Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2025
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
فَصْلٌ كَانَ الْحِصَارُ مُسْتَمِرًّا مِنْ أَوَاخِرَ ذِي الْقِعْدَةِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةَ الثَّامِنَ عَشَرَ مِنْ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ بِيَوْمٍ، قَالَ عُثْمَانُ لِلَّذِينِ عِنْدَهُ فِي الدَّارِ مِنْ أَبْنَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ - وَكَانُوا قَرِيبًا مِنْ سَبْعِمِائَةٍ؛ فِيهِمْ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَالْحَسَنُ، وَالْحُسَيْنُ، وَمَرْوَانُ، وَأَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ، وَخَلْقٌ مِنْ مَوَالِيهِ، وَلَوْ تَرَكَهُمْ لَمَنَعُوهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: أُقْسِمَ عَلَى مَنْ لِي عَلَيْهِ حَقٌّ أَنْ يَكُفَّ يَدَهُ، وَأَنْ يَنْطَلِقَ إِلَى مَنْزِلِهِ. وَعِنْدَهُ مِنْ أَعْيَانِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَأَبْنَائِهِمْ جَمٌّ غَفِيرٌ. وَقَالَ لِرَقِيقِهِ: مَنْ أَغْمَدَ سَيْفَهُ فَهُوَ حُرٌّ. فَبَرُدَ الْقِتَالُ مِنْ دَاخِلِ الدَّارِ، وَحَمِيَ مِنْ خَارِجٍ، وَاشْتَدَّ الْأَمْرُ وَكَانَ سَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ رَأَى فِي الْمَنَامِ رُؤْيَا دَلَّتْ عَلَى اقْتِرَابِ أَجَلِهِ، فَاسْتَسْلَمَ لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ رَجَاءَ مَوْعُودِهِ، وَشَوْقًا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَلِيَكُونَ خَيْرَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ حَيْثُ قَالَ حِينَ أَرَادَ أَخُوهُ قَتْلَهُ: إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الظَّالِمِينَ [ الْمَائِدَةِ: 29 ]. وَرُوِيَ أَنَّ آخِرَ مَنْ خَرَجَ مِنْ عِنْدِ عُثْمَانَ مِنَ الدَّارِ بَعْدَ أَنْ عَزَمَ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي الْخُرُوجِ، الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ وَقَدْ جُرِحَ، وَكَانَ أَمِيرَ الْحَرْبِ عَلَى أَهْلِ الدَّارِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، ؓ. وعَنْ سَالِمٍ أَوْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ ابْنَ عُمَرَ لَمْ يَلْبَسْ سِلَاحَهُ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، إِلَّا يَوْمَ الدَّارِ، وَيَوْمَ نَجْدَةَ الْحَرُورِيِّ وَعَنِ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ بَشِيرٍ، عَنْ نَائِلَةَ بِنْتِ الْفَرَافِصَةِ الْكَلْبِيَّةِ - امْرَأَةِ عُثْمَانَ - قَالَتْ: لَمَّا حُصِرَ عُثْمَانُ ظَلَّ الْيَوْمَ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَ قَتْلِهِ صَائِمًا، فَلَمَّا كَانَ عِنْدَ إِفْطَارِهِ سَأَلَهُمُ الْمَاءَ الْعَذْبَ، فَأَبَوْا عَلَيْهِ وَقَالُوا: دُونَكَ ذَلِكَ الرَّكِيَّ - وَرَكِيٌّ فِي الدَّارِ الَّذِي يُلْقَى فِيهِ النَّتِنُ - قَالَتْ: فَلَمْ يُفْطِرْ، فَأَتَيْتُ جَارَاتٍ لَنَا عَلَى أَجَاجِيرَ مُتَوَاصِلَةٍ - وَذَلِكَ فِي السَّحَرِ - فَسَأَلْتُهُمُ الْمَاءَ الْعَذْبَ فَأَعْطَوْنِي كُوزًا مِنْ مَاءٍ، فَأَتَيْتُهُ فَقُلْتُ: هَذَا مَاءٌ عَذْبٌ أَتَيْتُكَ بِهِ. قَالَتْ: فَنَظَرَ فَإِذَا الْفَجْرُ قَدْ طَلَعَ فَقَالَ: إِنِّي أَصْبَحْتُ صَائِمًا. قَالَتْ: فَقُلْتُ: وَمِنْ أَيْنَ وَلَمْ أَرَ أَحَدًا أَتَاكَ بِطَعَامٍ وَلَا شَرَابٍ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، اطَّلَعَ عَلَيَّ مِنْ هَذَا السَّقْفِ وَمَعَهُ دَلْوٌ مِنْ مَاءٍ فَقَالَ: " اشْرَبْ يَا عُثْمَانُ ". فَشَرِبْتُ حَتَّى رَوِيتُ ثُمَّ قَالَ: " ازْدَدْ ". فَشَرِبْتُ حَتَّى نَهِلْتُ ثُمَّ قَالَ: " أَمَا إِنَّ الْقَوْمَ سَيَبْكُرُونَ عَلَيْكَ، فَإِنْ قَاتَلْتَهُمْ ظَفِرْتَ، وَإِنْ تَرَكْتَهُمْ أَفْطَرْتَ عِنْدَنَا ". قَالَتْ: فَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ فَقَتَلُوهُ. وَقَالَ أَبُو يَعْلَى الْمَوْصِلِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ: حَدَّثَنِي عُثْمَانُ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، ثَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ أَبِي يَعْفُورٍ الْعَبْدِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ مُسْلِمٍ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ مَوْلَى عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ أَعْتَقَ عِشْرِينَ مَمْلُوكًا، وَدَعَا بِسَرَاوِيلَ فَشَدَّهَا وَلَمْ يَلْبَسْهَا فِي جَاهِلِيَّةٍ وَلَا إِسْلَامٍ، وَقَالَ: إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فِي الْمَنَامِ وَأَبَا بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَإِنَّهُمْ قَالُوا لِي: " اصْبِرْ فَإِنَّكَ تُفْطِرُ عِنْدَنَا الْقَابِلَةَ ". ثُمَّ دَعَا بِمُصْحَفٍ فَنَشَرَهُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، فَقُتِلَ وَهُوَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ. قُلْتُ: إِنَّمَا لَبِسَ السَّرَاوِيلَ، ؓ، فِي هَذَا الْيَوْمِ لِئَلَّا تَبْدُوَ عَوْرَتَهُ إِذَا قُتِلَ ; فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ شَدِيدَ الْحَيَاءِ، كَانَتْ تَسْتَحْيِي مِنْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ، كَمَا نَطَقَ بِذَلِكَ النَّبِيُّ، ﷺ. وَوَضَعَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ الْمُصْحَفَ يَتْلُو فِيهِ، وَاسْتَسْلَمَ لِقَضَاءِ اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَكَفَّ يَدَهُ عَنِ الْقِتَالِ، وَأَمَرَ النَّاسَ وَعَزَمَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ لَا يُقَاتِلُوا دُونَهُ، وَلَوْلَا عَزِيمَتُهُ عَلَيْهِمْ لَنَصَرُوهُ مِنْ أَعْدَائِهِ، وَلَكِنْ كَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَرًا مَقْدُورًا. وَقَالَ هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ: إِنَّ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، أَوْصَى إِلَى الزُّبَيْرِ. وَقَالَ الْأَصْمَعِيُّ عَنِ الْعَلَاءِ بْنِ الْفَضْلِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: لَمَّا قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ فَتَّشُوا خَزَائِنَهُ فَوَجَدُوا فِيهَا صُنْدُوقًا مُقْفَلًا، فَفَتَحُوهُ فَوَجَدُوا فِيهِ حُقَّةً فِيهَا وَرَقَةٌ مَكْتُوبٌ فِيهَا: هَذِهِ وَصِيَّةُ عُثْمَانَ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، وَأَنَّ الْجَنَّةَ حَقٌّ، وَأَنَّ النَّارَ حَقٌّ، وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ يَبْعَثُ مَنْ فِي الْقُبُورِ، لِيَوْمٍ لَا رَيْبَ فِيهِ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُخْلِفُ الْمِيعَادَ، عَلَيْهَا يَحْيَا وَعَلَيْهَا يَمُوتُ، وَعَلَيْهَا يُبْعَثُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى. وَرَوَى ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، قَالَ يَوْمَ دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ فَقَتَلُوهُ: أَرَى الْمَوْتَ لَا يُبْقِي عَزِيزًا وَلَمْ يَدَعْ لِعَادٍ مَلَاذًا فِي الْبِلَادِ وَمُرْتَقَى وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: يُبَيِّتُ أَهْلَ الْحِصْنِ وَالْحِصْنُ مُغْلَقٌ وَيَأْتِي الْجِبَالَ فِي شَمَارِيخِهَا الْعُلَا
Translation
✧ Section The siege continued from the end of Dhū al-Qaʿdah until Friday the eighteenth of Dhū al-Ḥijjah. When it was one day before that, ʿUthmān said to those with him in the house from the sons of the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār — and they were close to seven hundred, among them ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, al-Ḥasan, al-Ḥusayn, Marwān, Abū Hurayrah, and many of his mawālī, and if he had left them they would have defended him — he said to them: I adjure anyone over whom I have a right to restrain his hand and depart to his own dwelling. With him were a great multitude of the notable Companions and their sons. And he said to his slaves: Whoever sheathes his sword is free. So the fighting cooled within the house and raged from outside, and the matter intensified. The cause of that was that ʿUthmān saw in a dream a vision that indicated the approach of his appointed time, so he submitted to the command of God, hoping for His promise and longing for the Messenger of God ﷺ, and so that he would be the better of the two sons of Adam, where he said when his brother wanted to kill him: Indeed I wish that you should bear my sin and your sin and so be among the companions of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers [al-Māʾidah: 29]. It is related that the last person to leave ʿUthmān from the house after he had made them resolve to leave was al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, and he had been wounded. The commander of the fighting over the people of the house was ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr ؓ. From Sālim or Nāfiʿ, that Ibn ʿUmar did not wear his weapon after the Messenger of God ﷺ except on the Day of the House and the day of Najdah al-Ḥarūrī. From al-Nuʿmān b. Bashīr, from Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah al-Kalbiyyah — the wife of ʿUthmān — she said: When ʿUthmān was besieged, he remained fasting on the day that was before his killing. When it was time for his breaking of the fast, he asked them for fresh water, but they refused him and said: You have that well — a well in the house into which filth was thrown. She said: So he did not break his fast. I went to neighbor women of ours on adjoining rooftops — that was in the pre-dawn — and I asked them for fresh water, and they gave me a jug of water. I brought it to him and said: This is fresh water that I have brought you. She said: He looked and saw that dawn had risen, and he said: I have entered the morning fasting. She said: I said: From what? I have not seen anyone bring you food or drink. He said: I saw the Messenger of God ﷺ look down upon me from this roof, and with him was a bucket of water, and he said: “Drink, O ʿUthmān.” So I drank until I was quenched. Then he said: “Drink more.” So I drank until I had drunk my fill. Then he said: “Indeed the people will come early against you. If you fight them, you will prevail, and if you leave them, you will break your fast with us.” She said: So they entered upon him on that day and killed him. Abū Yaʿlā al-Mawṣilī and ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Imām Aḥmad said: ʿUthmān b. Abī Shaybah narrated to me, Yūnus b. Abī Yaʿfūr al-ʿAbdī narrated to us, from his father, from Muslim Abū Saʿīd, mawlā of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān, that ʿUthmān freed twenty slaves and called for a pair of trousers and tied them on, and he had not worn them in Jāhiliyyah or in Islam. And he said: I saw the Messenger of God ﷺ in a dream, and Abū Bakr and ʿUmar, and they said to me: “Be patient, for you will break your fast with us tomorrow night.” Then he called for a muṣḥaf and spread it before him, and he was killed while it was before him. I say: He wore the trousers ؓ on that day only so that his private parts would not be exposed if he were killed, for he was intensely bashful; the angels felt shy of him, as the Prophet ﷺ declared. He placed the muṣḥaf before him and recited from it, submitting to the decree of God, mighty and majestic, and he restrained his hand from fighting, and he commanded the people and made them resolve not to fight on his behalf. Were it not for his resolution upon them, they would have defended him against his enemies, but the command of God was a decreed destiny. Hishām b. ʿUrwah said, from his father: ʿUthmān ؓ made his will to al-Zubayr. Al-Aṣmaʿī said, from al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Faḍl, from his father, who said: When ʿUthmān was killed, they searched his treasuries and found in them a locked chest. They opened it and found in it a small box containing a paper on which was written: This is the will of ʿUthmān: In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān bears witness that there is no god but God alone, without partner, and that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger, and that Paradise is true, and that the Fire is true, and that God will raise those in the graves for a day about which there is no doubt. Indeed God does not fail in His promise. Upon it he lives, and upon it he dies, and upon it he will be raised, if God, exalted, wills. Ibn ʿAsākir related that ʿUthmān ؓ said on the day they entered upon him and killed him: I see death spares no mighty one and has not left for ʿĀd a refuge in the lands or a high place to climb And he also said: It passes the night over the people of the fortress while the fortress is locked and it comes to the mountains in their lofty peaks
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.