فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ يَعْتَافُ: إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ، أَوَّلُ يَدٍ بَايَعَتْ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ يَدٌ شَلَّاءُ، لَا يَتِمُّ هَذَا الْأَمْرُ. ثُمَّ جِيءَ بِالزُّبَيْرِ فَقَالَ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ بَايَعَ. ثُمَّ جِيءَ بِقَوْمٍ كَانُوا قَدْ تَخَلَّفُوا، فَقَالُوا: نُبَايِعُ عَلَى إِقَامَةِ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ فِي الْقَرِيبِ وَالْبَعِيدِ، وَالْعَزِيزِ وَالذَّلِيلِ، فَبَايَعَهُمْ، ثُمَّ قَامَ الْعَامَّةُ فَبَايَعُوهُ. وقت مبايعة علي ؓ وَبُويِعَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ يَوْمَ الْجُمْعَةِ لِخَمْسٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ. وَعَنْ عَيَّاشُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: بُويِعَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ بِالْمَدِينَةِ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ حِينَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ، لِاثْنَتَيْ عَشْرَةَ لَيْلَةً بَقِيَتْ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ، فَاسْتَقَبَلَ الْمُحَرَّمَ سَنَةَ سِتٍّ وَثَلَاثِينَ [قَالَ غَيْرُ عَيَّاشٍ ]: كَانَتْ بَيْعَتُهُ فِي دَارِ عَمْرِو بْنِ مِحْصَنٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ، [ثُمَّ أَحَدِ بَنِي عَمْرِو بْنِ مَبْذُولٍ ] يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ، ثُمَّ بُويِعَ بَيْعَتَهُ الْعَامَّةَ مِنَ الْغَدِ يَوْمَ السَّبْتِ فِي مَسْجِدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. أول خطبة بعد البيعة وَكَانَ أَوَّلُ خُطْبَةٍ خَطَبَهَا أَنَّهُ حَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى أَنْزَلَ كِتَابًا هَادِيًا بَيَّنَ فِيهِ الْخَيْرَ وَالشَّرَّ، فَخُذُوا بِالْخَيْرِ وَدَعُوا الشَّرَّ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ حُرُمًا مُجْمَلَةً، وَفَضَّلَ حُرْمَةَ الْمُسْلِمِ عَلَى الْحُرُمِ كُلِّهَا، وَشَدَّ بِالْإِخْلَاصِ وَالتَّوْحِيدِ حُقُوقَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَالْمُسْلِمُ مَنْ سَلِمَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ لِسَانِهِ وَيَدِهِ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ، لَا يَحِلُّ أَذَى مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا بِمَا يَجِبُ، بَادِرُوا أَمْرَ الْعَامَّةِ، وَخَاصَّةُ أَحَدِكُمُ الْمَوْتُ، فَإِنَّ النَّاسَ أَمَامَكُمْ وَإِنَّمَا خَلْفَكُمُ السَّاعَةُ تَحْدُوكُمْ فَتَخَفَّفُوا تَلْحَقُوا، فَإِنَّمَا يَنْتَظِرُ النَّاسُ أُخْرَاهُمُ، اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ عِبَادَهُ فِي عِبَادِهِ وَبِلَادِهِ، إِنَّكُمْ مَسْئُولُونَ حَتَّى عَنِ الْبِقَاعِ وَالْبَهَائِمِ، أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَلَا تَعْصُوهُ، وَإِذَا رَأَيْتُمُ الْخَيْرَ فَخُذُوا بِهِ وَإِذَا رَأَيْتُمُ الشَّرَّ فَدَعُوهُ: وَاذْكُرُوا إِذْ أَنْتُمْ قَلِيلٌ مُسْتَضْعَفُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ [ الْأَنْفَالِ: 26 ] فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ خُطْبَتِهِ قَالَ الْمِصْرِيُّونَ: خُذْهَا إِلَيْكَ وَاحْذَرَنْ أَبَا الْحَسَنْ إِنَّا نُمِرُّ الْأَمْرَ إِمْرَارَ الرَّسَنْ صَوْلَةَ أَقْوَامٍ كَأَسْدَادِ السُّفُنْ بِمَشْرَفِيَّاتٍ كَغُدْرَانِ اللَّبَنْ وَنَطْعُنُ الْمُلْكَ بِلِينٍ كَالشَّطَنْ حَتَّى يُمَرَّنَّ عَلَى غَيْرِ عَنَنْ فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ مُجِيبًا لَهُمْ: إِنِّي عَجَزْتُ عَجْزَةً لَا أَعْتَذِرْ سَوْفَ أَكِيسُ بَعْدَهَا وَأَسْتَمِرْ أَرْفَعُ مِنْ ذَيْلِيَ مَا كُنْتُ أَجُرْ وَأَجْمَعُ الْأَمْرَ الشَّتِيتَ الْمُنْتَشِرْ إِنْ لَمْ يُشَاغِبْنِي الْعَجُولُ الْمُنْتَصِرْ أَوْ يَتْرُكُونِي وَالسِّلَاحُ يُبْتَدَرْ نواب الأمصار الذين مات عنهم عثمان ؓ وَكَانَ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ، وَعَلَى الْحَرْبِ الْقَعْقَاعُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، وَعَلَى الْخَرَاجِ جَابِرُ بْنُ فُلَانٍ الْمُزَنِيُّ، وَعَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَامِرٍ، وَعَلَى مِصْرَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ، وَقَدْ تَغَلَّبَ عَلَيْهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ، وَعَلَى الشَّامِ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَنُوَّابُهُ ; عَلَى حِمْصَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، وَعَلَى قِنَّسْرِينَ حَبِيبُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَعَلَى الْأُرْدُنِّ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ، وَعَلَى فِلَسْطِينَ عَلْقَمَةُ بْنُ حَكِيمٍ، وَعَلَى أَذْرَبِيجَانَ الْأَشْعَثُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَعَلَى قَرْقِيسْيَاءَ جَرِيرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبَجَلِيُّ، وَعَلَى حُلْوَانَ عُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ النَّهَّاسِ، وَعَلَى مَاهَ مَالِكُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، وَعَلَى هَمَذَانَ النُّسَيْرُ. هَذَا مَا ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ مِنْ نُوَّابِ عُثْمَانَ الَّذِينَ تُوَفِّيَ وَهُمْ نُوَّابُ الْأَمْصَارِ، وَكَانَ عَلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ عُقْبَةُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، وَعَلَى قَضَاءِ الْمَدِينَةِ زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ. المطالبة بأخذ ثأر عثمان ؓ وَلَمَّا قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ خَرَجَ النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ بَشِيرٍ وَمَعَهُ قَمِيصُ عُثْمَانَ مُضَمَّخٌ بِدَمِهِ، وَمَعَهُ أَصَابِعُ نَائِلَةَ الَّتِي أُصِيبَتْ حِينَ جَاحَفَتْ عَنْهُ بِيَدِهَا، فَقُطِعَتْ مَعَ بَعْضِ الْكَفِّ فَوَرَدَ بِهِ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بِالشَّامِ، فَوَضَعَهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ لِيَرَاهُ النَّاسُ، وَعَلَّقَ الْأَصَابِعَ فِي كُمِّ الْقَمِيصِ، وَنَدَبَ النَّاسَ إِلَى الْأَخْذِ بِثَأْرِ هَذَا الدَّمِ وَصَاحِبِهِ، فَتَبَاكَى النَّاسُ حَوْلَ الْمِنْبَرِ، وَجَعَلَ الْقَمِيصُ يُرْفَعُ تَارَةً وَيُوضَعُ تَارَةً، وَالنَّاسُ يَتَبَاكَوْنَ حَوْلَهُ سَنَةً، وَحَثَّ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا عَلَى الْأَخْذِ بِثَأْرِهِ، وَاعْتَزَلَ أَكْثَرُ النَّاسِ النِّسَاءَ فِي هَذَا الْعَامِ، وَقَامَ فِي النَّاسِ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَجَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ مَعَهُ يُحَرِّضُونَ النَّاسَ عَلَى الْمُطَالَبَةِ بِدَمِ عُثْمَانَ مِمَّنْ قَتَلَهُ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ الْخَوَارِجِ ; مِنْهُمْ عُبَادَةُ بْنُ الصَّامِتِ، وَأَبُو الدَّرْدَاءِ، وَأَبُو أُمَامَةَ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ عَبَسَةَ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ وَمِنَ التَّابِعِينَ ; شَرِيكُ بْنُ خُبَاشَةَ، وَأَبُو مُسْلِمٍ الْخَوْلَانِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ غَنْمٍ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنَ التَّابِعِينَ. رفض علي المطالبة بأخذ دم عثمان ؓ وَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ أَمْرُ بَيْعَةِ عَلِيٍّ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ طَلْحَةُ وَالزُّبَيْرُ وَرُءُوسُ الصَّحَابَةِ، ؓ، وَطَلَبُوا مِنْهُ إِقَامَةَ الْحُدُودِ، وَالْأَخْذَ بِدَمِ عُثْمَانَ. فَاعْتَذَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ بِأَنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ لَهُمْ مَدَدٌ وَأَعْوَانٌ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يُمْكِنُهُ ذَلِكَ يَوْمَهُ هَذَا، فَطَلَبَ مِنْهُ الزُّبَيْرُ أَنْ يُوَلِّيَهُ إِمْرَةَ الْكُوفَةِ لِيَأْتِيَهُ بِالْجُنُودِ، وَطَلَبَ مِنْهُ طَلْحَةُ أَنْ يُوَلِّيَهُ إِمْرَةَ الْبَصْرَةِ لِيَأْتِيَهُ مِنْهَا بِالْجُنُودِ، لِيَتَقَوَّى بِهِمْ عَلَى شَوْكَةِ هَؤُلَاءِ الْخَوَارِجِ، وَجَهَلَةِ الْأَعْرَابِ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا مَعَهُمْ فِي قَتْلِ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، فَقَالَ لَهُمَا: حَتَّى أَنْظُرَ فِي هَذَا. وَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ عَلَى إِثْرِ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنِّي أَرَى أَنْ تُقِرَّ عُمَّالَكَ عَلَى الْبِلَادِ، فَإِذَا أَتَتْكَ طَاعَتُهُمُ اسْتَبْدَلْتَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِمَنْ شِئْتَ وَتَرَكْتَ مَنْ شِئْتَ. ثُمَّ جَاءَهُ مِنَ الْغَدِ فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنِّي أَرَى أَنْ تَعْزِلَهُمْ لِتَعْلَمَ مَنْ يُطِيعُكَ مِمَّنْ يَعْصِيكَ. فَعَرَضَ ذَلِكَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَى ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فَقَالَ: لَقَدْ نَصَحَكَ بِالْأَمْسِ وَغَشَّكَ الْيَوْمَ. فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ الْمُغِيرَةَ فَقَالَ: نَعَمْ نَصَحْتُهُ فَلَمَّا لَمْ يَقْبَلْ غَشَشْتُهُ. ثُمَّ خَرَجَ الْمُغِيرَةُ فَلَحِقَ بِمَكَّةَ، وَلَحِقَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْهُمْ طَلْحَةُ وَالزُّبَيْرُ بِمَكَّةَ، وَكَانُوا قَدِ اسْتَأْذَنُوا عَلِيًّا فِي الِاعْتِمَارِ فَأَذِنَ لَهُمْ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ أَشَارَ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ بِاسْتِمْرَارِهِ بِنُوَّابِهِ فِي الْبِلَادِ إِلَى حِينِ يَتَمَكَّنُ الْأَمْرُ، وَأَنْ يُقِرَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ خُصُوصًا عَلَى الشَّامِ وَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنِّي أَخْشَى إِنْ عَزَلْتَهُ عَنْهَا أَنْ يُطَالِبَكَ بِدَمِ عُثْمَانَ، وَلَا آمَنُ طَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرَ أَنْ يَكِرَّا عَلَيْكَ بِسَبَبِ ذَلِكَ. فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ: إِنِّي لَا أَرَى هَذَا، وَلَكِنِ اذْهَبْ أَنْتَ إِلَى الشَّامِ فَقَدْ وَلَّيْتُكَهَا. فَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: إِنِّي أَخْشَى مِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ أَنْ يَقْتُلَنِي بِعُثْمَانَ، أَوْ يَحْبِسَنِي لِقَرَابَتِي مِنْكَ، وَلَكِنِ اكْتُبْ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ فَمَنِّهِ وَعِدْهُ. فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ هَذَا مَا لَا يَكُونُ أَبَدًا. فَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنَّ الْحَرْبَ خَدْعَةٌ كَمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ أَطَعْتَنِي لَأُورِدَنَّهُمْ بَعْدَ صَدْرِهِمْ. وَنَهَى ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَلِيًّا فِيمَا أَشَارَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَقْبَلَ مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الَّذِينَ يُحَسِّنُونَ لَهُ الدُّخُولَ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ، وَمُفَارَقَةَ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَأَبَى عَلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ كُلَّهُ، وَطَاوَعَ أَمْرَ أُولَئِكَ الْأُمَرَاءِ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ الْخَوَارِجِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْأَمْصَارِ.
Translation
✧ The Caliphate of ʿAlī, ؓ The first to pledge allegiance to him Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyyah ؓ said: I was with my father when ʿUthmān ؓ was killed. He arose and entered his house. The Companions of the Messenger of God ﷺ came to him and said: "This man has been killed, and the people must have an imam. Today we find no one more entitled to this matter than you—no one more advanced in precedence or closer to the Messenger of God ﷺ." He said: "Do not do this, for I would rather be a minister than an amir." They said: "No, by God, we will not do so until we pledge allegiance to you." He said: "Then in the mosque, for my pledge of allegiance must only take place with the Muslims' consent." The Emigrants and the Helpers entered and pledged allegiance to him, then the people pledged allegiance. It is said: The first to pledge allegiance to him was Ṭalḥah. On the authority of Qays, who said: A Bedouin saw Ṭalḥah pledging allegiance to ʿAlī ؓ and said: "A withered hand and a matter that will not be completed." Al-Zuhrī said: He sent for Ṭalḥah and al-Zubayr and summoned them to pledge allegiance. Ṭalḥah hesitated. Al-Ashtar drew his sword and said: "By God, you will pledge allegiance or I will strike you between the eyes with it." Ṭalḥah said: "And where is escape from it?" So he pledged allegiance to him, and al-Zubayr pledged allegiance. Those of the Companions who did not pledge allegiance to him A group fled to Syria and did not pledge allegiance to him. Neither Qudāmah b. Maẓʿūn nor ʿAbd Allāh b. Salām nor al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah pledged allegiance to him. Ḥabīb b. Muḥammad al-Hāshimī said: Seven waited and did not pledge allegiance to him: Saʿd, Ibn ʿUmar, Ṣuhayb, Zayd b. Thābit, Muḥammad b. Maslamah, Salamah b. Salām b. Waqsh, and Usāmah b. Zayd. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sawād, Ṭalḥah b. al-Aʿlam, Abū Ḥārithah, and Abū ʿUthmān informed us, saying: Madinah remained for five days after the killing of ʿUthmān with al-Ghāfiqī as its governor. They were seeking someone to answer their call to take up the affair, but they could not find him. The Egyptians would come to ʿAlī, and he would hide from them and take refuge in the walls of Madinah. When they met him, he kept them at a distance and declared himself innocent of them and their words time after time. The Kufans sought al-Zubayr and did not find him, so they sent messengers to him where he was, and he kept them at a distance and declared himself innocent of them. The Basrans sought Ṭalḥah, and when they met him, he kept them at a distance and declared himself innocent of their words time after time. They had been united in killing ʿUthmān but differed over whom they favored. When they found no supporter or respondent, evil gathered them upon the first person who answered them. They said: "We will not appoint any of these three." So they sent to Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ and said: "You are one of the people of the council, and our opinion concerning you is united. Come forward and we will pledge allegiance to you." He sent back to them: "My paternal cousin and I left it, so I have no need of it in any case." He recited: Do not mix foul things with good, And take off your garments from it and escape naked. Then they found Saʿd and al-Zubayr leaving Madinah, and Ṭalḥah was in a garden of his. The Umayyads had fled except for those unable to flee. Al-Walīd, Saʿīd, and Marwān had joined Makkah. Then they met ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar and said: "You are Ibn ʿUmar, so take up this affair." He said: "This affair has vengeance. By God, I will not expose myself to it. Seek someone other than me." So they remained confused, not knowing what to do. On the authority of Muḥammad and Ṭalḥah, who said: They said: "O people of Madinah, we have given you this day. By God, if you do not finish, tomorrow we will surely kill ʿAlī, Ṭalḥah, al-Zubayr, and many people." The people surrounded ʿAlī and said: "We pledge allegiance to you, for you see what has befallen Islam." He said: "Leave me and seek someone other than me." They said: "We adjure you by God to do it." He said: "I have answered you because of what I see. Know that if I answer you, I will ride you with what I know, and if you leave me, I am only like one of you, except that I listen to you and obey you." When Friday morning came, the people attended the mosque. ʿAlī came and ascended the pulpit. They brought Ṭalḥah and said: "Pledge allegiance." He said: "I am only pledging allegiance under compulsion." He was the first of the people to pledge allegiance. He had a withered hand. A man practicing augury said: "Indeed we belong to God and to Him we return. The first hand to pledge allegiance to the Commander of the Faithful is a withered hand. This matter will not be completed." Then al-Zubayr was brought and said the same, then pledged allegiance. Then a group who had stayed behind were