Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2026
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
صِفَةُ قَتْلِهِ، ؓ وعن وَثَّابٌ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي عُثْمَانُ فَدَعَوْتُ لَهُ الْأَشْتَرَ فَقَالَ: مَا يُرِيدُ النَّاسُ ؟ قَالَ: ثَلَاثٌ لَيْسَ مِنْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ بُدٌّ. قَالَ: مَا هُنَّ ؟ قَالَ: يُخَيِّرُونَكَ بَيْنَ أَنْ تَخْلَعَ لَهُمْ أَمْرَهُمْ فَتَقُولَ: هَذَا أَمْرُكُمْ فَاخْتَارُوا مَنْ شِئْتُمْ، وَبَيْنَ أَنْ تُقِصَّ مِنْ نَفْسِكَ، فَإِنْ أَبَيْتَ فَإِنَّ الْقَوْمَ قَاتِلُوكَ. فَقَالَ: أَمَّا أَنْ أَخْلَعَ لَهُمْ أَمْرَهُمْ فَمَا كُنْتُ لِأَخْلَعَ سِرْبَالًا سَرْبَلَنِيهِ اللَّهُ، وَأَمَّا أَنْ أُقِصَّ لَهُمْ مِنْ نَفْسِي، فَوَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّ صَاحِبَيَّ بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ قَدْ كَانَا يُعَاقِبَانِ، وَمَا يَقُومُ بَدَنِي بِالْقِصَاصِ، وَأَمَّا أَنْ يَقْتُلُونِي، فَوَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُونِي لَا تَحَابُّونَ بَعْدِي أَبَدًا، وَلَا تُصَلُّونَ بَعْدِي جَمِيعًا أَبَدًا، وَلَا تُقَاتِلُونَ بَعْدِي عَدُوًّا جَمِيعًا أَبَدًا. قَالَ: وَجَاءَ رُوَيْجِلٌ كَأَنَّهُ ذِئْبٌ فَاطَّلَعَ مِنْ بَابٍ وَرَجَعَ، وَجَاءَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فِي ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ رَجُلًا، فَأَخَذَ بِلِحْيَتِهِ فَقَالَ بِهَا حَتَّى سَمِعْتُ وَقْعَ أَضْرَاسِهِ، فَقَالَ: مَا أَغْنَى عَنْكَ مُعَاوِيَةُ، وَمَا أَغْنَى عَنْكَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ، وَمَا أَغْنَتْ عَنْكَ كُتُبُكَ. قَالَ: أَرْسِلْ لِحْيَتِي يَا ابْنَ أَخِي. قَالَ: فَأَنَا رَأَيْتُهُ اسْتَعْدَى رَجُلًا مِنَ الْقَوْمِ بِعَيْنِهِ - يَعْنِي أَشَارَ إِلَيْهِ - فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ بِمِشْقَصٍ فَوَجَأَ بِهِ رَأْسَهُ. قُلْتُ: ثُمَّ مَهْ ؟ قَالَ: ثُمَّ تَعَاوَرُوا عَلَيْهِ وَاللَّهِ حَتَّى قَتَلُوهُ. وَقَالَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ التَّمِيمِيُّ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ، عَنِ الْغُصْنِ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ، عَنْ خَنْسَاءَ مَوْلَاةِ أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ - وَكَانَتْ تَكُونُ مَعَ نَائِلَةَ بِنْتِ الْفَرَافِصَةِ امْرَأَةِ عُثْمَانَ - أَنَّهَا كَانَتْ فِي الدَّارِ، وَدَخَلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَأَخَذَ بِلِحْيَتِهِ وَأَهْوَى بِمَشَاقِصَ مَعَهُ لِيَجَأَ بِهَا فِي حَلْقِهِ، فَقَالَ: مَهْلًا يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، فَوَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ أَخَذْتَ مَأْخَذًا مَا كَانَ أَبُوكَ لِيَأْخُذَ بِهِ. فَتَرَكَهُ وَانْصَرَفَ مُسْتَحْيِيًا نَادِمًا، فَاسْتَقْبَلَهُ الْقَوْمُ عَلَى بَابِ الصُّفَّةِ، فَرَدَّهُمْ طَوِيلًا حَتَّى غَلَبُوهُ فَدَخَلُوا، وَخَرَجَ مُحَمَّدٌ رَاجِعًا، فَأَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ بِيَدِهِ جَرِيدَةٌ يُقَدِّمُهُمْ حَتَّى قَامَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ، فَضَرَبَ بِهَا رَأْسَهُ فَشَجَّهُ، فَقَطَرَ دَمُهُ عَلَى الْمُصْحَفِ حَتَّى لَطَّخَهُ، ثُمَّ تَغَاوَوْا عَلَيْهِ، فَأَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ فَضَرَبَهُ عَلَى الثَّدْيِ بِالسَّيْفِ، وَوَثَبَتْ نَائِلَةُ بِنْتُ الْفَرَافِصَةِ الْكَلْبِيَّةُ فَصَاحَتْ وَأَلْقَتْ نَفْسَهَا عَلَيْهِ، وَقَالَتْ: يَا بِنْتَ شَيْبَةَ أَيُقْتَلُ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ! وَأَخَذَتِ السَّيْفَ فَقَطَعَ الرَّجُلُ يَدَهَا، وَانْتَهَبُوا مَتَاعَ الدَّارِ، وَمَرَّ رَجُلٌ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ وَرَأْسُهُ مَعَ الْمُصْحَفِ، فَضَرَبَ رَأَسَهُ بِرِجْلِهِ وَنَحَّاهُ عَنِ الْمُصْحَفِ وَقَالَ: مَا رَأَيْتُ كَالْيَوْمِ وَجْهَ كَافِرٍ أَحْسَنَ، وَلَا مَضْجَعَ كَافِرٍ أَكْرَمَ. فَلَا وَاللَّهِ مَا تَرَكُوا فِي دَارِهِ شَيْئًا حَتَّى الْأَقْدَاحَ إِلَّا ذَهَبُوا بِهِ. وَرَوَى الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ لَمَّا عَزَمَ عَلَى أَهْلِ الدَّارِ فِي الِانْصِرَافِ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ عِنْدَهُ سِوَى أَهْلِهِ تَسَوَّرُوا عَلَيْهِ الدَّارَ، وَأَحْرَقُوا الْبَابَ وَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَلَيْسَ فِيهِمْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ وَلَا أَبْنَائِهِمْ إِلَّا مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَسَبَقَهُ بَعْضُهُمْ فَضَرَبُوهُ حَتَّى غُشِيَ عَلَيْهِ وَصَاحَ النِّسْوَةُ فَانْذَعَرُوا وَخَرَجُوا، وَدَخَلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَهُوَ يَظُنُّ أَنَّهُ قَدْ قُتِلَ، فَلَمَّا رَآهُ قَدْ أَفَاقَ قَالَ: عَلَى أَيِّ دِينٍ أَنْتَ يَا نَعْثَلُ ؟ قَالَ: عَلَى دِينِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَلَسْتُ بِنَعْثَلٍ، وَلَكِنِّي أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. فَقَالَ: غَيَّرْتَ كِتَابَ اللَّهِ. فَقَالَ: كِتَابُ اللَّهِ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ. فَتَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ وَأَخَذَ بِلِحْيَتِهِ وَقَالَ: إِنَّا لَا يُقْبَلُ مِنَّا يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ أَنْ نَقُولَ: رَبَّنَا إِنَّا أَطَعْنَا سَادَتَنَا وَكُبَرَاءَنَا فَأَضَلُّونَا السَّبِيلَا [ الْأَحْزَابِ: 67 ]. وَشَحَطَهُ بِيَدِهِ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ إِلَى بَابِ الدَّارِ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: يَا ابْنَ أَخِي مَا كَانَ أَبُوكَ لِيَأْخُذَ بِلِحْيَتِي. وَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ كِنْدَةَ مِنْ أَهْلِ مِصْرَ - يُلَقَّبُ حِمَارًا وَيُكَنَّى، بِأَبِي رُومَانَ. وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: اسْمُهُ رُومَانُ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: كَانَ أَزْرَقَ أَشْقَرَ. وَقِيلَ: كَانَ اسْمُهُ سُودَانَ بْنَ رُومَانَ الْمُرَادِيَّ. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: كَانَ اسْمُ الَّذِي قَتَلَ عُثْمَانَ أَسْوَدُ بْنُ حُمْرَانَ ضَرَبَهُ بِحَرْبَةٍ - وَبِيَدِهِ السَّيْفُ صَلْتًا فَقَالَ: أَفْرِجُوا. ثُمَّ جَاءَ فَضَرَبَهُ بِهِ فِي صَدْرِهِ حَتَّى أَقْعَصَهُ، ثُمَّ وَضَعَ ذُبَابَ السَّيْفِ فِي بَطْنِهِ وَاتَّكَأَ عَلَيْهِ وَتَحَامَلَ حَتَّى قَتَلَهُ، وَقَامَتْ نَائِلَةُ دُونَهُ فَقَطَعَ السَّيْفُ أَصَابِعَهَا، ؓ. وَيُرْوَى أَنَّ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ طَعْنَهُ بِمَشَاقِصَ فِي أُذُنِهِ حَتَّى دَخَلَتْ حَلْقَهُ. وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّ الَّذِي فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُهُ، وَأَنَّهُ اسْتَحْيَى وَرَجَعَ حِينَ قَالَ لَهُ عُثْمَانُ: لَقَدْ أَخَذْتَ بِلِحْيَةٍ كَانَ أَبُوكَ يُكْرِمُهَا. فَتَذَمَّمَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَغَطَّى وَجْهَهُ وَرَجَعَ وَجَاحَفَ دُونَهُ فَلَمْ يُفِدْ، وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَرًا مَقْدُورًا وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْكِتَابِ مَسْطُورًا. وَرَوَى ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَوْنٍ، أَنَّ كِنَانَةَ بْنَ بِشْرٍ ضَرَبَ جَبِينَهُ وَمُقَدَّمَ رَأْسِهِ بِعَمُودٍ حَدِيدٍ، فَخَرَّ لِجَنْبِهِ، وَضَرَبَهُ سُودَانُ بْنُ حُمْرَانَ الْمُرَادِيُّ بَعْدَ مَا خَرَّ لِجَنْبِهِ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَأَمَّا عَمْرُو بْنُ الْحَمِقِ فَوَثَبَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ فَجَلَسَ عَلَى صَدْرِهِ وَبِهِ رَمَقٌ، فَطَعَنَهُ تِسْعَ طَعَنَاتٍ وَقَالَ: أَمَّا ثَلَاثٌ مِنْهُنَّ فَلِلَّهِ، وَسِتٌّ لِمَا كَانَ فِي صَدْرِي عَلَيْهِ. وَعَنِ الْحَسَنِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي سَيَّافُ عُثْمَانَ أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ دَخَلَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ فَقَالَ: ارْجِعْ يَا ابْنَ أَخِي فَلَسْتَ بِقَاتِلِي. قَالَ: وَكَيْفَ عَلِمْتَ ذَاكَ ؟ قَالَ: لِأَنَّهُ أُتِيَ بِكَ النَّبِيُّ، ﷺ، يَوْمَ سَابِعِكَ فَحَنَّكَكَ وَدَعَا لَكَ بِالْبَرَكَةِ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ آخَرُ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ فَقَالَ لَهُ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ سَوَاءً. ثُمَّ دَخَلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَقَالَ: أَنْتَ قَاتِلِي. قَالَ: وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ يَا نَعْثَلُ ؟ قَالَ: لِأَنَّهُ أُتِيَ بِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، يَوْمَ سَابِعِكَ لِيُحَنِّكَكَ وَيَدْعُوَ لَكَ بِالْبَرَكَةِ، فَخَرِيتَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ. قَالَ: فَوَثَبَ عَلَى صَدْرِهِ وَقَبَضَ عَلَى لِحْيَتِهِ، وَوَجَأَهُ بِمَشَاقِصَ كَانَتْ فِي يَدِهِ. هَذَا حَدِيثٌ غَرِيبٌ جِدًّا وَفِيهِ نَكَارَةٌ. وَثَبَتَ مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ أَنَّ أَوَّلَ قَطْرَةٍ مِنْ دَمِهِ سَقَطَتْ عَلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى فَسَيَكْفِيكَهُمُ اللَّهُ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 137 ]. وَيُرْوَى أَنَّهُ كَانَ قَدْ وَصَلَ إِلَيْهَا فِي التِّلَاوَةِ أَيْضًا حِينَ دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ. وَلَيْسَ بِبَعِيدٍ، فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ قَدْ وَضَعَ الْمُصْحَفَ يَقْرَأُ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنَ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا طُعِنَ قَالَ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ تَوَكَّلْتُ عَلَى اللَّهِ فَلَمَّا قَطَرَ الدَّمُ قَالَ: سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ الْعَظِيمِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ فِي " تَارِيخِهِ " بِأَسَانِيدِهِ أَنَّ الْمِصْرِيِّينَ لَمَّا وَجَدُوا ذَلِكَ الْكِتَابَ مَعَ الْبَرِيدِ إِلَى أَمِيرِ مِصْرَ، فِيهِ الْأَمْرُ بِقَتْلِ بَعْضِهِمْ، وَصَلْبِ بَعْضِهِمْ، وَبِقَطْعِ أَيْدِي بَعْضِهِمْ وَأَرْجُلِهِمْ، وَكَانَ قَدْ كَتَبَهُ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ عَلَى لِسَانِ عُثْمَانَ مُتَأَوِّلًا قَوْلَهُ تَعَالَى إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا أَنْ يُقَتَّلُوا أَوْ يُصَلَّبُوا أَوْ تُقَطَّعَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَرْجُلُهُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ أَوْ يُنْفَوْا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ ذَلِكَ لَهُمْ خِزْيٌ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَلَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ [ الْمَائِدَةِ: 33 ]. وَعِنْدَهُ أَنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ الَّذِينَ خَرَجُوا عَلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، مِنْ جُمْلَةِ الْمُفْسِدِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ، وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّهُمْ كَذَلِكَ، لَكِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَنْ يَفْتَاتَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ وَيَكْتُبَ عَلَى لِسَانِهِ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمِهِ، وَيُزَوِّرَ عَلَى خَطِّهِ وَخَاتَمِهِ، وَيَبْعَثَ غُلَامَهُ عَلَى بَعِيرِهِ بَعْدَ مَا وَقَعَ الصُّلْحُ بَيْنَ عُثْمَانَ وَبَيْنَ الْمِصْرِيِّينَ عَلَى تَأْمِيرِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ عَلَى مِصْرَ، بِخِلَافِ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ، وَلِهَذَا لَمَّا وَجَدُوا هَذَا الْكِتَابَ عَلَى خِلَافِ مَا وَقَعَ الِاتِّفَاقُ عَلَيْهِ، وَظَنُّوا أَنَّهُ مِنْ عُثْمَانَ، أَعْظَمُوا ذَلِكَ، مَعَ مَا هُمْ مُشْتَمَلُونَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الشَّرِّ، فَرَجَعُوا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَطَافُوا بِهِ عَلَى رُءُوسِ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَأَعَانَهُمْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ قَوْمٌ آخَرُونَ، حَتَّى ظَنَّ بَعْضُ الصَّحَابَةِ أَنَّ هَذَا عَنْ أَمْرِ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، فَلَمَّا قِيلَ لِعُثْمَانَ، ؓ، فِي أَمْرِ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ بِحَضْرَةِ جَمَاعَةٍ مِنْ أَعْيَانِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَجُمْهُورِ الْمِصْرِيِّينَ، حَلَفَ بِاللَّهِ الْعَظِيمِ - وَهُوَ الصَّادِقُ الْبَارُّ الرَّاشِدُ - أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكْتُبْ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ وَلَا أَمَلَاهُ عَلَى مَنْ كَتَبَهُ، وَلَا عِلْمَ بِهِ فَقَالُوا لَهُ: فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ خَاتَمَكَ. فَقَالَ: إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ قَدْ يُزَوَّرُ عَلَى خَطِّهِ وَخَاتَمِهِ. قَالُوا: فَإِنَّهُ مَعَ غُلَامِكَ وَعَلَى جَمَلِكَ. فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَمْ أَشْعُرْ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ. فَقَالُوا لَهُ بَعْدَ كُلِّ مَقَالِهِ: إِنْ كُنْتَ قَدْ كَتَبْتَهُ فَقَدْ خُنْتَ، وَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ قَدْ كَتَبْتَهُ بَلْ كُتِبَ عَلَى لِسَانِكَ وَأَنْتَ لَا تَعْلَمُ فَقَدْ عَجَزْتَ، وَمِثْلُكَ لَا يَصْلُحُ لِلْخِلَافَةِ ; إِمَّا لِخِيَانَتِكَ، وَإِمَّا لِعَجْزِكَ. وَهَذَا الَّذِي قَالُوا بَاطِلٌ عَلَى كُلِّ تَقْدِيرٍ، فَإِنَّهُ لَوْ فُرِضَ أَنَّهُ كَتَبَ الْكِتَابَ - وَهُوَ لَمْ يَكْتُبْهُ فِي نَفْسِ الْأَمْرِ - لَا يَضُرُّهُ ذَلِكَ ; لِأَنَّهُ قَدْ يَكُونُ رَأَى ذَلِكَ مَصْلَحَةً لِلْأُمَّةِ فِي إِزَالَةِ شَوْكَةِ هَؤُلَاءِ الْبُغَاةِ الْخَارِجِينَ عَلَى الْإِمَامِ، وَأَمَّا إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدْ عَلِمَ بِهِ فَأَيُّ عَجْزٍ يُنْسَبُ إِلَيْهِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدِ اطَّلَعَ عَلَيْهِ وَزُوِّرَ عَلَى لِسَانِهِ ؟ ! وَلَيْسَ هُوَ بِمَعْصُومٍ بَلِ الْخَطَأُ وَالْغَفْلَةُ جَائِزَانِ عَلَيْهِ، ؓ، وَإِنَّمَا هَؤُلَاءِ الْجَهَلَةُ الْبُغَاةُ مُتَعَنِّتُونَ خَوَنَةٌ ظَلَمَةٌ مُفْتَرُونَ، وَلِهَذَا صَمَّمُوا بَعْدَ هَذَا عَلَى حَصْرِهِ وَالتَّضْيِيقِ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى مَنَعُوهُ الْمِيرَةَ وَالْمَاءَ وَالْخُرُوجَ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ، وَتَهَدَّدُوهُ بِالْقَتْلِ، وَلِهَذَا خَاطَبَهُمْ بِمَا خَاطَبَهُمْ بِهِ مِنْ تَوْسِعَةِ الْمَسْجِدِ وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ مُنِعَ مِنْهُ، وَمِنْ وَقْفِهِ بِئْرَ رُومَةَ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ مُنِعَ مَاءَهَا، وَمِنْ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، يَقُولُ: لَا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِإِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ ; النَّفْسُ بِالنَّفْسِ وَالثَّيِّبُ الزَّانِي، وَالتَّارِكُ لِدِينِهِ الْمُفَارِقُ لِلْجَمَاعَةِ وَذَكَرَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقْتُلْ نَفَسًا، وَلَا ارْتَدَّ بَعْدَ إِيمَانِهِ، وَلَا زَنَى فِي جَاهِلِيَّةٍ وَلَا إِسْلَامٍ، بَلْ وَلَا مَسَّ فَرْجَهُ بِيَمِينِهِ بَعْدَ أَنْ بَايَعَ بِهَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ بَعْدَ أَنْ كَتَبَ بِهَا الْمُفَصَّلَ. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ لَهُمْ مِنْ فَضَائِلِهِ وَمَنَاقِبِهِ مَا لَعَلَّهُ يَنْجَعُ فِيهِمْ بِالْكَفِّ عَنْهُ وَالرُّجُوعِ إِلَى الطَّاعَةِ لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ وَلِأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْهُمْ، فَأَبَوْا إِلَّا الِاسْتِمْرَارَ عَلَى مَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْبَغْيِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ. وَمَنَعُوا النَّاسَ مِنَ الدُّخُولِ إِلَيْهِ وَالْخُرُوجِ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، حَتَّى اشْتَدَّ عَلَيْهِ الْحَالُ، وَضَاقَ الْمَجَالُ، وَنَفَدَ مَا عِنْدَهُ مِنَ الْمَاءِ، فَاسْتَغَاثَ بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي ذَلِكَ فَرَكِبَ عَلِيٌّ بِنَفْسِهِ وَحَمَلَ مَعَهُ قِرَبًا مِنَ الْمَاءِ فَبِالْجَهْدِ حَتَّى أَوْصَلَهَا إِلَيْهِ بَعْدَ مَا نَالَهُ مِنْ جَهَلَةِ أُولَئِكَ كَلَامٌ غَلِيظٌ، وَتَنْفِيرٌ لِدَابَّتِهِ، وَإِخْرَاقٌ عَظِيمٌ بَلِيغٌ، وَكَانَ قَدْ زَجَرَهُمْ أَتَمَّ الزَّجْرِ، حَتَّى قَالَ لَهُمْ فِيمَا قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ فَارِسَ وَالرُّومَ لَا يَفْعَلُونَ كَفِعْلِكُمْ هَذَا بِهَذَا الرَّجُلِ، وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهُمْ لِيَأْسِرُونِ فَيُطْعِمُونَ وَيَسْقُونَ. فَأَبَوْا أَنْ يَقْبَلُوا مِنْهُ حَتَّى رَمَى بِعِمَامَتِهِ فِي وَسَطِ الدَّارِ، وَجَاءَتْ أُمُّ حَبِيبَةَ رَاكِبَةً بَغْلَةً وَحَوْلَهَا حَشَمُهَا وَخَدَمُهَا، فَقَالُوا: مَا جَاءَ بِكِ ؟ فَقَالَتْ: إِنْ عِنْدَهُ وَصَايَا بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ لِأَيْتَامٍ وَأَرَامِلَ، فَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ أُذَكِّرَهُ بِهَا. فَكَذَّبُوهَا فِي ذَلِكَ، وَنَالَهَا مِنْهُمْ شِدَّةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ، وَقَطَعُوا حِزَامَ الْبَغْلَةِ وَنَدَّتْ بِهَا، وَكَادَتْ أَوْ سَقَطَتْ عَنْهَا، وَكَادَتْ تُقْتَلُ لَوْلَا تَلَاحَقَ بِهَا النَّاسُ فَأَمْسَكُوا بِدَابَّتِهَا، وَوَقَعَ أَمْرٌ كَبِيرٌ جِدًّا، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ يَحْصُلُ لِعُثْمَانَ وَأَهْلِهِ مِنَ الْمَاءِ إِلَّا مَا يُوصِلُهُ إِلَيْهِمْ آلُ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ فِي الْخُفْيَةِ لَيْلًا، فَإِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ. استخلاف عثمان على الحج ابن عباس ؓ وَلَمَّا وَقَعَ هَذَا أَعْظَمَهُ النَّاسُ جِدًّا، وَلَزِمَ أَكْثَرُ النَّاسِ بُيُوتَهُمْ، وَجَاءَ وَقْتُ الْحَجِّ فَخَرَجَتْ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَائِشَةُ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ إِلَى الْحَجِّ، فَقِيلَ لَهَا: إِنَّكِ لَوْ أَقَمْتِ كَانَ أَصْلَحَ، لَعَلَّ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمَ يَهَابُونَكِ. فَقَالَتْ: إِنِّي أَخْشَى أَنْ أُشِيرَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِرَأْيٍ فَيَنَالَنِي مِنْهُمْ مِنَ الْأَذِيَّةِ مَا نَالَ أُمَّ حَبِيبَةَ. فَعَزَمَتْ عَلَى الْخُرُوجِ. وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عُثْمَانُ، ؓ، فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ عَلَى الْحَجِّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: إِنَّ مُقَامِي عَلَى بَابِكَ أُجَاحِفُ عَنْكَ أَفْضَلُ مِنَ الْحَجِّ. فَعَزَمَ عَلَيْهِ فَخَرَجَ بِالنَّاسِ إِلَى الْحَجِّ. استمرار الحصار على عثمان وبدء قتاله وَاسْتَمَرَّ الْحِصَارُ بِالدَّارِ حَتَّى مَضَتْ أَيَّامُ التَّشْرِيقِ وَرَجَعَ الْبَشِيرُ مِنَ الْحَجِّ، فَأَخْبَرَ بِسَلَامَةِ النَّاسِ، وَأَخْبَرَ أُولَئِكَ بِأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْمَوْسِمِ عَازِمُونَ عَلَى الرُّجُوعِ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ لِيَكُفُّوكُمْ عَنْ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. وَبَلَغَهُمْ أَيْضًا أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ قَدْ بَعَثَ جَيْشًا مَعَ حَبِيبِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَأَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ قَدْ نَفَّذَ آخَرَ مَعَ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ حُدَيْجٍ، وَأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ قَدْ بَعَثُوا الْقَعْقَاعَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو فِي