brought, and they said: "We pledge allegiance upon upholding the Book of God for the near and the far, the mighty and the lowly." He accepted their allegiance. Then the common people arose and pledged allegiance to him. The time of ʿAlī's ؓ pledge of allegiance ʿAlī ؓ was pledged allegiance on Friday, five nights remaining in Dhū al-Ḥijjah. On the authority of ʿAyyāsh b. Hishām, from his father, who said: ʿAlī ؓ was pledged allegiance in Madinah on Friday when ʿUthmān was killed, twelve nights remaining in Dhū al-Ḥijjah, and he entered Muḥarram of the year thirty-six. [Other than ʿAyyāsh said:] His pledge took place in the house of ʿAmr b. Miḥṣan al-Anṣārī, [then one of the Banū ʿAmr b. Mabdhūl], on Friday. Then the general pledge of allegiance to him took place the next day, Saturday, in the mosque of the Messenger of God ﷺ. The first sermon after the pledge of allegiance The first sermon he delivered was that he praised God and extolled Him, then said: "God Almighty sent down a guiding Book in which He has made clear good and evil. So take to good and leave evil. God has forbidden sacred things in general, and He has preferred the sanctity of the Muslim over all sacred things. He has bound the rights of Muslims with sincerity and the oneness of God. The Muslim is the one from whose tongue and hand the Muslims are safe, except by right. It is not lawful to harm a Muslim except as is obligatory. Hasten to the affair of the common people, and the private affair of one of you is death. For the people are before you, and behind you is the Hour driving you on. So lighten your loads and you will catch up. The people are only awaiting their hereafter. Fear God, His servants, regarding His servants and His lands. You will be questioned even about the tracts of land and the beasts. Obey God and do not disobey Him. When you see good, take to it, and when you see evil, leave it: 'And remember when you were few and deemed weak in the land' [al-Anfāl: 26]." When he finished his sermon, the Egyptians said: Take it, and beware Abū al-Ḥasan, For we make the matter pass like the passing of a rope With the assault of men like the prows of ships, With Mashrafī swords like pools of milk. We thrust at kingship with a rope like a halter, Until it passes without resistance. ʿAlī said in answer to them: I have fallen short a shortcoming for which I will not apologize; After it I will act shrewdly and press on. I will lift up the hem of my garment that I used to drag, And I will gather the scattered, dispersed affair, If the hasty, vindictive one does not contend with me, Or they leave me while weapons are snatched up. The governors of the garrison towns over whom ʿUthmān ؓ died Over Kufa was Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī for prayer, al-Qaʿqāʿ b. ʿAmr for war, and Jābir b. so-and-so al-Muzanī for the land tax. Over Basra was ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir. Over Egypt was ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ, but Muḥammad b. Abī Ḥudhayfah had overcome him. Over Syria was Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān and his deputies: over Ḥimṣ was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Khālid b. al-Walīd; over Qinnasrīn was Ḥabīb b. Maslamah; over Jordan was Abū al-Aʿwar; over Palestine was ʿAlqamah b. Ḥakīm; over Azerbaijan was al-Ashʿath b. Qays; over Qarqīsiyāʾ was Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bajalī; over Ḥulwān was ʿUtaybah b. al-Nahhās; over Māh was Mālik b. Ḥabīb; over Hamadhān was al-Nusayr. This is what Ibn Jarīr mentioned of ʿUthmān's governors who were governors of the garrison towns when he died. Over the treasury was ʿUqbah b. ʿAmr, and over the judiciary of Madinah was Zayd b. Thābit. The demand for avenging the blood of ʿUthmān ؓ When ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān was killed, al-Nuʿmān b. Bashīr went out carrying ʿUthmān's shirt stained with his blood, and with him were the fingers of Nāʾilah that were wounded when she shielded him with her hand, and part of her palm was cut off. He brought them to Muʿāwiyah in Syria. Muʿāwiyah placed the shirt on the pulpit for the people to see, hung the fingers in the sleeve of the shirt, and called upon the people to seek vengeance for this blood and its owner. The people wept around the pulpit. The shirt was raised at times and lowered at times while the people wept around it for a year. They urged one another to seek his vengeance. Most of the people abstained from women that year. Muʿāwiyah arose among the people, and with him a group of the Companions, urging the people to demand the blood of ʿUthmān from those Kharijites who killed him. Among them were ʿUbādah b. al-Ṣāmit, Abū al-Dardāʾ, Abū Umāmah, ʿAmr b. ʿAbasah, and others among the Companions, and among the Followers: Sharīk b. Khubāshah, Abū Muslim al-Khawlānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ghanm, and others among the Followers. ʿAlī's refusal to demand the blood of ʿUthmān ؓ When the matter of ʿAlī's pledge of allegiance was settled, Ṭalḥah, al-Zubayr, and the leading Companions ؓ entered upon him and asked him to establish the prescribed punishments and to seek the blood of ʿUthmān. He excused himself to them, saying that these people had supporters and helpers and that he could not do that on that day. Al-Zubayr asked him to appoint him governor of Kufa so that he could bring him troops, and Ṭalḥah asked him to appoint him governor of Basra so that he could bring him troops from there, in order to strengthen himself against the might of those Kharijites and the ignorant Bedouins who were with them in killing ʿUthmān ؓ. He said to them: "Let me look into this." Al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah entered upon him immediately after that and said to him: "I think you should confirm your governors in the provinces, and when their obedience comes to you, then afterwards replace whom you will and leave whom you will." Then he came to him the next day and said: "I think you should remove them so that you may know who obeys you and who disobeys you." ʿAlī presented that to Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: "He advised you yesterday and deceived you today." That reached al-Mughīrah, who said: "Yes, I advised him, and when he did not accept, I deceived him." Then al-Mughīrah went out and joined Makkah. A group including Ṭalḥah and al-Zubayr joined Makkah. They had asked ʿAlī's permission to perform the ʿumrah, and he gave them permission. Then Ibn ʿAbbās advised ʿAlī to keep his governors in the provinces until the affair was firmly established, and to confirm Muʿāwiyah in particular over Syria. He said to him: "I fear that if you remove him from it, he will demand ʿUthmān's blood from you, and I do not trust Ṭalḥah and al-Zubayr not to turn against you because of that." ʿAlī said: "I do not think this, but go yourself to Syria, for I have appointed you over it." Ibn ʿAbbās said: "I fear that Muʿāwiyah will kill me because of ʿUthmān, or imprison me because of my kinship to you. Write to Muʿāwiyah, grant him promises and give him hope." ʿAlī said: "By God, that will never happen." Ibn ʿAbbās said: "O Commander of the Faithful, war is deception, as the Messenger of God ﷺ said. By God, if you obey me, I will bring them back after they have gone far." Ibn ʿAbbās also forbade ʿAlī, in the course of his advice, from accepting the counsel of those who were making it seem good to him to enter Iraq and leave Madinah. ʿAlī rejected all of that and followed the command of those amirs from among those Kharijites of the garrison towns.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.