جَيْشٍ، وَأَنَّ أَهْلَ الْبَصْرَةِ بَعَثُوا مُجَاشِعًا فِي جَيْشٍ، فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ صَمَّمُوا عَلَى أَمْرِهِمْ وَبَالَغُوا فِيهِ وَانْتَهَزُوا الْفُرْصَةَ بِقِلَّةِ النَّاسِ وَغَيْبَتِهِمْ فِي الْحَجِّ، وَأَحَاطُوا بِالدَّارِ، وَجَدُّوا فِي الْحِصَارِ، وَأَحْرَقُوا الْبَابَ، وَتَسَوَّرُوا مِنَ الدَّارِ الْمُتَاخِمَةِ لِلدَّارِ ; كَدَارِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ وَغَيْرِهَا، وَجَاحَفَ النَّاسُ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ أَشَدَّ الْمُجَاحَفَةِ، وَاقْتَتَلُوا عَلَى الْبَابِ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، وَتَبَارَزُوا وَتَرَاجَزُوا بِالشِّعْرِ فِي مُبَارَزَتِهِمْ، وَجَعَلَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ يَقُولُ: هَذَا يَوْمٌ طَابَ امْضِرَابُ. وَقُتِلَ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الدَّارِ، وَآخَرُونَ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ الْفُجَّارِ، وَجُرِحَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ جِرَاحَاتٍ كَثِيرَةً، وَكَذَلِكَ جُرِحَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، وَمَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ فَقُطِعَ إِحْدَى عِلْبَاوَيْهِ، فَعَاشَ أَوْقَصَ حَتَّى مَاتَ. وَمِنْ أَعْيَانِ مَنْ قُتِلَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ عُثْمَانَ، زِيَادُ بْنُ نُعَيْمٍ الْفِهْرِيُّ، وَالْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ الْأَخْنَسِ بْنِ شَرِيقٍ، وَنِيَارُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْأَسْلَمِيُّ، فِي أُنَاسٍ وَقْتَ الْمَعْرَكَةِ. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ انْهَزَمَ أَصْحَابُ عُثْمَانَ ثُمَّ تَرَاجَعُوا. وَلَمَّا رَأَى عُثْمَانُ ذَلِكَ عَزَمَ عَلَى النَّاسِ لِيَنْصَرِفُوا إِلَى بُيُوتِهِمْ، فَانْصَرَفُوا - كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ - فَلَمْ يَبْقَ عِنْدَهُ أَحَدٌ سِوَى أَهْلِهِ، فَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْبَابِ وَمِنَ الْجُدْرَانِ، وَفَزِعَ عُثْمَانُ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَافْتَتَحَ سُورَةَ طه - وَكَانَ سَرِيعَ الْقِرَاءَةِ - فَقَرَأَهَا وَالنَّاسُ فِي غَلَبَةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ، قَدِ احْتَرَقَ الْبَابُ وَالسَّقِيفَةُ الَّتِي عِنْدَهُ، وَخَافُوا أَنْ يَصِلَ الْحَرِيقُ إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ. أول من دخل على عثمان ؓ ليقتله ثُمَّ فَرَغَ عُثْمَانُ مِنْ صِلَاتِهِ وَجَلَسَ وَبَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ الْمُصْحَفُ، وَجَعَلَ يَتْلُو هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ: الَّذِينَ قَالَ لَهُمُ النَّاسُ إِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدْ جَمَعُوا لَكُمْ فَاخْشَوْهُمْ فَزَادَهُمْ إِيمَانًا وَقَالُوا حَسْبُنَا اللَّهُ وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيلُ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 173 ] فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الْمَوْتُ الْأَسْوَدُ. فَخَنَقَهُ خَنْقًا شَدِيدًا حَتَّى غُشِيَ عَلَيْهِ، وَجَعَلَتْ نَفْسُهُ تَتَرَدَّدُ فِي حَلْقِهِ، فَتَرَكَهُ وَهُوَ يَظُنُّ أَنَّهُ قَدْ قَتَلَهُ، ثُمَّ دَخَلَ ابْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَمَسَكَ بِلِحْيَتِهِ، ثُمَّ نَدِمَ وَخَرَجَ، ثُمَّ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ آخَرُ وَمَعَهُ سَيْفٌ فَضَرَبَهُ بِهِ فَاتَّقَاهُ بِيَدِهِ فَقَطَعَهَا. فَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُ أَبَانَهَا. وَقِيلَ: بَلْ قَطَعَهَا وَلَمْ يُبِنْهَا. إِلَّا أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهَا لَأَوَّلُ يَدٍ كَتَبَتِ الْمُفَصَّلَ. فَكَانَ أَوَّلُ قَطْرَةِ دَمٍ مِنْهَا سَقَطَتْ عَلَى هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ: فَسَيَكْفِيكَهُمُ اللَّهُ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 137 ]. ثُمَّ جَاءَ آخَرُ شَاهِرًا سَيْفَهُ، فَاسْتَقْبَلَتْهُ نَائِلَةُ بِنْتُ الْفَرَافِصَةِ لِتَمْنَعَهُ مِنْهُ، وَأَخَذَتِ السَّيْفَ فَانْتَزَعَهُ مِنْهَا فَقَطَعَ أَصَابِعَهَا، ثُمَّ إِنَّهُ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ، فَوَضَعَ السَّيْفَ فِي بَطْنِهِ فَتَحَامَلَ عَلَيْهِ، رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ وَأَرْضَاهُ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أَنَّ الْغَافِقِيَّ بْنَ حَرْبٍ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ بَعْدَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَضَرَبَهُ بِحَدِيدَةٍ فِي يَدِهِ، وَرَفَسَ الْمُصْحَفَ الَّذِي بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ بِرِجْلِهِ، فَاسْتَدَارَ الْمُصْحَفُ ثُمَّ اسْتَقَرَّ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، وَسَالَتْ عَلَيْهِ الدِّمَاءُ، ثُمَّ تَقَدَّمَ سُودَانُ بْنُ حُمْرَانَ بِالسَّيْفِ فَمَانَعَتْهُ نَائِلَةُ، فَقَطَعَ أَصَابِعَهَا، فَوَلَّتْ فَضَرَبَ عَجِيزَتَهَا بِيَدِهِ، وَقَالَ: إِنَّهَا لِكَبِيرَةُ الْعَجِيزَةِ. وَضَرَبَ عُثْمَانَ فَقَتَلَهُ، فَجَاءَ غُلَامُ عُثْمَانَ فَضَرَبَ سُودَانَ فَقَتَلَهُ، فَضَرَبَ الْغُلَامَ رَجُلٌ يُقَالُ لَهُ: قُتَيْرَةُ. فَقَتَلَهُ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ أَنَّهُمْ أَرَادُوا حَزَّ رَأْسِهِ بَعْدَ قَتْلِهِ، فَصَاحَ النِّسَاءُ وَضَرَبْنَ وُجُوهَهُنَّ ; فِيهِنَّ امْرَأَتَاهُ نَائِلَةُ وَأُمُّ الْبَنِينَ وَبَنَاتُهُ، فَقَالَ ابْنُ عُدَيْسٍ: اتْرُكُوهُ ! فَتَرَكُوهُ. ثُمَّ مَالَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْفَجَرَةُ عَلَى مَا فِي الْبَيْتِ فَنَهَبُوهُ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ نَادَى مُنَادِيهِمْ: أَيَحِلُّ لَنَا دَمُهُ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَنَا مَالُهُ ! فَانْتَهَبُوهُ، ثُمَّ خَرَجُوا فَأَغْلَقُوا الْبَابَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ وَقَتِيلَيْنِ مَعَهُ، فَلَمَّا خَرَجُوا إِلَى صَحْنِ الدَّارِ وَثَبَ غُلَامٌ لِعُثْمَانَ عَلَى قُتَيْرَةَ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَجَعَلُوا لَا يَمُرُّونَ عَلَى شَيْءٍ إِلَّا أَخَذُوهُ، حَتَّى اسْتَلَبَ رَجُلٌ يُقَالُ لَهُ: كُلْثُومٌ التُّجِيبِيُّ، مُلَاءَةَ نَائِلَةَ، فَضَرَبَهُ غُلَامٌ لِعُثْمَانَ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَقُتِلَ الْغُلَامُ أَيْضًا، ثُمَّ تَنَادَى الْقَوْمُ: أَنْ أَدْرِكُوا بَيْتَ الْمَالِ لَا تَسْتَبَقُوا إِلَيْهِ. فَسَمِعَهُمْ حَفَظَةُ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ فَقَالُوا: يَا قَوْمُ النَّجَاءَ النَّجَاءَ ! فَإِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمَ لَمْ يَصْدُقُوا فِيمَا قَالُوا مِنْ أَنَّ قَصْدَهُمْ قِيَامُ الْحَقِّ وَالْأَمْرُ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيُ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ، وَغَيْرُ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا ادَّعَوْا أَنَّهُمْ إِنَّمَا قَامُوا لِأَجْلِهِ، وَكَذَبُوا إِنَّمَا قَصْدُهُمُ الدُّنْيَا. فَانْهَزَمُوا وَجَاءَ الْخَوَارِجُ فَأَخَذُوا مَالَ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ وَكَانَ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ كَثِيرٌ جِدًّا. وَلَمَّا ضُرِبَ عُثْمَانُ بِالسَّيْفِ اتَّقَتْ نَائِلَةُ بِنْتُ الْفَرَافِصَةِ بِيَدِهَا ، فَقُطِعَتْ إِصْبَعَانِ مِنْ أَصَابِعِهَا، فَلَمَّا قُتِلَ كَتَبَتْ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ: مِنْ نَائِلَةَ بِنْتِ الْفَرَافِصَةِ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، أَمَّا بَعْدُ. فَإِنِّي أُذَكِّرُكُمْ بِاللَّهِ الَّذِي أَنْعَمَ عَلَيْكُمْ، وَعَلَّمَكُمُ الْإِسْلَامَ، وَهَدَاكُمْ مِنَ الضَّلَالَةِ، وَأَبْعَدَكُمْ عَنِ الْكُفْرِ، وَأَنْشُدُكُمُ اللَّهَ فَأُذَكِّرُكُمْ حَقَّهُ وَحَقَّ خَلِيفَتِهِ أَنْ تَنْصُرُوهُ، وَأَنَّ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بُغِيَ عَلَيْهِ وَكُنْتُ مُشَاهِدَةً أَمْرَهُ، إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ حَصَرُوهُ يَحْرُسُونَهُ لَيْلَهُمْ وَنَهَارَهُمْ قِيَامًا عَلَى أَبْوَابِهِ بِسِلَاحِهِمْ حَتَّى مَنَعُوهُ الْمَاءَ، ثُمَّ إِنَّهُ رُمِيَ بِالنَّبْلِ وَالْحِجَارَةِ، ثُمَّ أَحْرَقُوا بَابَ الدَّارِ، ثُمَّ دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ وَأَخَذُوا بِلِحْيَتِهِ وَضَرَبُوهُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ ثَلَاثَ ضَرَبَاتٍ وَطَعَنُوهُ فِي صَدْرِهِ ثَلَاثَ طَعَنَاتٍ، وَقَدْ أَرْسَلْتُ إِلَيْكُمْ بِثَوْبِهِ، فَحَلَفَ رِجَالٌ مِنَ الشَّامِ أَلَّا يَطَئُوا النِّسَاءَ حَتَّى يَقْتُلُوا قَتَلَتَهُ أَوْ تَذْهَبَ أَرْوَاحُهُمْ. وعَنْ حُمَيْدِ بْنِ هِلَالٍ، قَالَ: خَرَجَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَلَامٍ إِلَى النَّاسِ يَوْمَ الدَّلَجِ، وَقَالَ: يَا قَوْمِ، وَاللَّهِ مَا قَتَلَتْ أُمَّةٌ نَبِيًّا إِلَّا قُتِلَ مِنْهَا سَبْعُونَ أَلْفًا، وَلَا قَتَلَتْ أُمَّةٌ خَلِيفَةً إِلَّا قُتِلَ مِنْهَا مَكَانَهُ خَمْسَةٌ وَثَلَاثُونَ أَلْفًا، فَأَحْرَقُوا الْبَابَ، فَقَالَ عُثْمَانُ: مَا عِنْدَهُمْ بَعْدَ هَذَا بَقِيَّةٌ، ثُمَّ دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ فَقَتَلُوهُ.
Translation
✧ The description of his killing, ؓ On the authority of Watthāb, who said: ʿUthmān sent me and I summoned al-Ashtar for him. He said: What do the people want? He said: Three things, one of which is inevitable. He said: What are they? He said: They give you the choice between relinquishing their affairs to them, saying, 'This is your affair, so choose whom you will,' and between submitting to retaliation against yourself. If you refuse, the people will kill you. He said: As for relinquishing their affairs to them, I would never remove a garment that Allah has clothed me with. As for submitting to retaliation against myself, by Allah, I know that my two companions before me used to punish, and my body cannot withstand retaliation. As for their killing me, by Allah, if you kill me, you will never love one another after me, nor will you ever pray together after me, nor will you ever fight an enemy together after me. He said: Then a little man like a wolf came, peered through a door, and went back. Then Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr came with thirteen men and seized his beard, pulling it until I heard the grinding of his molars. He said: What has Muʿāwiyah availed you, what has Ibn ʿĀmir availed you, and what have your letters availed you? He said: Let go of my beard, son of my brother. He said: I saw him call for help against one of the people with his eye—that is, he gestured toward him—and that man stood up to him with a short spear and struck him on the head with it. I said: Then what? He said: Then they took turns on him, by Allah, until they killed him. Sayf b. ʿUmar al-Tamīmī, may Allah have mercy on him, said, from al-Ghuṣn b. al-Qāsim, from a man, from Khansāʾ, the freedwoman of Usāmah b. Zayd—and she used to be with Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah, the wife of ʿUthmān—that she was in the house when Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr entered, seized his beard, and raised the short spears he had with him to stab him in the throat. He said: Gently, son of my brother, for by Allah, you have taken hold of me in a way your father would never have taken hold. So he released him and turned away, ashamed and regretful. The people met him at the door of the portico, and he turned them back for a long while until they overpowered him and entered. Muḥammad went back out, and a man came with a palm branch in his hand, leading them, until he stood over ʿUthmān and struck him on the head with it, wounding him. His blood dripped onto the muṣḥaf until it stained it. Then they set upon him together. A man came and struck him on the chest with a sword. Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah al-Kalbiyyah leapt up, cried out, threw herself over him, and said: O daughter of Shaybah, is the Commander of the Faithful being killed! She grasped the sword, and the man cut off her hand. They plundered the furnishings of the house. A man passed by ʿUthmān while his head was beside the muṣḥaf, kicked his head with his foot, moved him away from the muṣḥaf, and said: I have never seen a more beautiful face of an infidel than today, nor a nobler resting place of an infidel. By Allah, they left nothing in his house, not even the drinking bowls, but they took it away. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir narrated that when ʿUthmān resolved that the people of the house should leave, and none remained with him except his family, they scaled the walls of the house, burned the door, and entered upon him. Among them was no one from the Companions or their sons except Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Some of them got to him before him and struck him until he lost consciousness. The women cried out, and they were startled and went out. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr entered, thinking that he had been killed. When he saw that he had regained consciousness, he said: What religion are you upon, O Naʿthal? He said: Upon the religion of Islam, and I am not Naʿthal; rather I am the Commander of the Faithful. He said: You have altered the Book of Allah. He said: The Book of Allah is between me and you. He advanced toward him, seized his beard, and said: It will not be accepted from us on the Day of Resurrection to say, 'Our Lord, we obeyed our masters and our great ones, and they led us astray from the way' [al-Aḥzāb: 67]. He dragged him by hand from the room to the door of the house, while he said: Son of my brother, your father would never have seized my beard. Then a man from Kindah from the people of Egypt came—nicknamed Ḥimār (donkey) and called by the kunyah Abū Rūmān. Qatādah said: His name was Rūmān. Others said: He was blue-eyed and fair-skinned. It was also said: His name was Sūdān b. Rūmān al-Murādī. Ibn ʿUmar said: The name of the one who killed ʿUthmān was Aswad b. Ḥumrān; he struck him with a javelin—and in his hand was a drawn sword—and he said: Make way. Then he came and struck him with it in the chest until he finished him. Then he placed the tip of the sword in his belly, leaned on it, and bore down until he killed him. Nāʾilah stood in his way, and the sword cut off her fingers, ؓ. It is related that Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr stabbed him with short spears in his ear until they entered his throat. The correct account is that someone else did that, and that he felt ashamed and turned back when ʿUthmān said to him: You have seized a beard that your father used to honor. So he recoiled from that, covered his face, and returned, defending him, but it was of no avail. The command of Allah was a decreed decree, and that was written in the Book. Ibn ʿAsākir narrated from Ibn ʿAwn that Kinānah b. Bishr struck his forehead and the front of his head with an iron bar, and he fell on his side. Sūdān b. Ḥumrān al-Murādī struck him after he had fallen on his side and killed him. As for ʿAmr b. al-Ḥamiq, he leapt upon ʿUthmān and sat on his chest while he still had a breath of life, and stabbed him nine times, saying: Three of them are for Allah, and six are for what was in my heart against him. From al-Ḥasan, who said: The executioner of ʿUthmān told me that a man from the Anṣār entered upon ʿUthmān, and he said: Go back, son of my brother, for you are not my killer. He said: How do you know that? He said: Because the Prophet ﷺ brought you on your seventh day, chewed a date and put it in your mouth, and prayed for blessing for you. Then another man from the Anṣār entered upon him, and he said to him exactly the same thing. Then Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr entered, and he said: You are my killer. He said: What makes you know that, O Naʿthal? He said: Because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ brought you on your seventh day to chew a date for you and put it in your mouth and to pray for blessing for you, and you defecated on the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: So he leapt onto his chest, seized his beard, and stabbed him with short spears that were in his hand. This is a very strange ḥadīth and contains something objectionable. It is established from more than one source that the first drop of his blood fell upon the words of the Almighty: 'Allah will suffice you against them, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing' [al-Baqarah: 137]. It is related that he had also reached that verse in his recitation when they entered upon him, and this is not far-fetched, for he had placed the muṣḥaf and was reading the Qurʾān from it. Ibn ʿAsākir narrated that when he was stabbed, he said: In the name of Allah, I put my trust in Allah. When the blood dripped, he said: Glory be to Allah, the Almighty. Ibn Jarīr mentioned in his Tārīkh with his chains of transmission that when the Egyptians found that letter with the courier to the governor of Egypt, containing the order to kill some of them, crucify some of them, and cut off the hands and feet of some of them, and it had been written by Marwān b. al-Ḥakam on the tongue of ʿUthmān, interpreting the words of the Almighty: 'The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land is only that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world, and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment' [al-Māʾidah: 33]. In his view, those who rebelled against the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān, ؓ, were among those who spread corruption in the land, and there is no doubt that they were so. But he had no right to act on his own against ʿUthmān, write on his tongue without his knowledge, forge his handwriting and seal, and send his servant on his camel after the peace had been concluded between ʿUthmān and the Egyptians on appointing Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr as governor of Egypt—all of which was contrary to that. Therefore, when they found this letter contrary to what had been agreed upon, and they thought it was from ʿUthmān, they considered it a grave matter, along with the evil they themselves were engaged in. So they returned to Madinah, circulated it among the leading Companions, and other people helped them in that, until some of the Companions thought that this was by the order of ʿUthmān, ؓ. When ʿUthmān, ؓ, was asked about this letter in the presence of a group of the notable Companions and the majority of the Egyptians, he swore by Allah the Almighty—and he was the truthful, righteous, rightly guided one—that he had not written this letter, nor dictated it to the one who wrote it, nor had any knowledge of it. They said to him: But it bears your seal. He said: A man may have his handwriting and seal forged. They said: It was with your servant and on your camel. He said: By Allah, I had no inkling of any of that. After all his statements, they said to him: If you wrote it, then you have betrayed; and if you did not write it, but it was written on your tongue without your knowledge, then you are incompetent, and someone like you is not fit for the caliphate—either because of your betrayal or because of your incompetence. What they said is false on every account, for even if it were assumed that he wrote the letter—though in reality he did not—that would not harm him, because he might have seen that as being in the interest of the community in removing the threat of these rebellious transgressors against the Imam. As for when he had no knowledge of it, what incompetence can be attributed to him if he did not know of it and it was forged on his tongue? He is not infallible; rather error and inadvertence are possible for him, ؓ. These ignorant transgressors are obstinate, treacherous, unjust, and slanderers. That is why, after this, they resolved to besiege him and restrict him until they denied him provisions, water, and going out to the mosque, and threatened him with death. That is why he addressed them with what he addressed them with: the expansion of the mosque, from which he was the first to be prevented; his endowment of the well of Rūmah for the Muslims, whose water he was the first to be denied; and that he heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: 'The blood of a Muslim man who bears witness that there is no god but Allah is not lawful except for one of three things: a life for a life, the married adulterer, and the one who abandons his religion and separates from the community.' He mentioned that he had not killed anyone, nor apostatized after his faith, nor committed adultery in the time of ignorance or in Islam; rather, he had not even touched his private part with his right hand after he had pledged allegiance to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with it. In another narration: after he had written the Mufaṣṣal with it. Then he mentioned to them his virtues and merits, which might have been effective in making them refrain from him and return to obedience to Allah, His Messenger, and those in authority among them, but they refused, persisting in their rebellion and aggression. They prevented people from entering upon him and leaving his presence, until the situation became severe for him, the space became constricted, and the water he had ran out. He sought help from the Muslims in that matter, so ʿAlī himself rode out and carried water skins with him, and with great effort he managed to deliver them to him after receiving harsh words from those ignorant people, the frightening of his mount, and a great and serious breach. He had rebuked them with the strongest rebuke, so much so that he said to them, among other things: By Allah, the Persians and the Byzantines do not do what you are doing to this man. By Allah, they take prisoners and then feed them and give them drink. But they refused to accept from him until he threw his turban into the middle of the house. Umm Ḥabībah came riding a mule, surrounded by her retinue and servants. They said: What brings you? She said: He has the bequests of the Umayyads for orphans and widows, and I wanted to remind him of them. They called her a liar in that, and she suffered greatly from them. They cut the girth of the mule, and it bolted with her, and she almost—or did—fall off, and she almost got killed, had the people not caught up with her and held her mount. A very serious matter occurred. The only water that reached ʿUthmān and his family was what the family of ʿAmr b. Ḥazm brought to them secretly at night. To Allah we belong and to Him we return. ʿUthmān's Appointment of Ibn ʿAbbās, ؓ, to Lead the Pilgrimage When this happened, the people regarded it as very grave, and most people stayed in their homes. The time of the pilgrimage came, and the Mother of the Believers ʿĀʾishah went out that year for the pilgrimage. She was told: If you stayed, it would be better; perhaps these people would be in awe of you. She said: I fear that I might give them advice and then receive from them the kind of harm that Umm Ḥabībah received. So she resolved to leave. ʿUthmān, ؓ, appointed ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās in that year to lead the pilgrimage. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās said to him: My staying at your door to defend you is better than the pilgrimage. But he insisted, and he went out with the people to the pilgrimage. The Siege of ʿUthmān Continues and the Fighting Against Him Begins The siege of the house continued until the days of Tashrīq passed and the caravan returned from the pilgrimage, reporting the people's well-being and informing those rebels that the people of the pilgrimage season were determined to return to Madinah to restrain them from the Commander of the Faithful. They also learned that Muʿāwiyah had sent an army with Ḥabīb b. Maslamah, that ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ had dispatched another with Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj, that the people of Kufa had sent al-Qaʿqāʿ b. ʿAmr with an army, and that the people of Basra had sent Mujāshiʿ with an army. At that point, they resolved firmly on their course, intensified it, and seized the opportunity while the people were few and away at the pilgrimage. They surrounded the house, pressed the siege, burned the door, and scaled the walls from the houses adjacent to the house, such as the house of ʿAmr b. Ḥazm and others. The people defended ʿUthmān with the utmost defense, and they fought fiercely at the door. They engaged in single combat and exchanged verses of poetry during their duels. Abū Hurayrah kept saying: This is a day when fighting is good. A group of the people of the house was killed, as were others of those wicked men. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr was wounded many times, and likewise al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī was wounded. Marwān b. al-Ḥakam was wounded, and one of his two neck tendons was cut, so he lived with a shortened neck until he died. Among the notable men of ʿUthmān's supporters who were killed in the battle were Ziyād b. Nuʿaym al-Fihrī, al-Mughīrah b. al-Akhnas b. Sharīq, and Niyār b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Aslamī, along with others. It is said that ʿUthmān's supporters were routed, then they rallied. When ʿUthmān saw that, he insisted that the people disperse to their homes, so they dispersed—as mentioned earlier—and no one remained with him except his family. They entered upon him from the door and over the walls. ʿUthmān hastened to prayer and began Sūrat Ṭā Hā—and he was a fast reciter—and he recited it while the people were in great commotion. The door and the portico near him had burned, and they feared the fire would reach the treasury. The First Person to Enter upon ʿUthmān, ؓ, to Kill Him Then ʿUthmān finished his prayer and sat down, and before him was the muṣḥaf. He began reciting this verse: “Those to whom the people said, ‘Indeed, the people have gathered against you, so fear them.’ But it increased them in faith, and they said, ‘Sufficient for us is Allah, and He is the best Disposer of affairs’” [Āl ʿImrān: 173]. The first man to enter upon him was one called al-Mawt al-Aswad. He choked him with a violent strangling until he lost consciousness, and his soul was faltering in his throat. Then he left him, thinking that he had killed him. Then Ibn Abī Bakr entered and seized his beard, then regretted it and left. Then another entered upon him with a sword and struck him with it. He defended himself with his hand, and it was cut. It is said that he severed it completely, and it is said that he cut it without severing it. However, ʿUthmān said, “By Allah, it is the first hand that wrote the Mufaṣṣal.” The first drop of blood from it fell upon this verse: “Allah will suffice you against them, and He is the Hearing, the Knowing” [al-Baqarah: 137]. Then another came brandishing his sword. Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah confronted him to prevent him, and she took hold of the sword. He wrested it from her and cut her fingers. Then he advanced toward him and placed the sword in his belly and pressed upon it. May Allah be pleased with ʿUthmān and grant him contentment. In another narration, al-Ghāfiqī b. Ḥarb advanced toward him after Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr and struck him with an iron weapon in his hand, and he kicked the muṣḥaf that was before him with his foot. The muṣḥaf spun around and then settled before ʿUthmān, ؓ, and blood flowed upon it. Then Sūdān b. Ḥumrān advanced with the sword, and Nāʾilah tried to stop him, but he cut her fingers. She turned away, and he struck her buttocks with his hand and said, “She has a large buttocks.” Then he struck ʿUthmān and killed him. ʿUthmān’s servant came and struck Sūdān and killed him, then a man called Qutayrah struck the servant and killed him. Ibn Jarīr narrated that they wanted to sever his head after his killing, but the women screamed and struck their faces; among them were his wives Nāʾilah and Umm al-Banīn and his daughters. Ibn ʿUdays said, “Leave him!” So they left him. Then those wicked ones turned to what was in the house and looted it. That was because their herald called out, “Is his blood lawful for us but his property not lawful for us!” So they looted it. Then they went out and locked the door upon ʿUthmān and two slain men with him. When they went out to the courtyard of the house, a servant of ʿUthmān leapt upon Qutayrah and killed him. They did not pass by anything without taking it, until a man called Kulthūm al-Tujībī snatched Nāʾilah’s cloak, and a servant of ʿUthmān struck him and killed him, and the servant was also killed. Then the people called out to one another: “Hasten to the treasury, do not let others get there before you!” The guards of the treasury heard them and said, “O people, flee, flee! For these people have not been truthful in what they said—that their aim was establishing the truth and commanding good and forbidding evil, and other things they claimed they rose for. They lied; their aim is only the world.” So they fled, and the Khawārij came and took the wealth of the treasury, which contained a very great amount. When ʿUthmān was struck with the sword, Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah shielded him with her hand, and two of her fingers were severed. When he was killed, she wrote to Muʿāwiyah: From Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah to Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān. To proceed. I remind you of Allah, who has bestowed favor upon you, taught you Islam, guided you from error, and distanced you from disbelief. I adjure you by Allah, and I remind you of His right and the right of His caliph, that you should support him. The Commander of the Faithful was wronged, and I was a witness to his affair. The people of Madinah besieged him, guarding him night and day, standing at his doors with their weapons, until they prevented him from water. Then he was shot with arrows and stones, then they burned the door of the house, then they entered upon him, seized his beard, struck him on the head three blows, and stabbed him in the chest three stabs. I have sent you his garment. Men from Syria swore that they would not touch women until they killed his killers or their souls departed. From Ḥumayd b. Hilāl, he said: ʿAbd Allāh b. Salām went out to the people on the day of al-Dalaj and said, “O people, by Allah, no nation has killed a prophet except that seventy thousand of them were killed, and no nation has killed a caliph except that thirty-five thousand were killed in his place.” They burned the door, and ʿUthmān said, “They have no restraint after this.” Then they entered upon him and killed him.
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